STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMOBILE ENGG,

Prepared by SARAVANA PRAKASH .S HOD/MECH
UNIT 1
1. Classify Engineering materials?
Ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal.
2. State the purpose of alloy?
To increase the wear resistance in steel.
To increase the corrosion resistance in steel.
To increase the electrical properties of steel.
To improve the mechanical properties of steel.

3. What are the alloy elements?
Nickel, chromium, tungsten, vanadium, manganese, silicon, cobalt and molybdenum.
4. Mention the properties and application of aluminum and tin?
Properties and application of aluminum
Ease of fabrication
Resistance to corrosion
Electrical and thermal conductivity
Less weight they are widely used in overhead cables, cooking utensils, aircraft and
automobile components etc.
Properties and application of tin
It is bright shining soft white metal. It is ductile and malleable. It can be rolled into thin sheets. A
commonly used tin base alloys containing 88% antimony and 4% copper is called Babbitt
metals. It is mainly used in bearing metal bores where they are subjected to high pressure and
loads.
5. What is gun metal?
It is an alloy of copper, tin and zinc. It usually contains 88% copper, 10% tin and 2% zinc. It is
very strong and resistant to corrosion by water and atmosphere. It is extensively used for casting
guns, boiler fittings, bushes, bearing, glands etc.
6. What is load?
Load is defined as any external force acting upon a machine element.
7. Define stress?
Stress = load / Area N/mm
p = P / A N/mm
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8. Define strain?
Strain = change in length / original length
9. What is the classification of force system?
Tensile force
Compressive force
Shear force
Bending force
Torsional force
10. Hookes law?
Stress / strain = constant
11. Define youngs modulus?
Youngs modulus = stress / strain
12. Define working stress?
Working stress = ultimate stress / factor of safety
13. Define factor of safety?
Factor of safety = ultimate stress / working stress
14. Define load factor?
Load factor = ultimate load / working load
15. Define linear (or) longitudinal strain?
Longitudinal strain = change in length / original length
16. Define modulus of rigidity (or) Shear modulus?
Modulus of rigidity = shear stress / shear strain
17. Write a formula for change in length due to tension (or) compression?
l = Pl /AE mm
18. Define lateral strain?
Lateral strain = change in lateral dimension / original lateral dimension.
19. Define Poissons ratio?
Poissons ratio = lateral strain / longitudinal strain
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20. Define volumetric strain?
Volumetric strain = change in volume / original volume
21. Define bulk modulus?
Bulk modulus = Direct stress / volumetric strain.
22. Define composite bar?
A composite bar may be defined as a bar made up of two (or) more different materials joined
together.
23. Define temperature stress?
When a body is subjected to temperature changes, the internal resistance setup in the body is
called temperature stress.
24. Define temperature strain?
The corresponding strain due to change in temperature is called thermal strain.
25. Define strain energy (or) resilience?
Strain energy = p/ 2E volume
26. Define proof resilience?
Proof resilience = p/ 2E volume
27. Define modulus of resilience?
Modulus of resilience = p max / 2E
28. What are the types of load application?
Gradually applied load
Suddenly applied load
Impact by gravity
Impact by shock
29. Define plasticity?
It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation when the external
forces are removed. (E.g. Mild steel, wrought iron. rubber)
30. Define brittleness?
It is the property a material to break without any significant deformation due to an external load.
It is opposite to ductility. E.g.: glass, cast iron, stone, etc.

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UNIT - 2
1. Define centre of gravity?
Centre of gravity of the body is the point at which its entire mass is assumed to be
concentrated at a single point.
2. Define centroidal axis?
A line passing through the centroid of that plane area is known as centroidal axis.
3. Define axis of reference?
The C.G of a plane area or a body is always calculated with reference to some assumed
axis is known as axis of reference.
4. Define axis of symmetry?
The axis which divides a section exactly into two haves is known as axis of symmetry.
The centroid will lie on the axis of symmetry.
5. Define moment of inertia?
The moment of inertia of a section about an axis represents the internal resistance to
resist rotation about that axis.
6. Define radius of gyration?
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It may be defined as the distance from the reference axis to the whole area of the body
may be assumed to be concentrated.
7. What is the unit of moment of inertia?
Unit of MOI is mm4
8. Write down the expression of moment of inertia of a circular section?
J = d4 / 32
9. Name a few geometrical properties of sections?
MOI
Section modulus
Radius of gyration
10. What are called the principal moment of inertia?
Ixx and Iyy
11. Define thin cylindrical shell?
If the thickness of the wall of cylindrical shell is less than 1/10
th
to 1/15
th
of its diameter, it
is known as thin cylindrical shell.
12. Define thick cylindrical shell?
If the thickness of the wall of cylindrical shell is greater than 1/10
th
of its diameter.
13. Write the formula for lateral strain in thin cylinders?
Lateral strain = linear strain x 1/m = f/E x 1/m
l /l = pd /2tE { -1/m}
14. State few example of thin cylinder?
Water pipe, steam pipe, boiler, compressor are examples of thin cylinder.
15. What are the three stresses in a thin cylinder when subjected to internal pressure?
Hoop stress
Longitudinal stress
Radial stress
16. What is the effect of riveted joints in thin cylinder?
If the shell has been welded, the stress in the shell increases.
17. What is the relation between hoop stress and longitudinal stress for a seamless
cylindrical shell?
Hoop stress = 2 x longitudinal stress
18. Name few materials on which thin shell is made of?
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Cast iron, mild steel, alloys of non ferrous metals.
19. Write the relation between polar moment of inertia and principal moment of inertia of
a circular section?
J = 2Ixx (or) 2Iyy
20. What are the ways by which a thin cylindrical shell may fail?
It may split up into two troughs
It may split up into two cylinders
21. Define polar moment of inertia?
The moment of inertia of a plane area with respect to a centroidal axis perpendicular to the
plane area is called polar moment of inertia.
22. Define centroid?
It is the centre of area of lamina.


UNIT 3
1. Define simply supported beam?
If the two ends of beam are made to rest freely on the supports, then the beam is said to
be SSB.
2. Define over hanging beam?
If the end of portion of the beam is projected beyond the support, then the beam is said to
be over hanging beam.
3. Define fixed beam?
A beam whose both the ends are fixed to the walls is said to be fixed beam.
4. Define continuous beam?
If the beam is provided with more than two supports, then the beam is said to be
continuous beam.
5. What is a cantilever beam?
One end is fixed and other end is free.
6. Write the relationship between load, SF and BM?
df / dx = W , dM /dx = - F
7. Define sagging BM?
The bending moment that tends to bend the beam at a point to a curvature having
concavity at top is taken as positive bending moment. It is also called as sagging
moment. E.g.: simply supported beam.
8. Define hogging BM?
The bending moment which tends to bend the beam to a curvature having convexity at
top is known as negative bending moment .Eg: cantilever beam.
9. What is the value of BM at a point where SF changes sign?
BM is maximum.
10. Define shear force?
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Shear force at any cross section of the beam may be defined as the algebraic sum of all
vertical forces acting to the right or left of section. It is in KN
11. What is meant by beam?
A long horizontal structural member, which is subjected to system of external loading
perpendicular to the axis known as beam.
12. What are types of loads acting on a beam?
Point load
Udl
Uniformly varying load
13. Define the point of contra flexure?
It is a point where BM changing its sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
14. What is the difference between UDL and uniformly varying load?
Udl : A uniformly distributed load is one that is spread over a length of beam in such a manner
that the rate of loading per unit length is same.
Uniformly varying load: A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that the rate of
loading varies from point to point along the beam. Varies from point to point along the beam.
15. Define slope of beam?
The angle made by the tangent at a point on the elastic curve with the horizontal is called slope.
16. Define deflection of beam?
It is the vertical distance from the elastic curve due to external load with respect to centre line of
undeflected beam.
17. Define radius of curvature?
R = El / M
El Flexural rigidity, M Moment of resistance
18. What are the method for finding slope and resistance?
Double integration method
Moment of area method
Macaulays method
Conjugate beam method




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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMOBILE ENGG,


Prepared by SARAVANA PRAKASH .S HOD/MECH



UNIT 4
1. Define simple bending (or) pure bending?
If a beam is subjected to bending due to constant bending moment and it is absolutely free from
shear force and torsion is called simple bending or pure bending.
2. Define neutral axis?
The line of intersection of the neutral layer with the cross section of beam (or) transverse section
is called neutral axis.
3. Define moment of resistance?
The total moment of the couple which resists the external bending moment is known as moment
of resistance.
4. Define stiffness of a beam?
The resistance offered by the beam against bending (or) deflection is called stiffness of beam.
5. Define strength of a beam?
Strength of e beam = f x z
6. Define elastic line (or) elastic curve?
Due to external load, the beam has a tendency to bend into circular arc in longitudinal direction.
This circular arc is called elastic curve of s beam.
7. Write down the flexural formula?
M / I = fb / y = E /R
8. Write down the expression for section modulus of rectangular section?
Z = bd / 6

9. Write down the expression for section modulus of circular section?
Z = d/ 32

10. Define section modulus?
Z = I /Ymax
11. What is meant by flexural rigidity?
Flexural rigidity = EI
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12. Define friction?
Due to the frictional resistance, a body has a property is called friction.
13. Define force of friction?
The sliding of one body upon anther body which is in contact, resisted by a frictional force called
force of friction.
14. Define limiting friction?
The maximum value of frictional force which comes to play, when a body just begins to slide
over the surface of the other body is known as limiting friction.
15. Define static friction?
It is the frictional force resisted by the body when it is rest.
16. Define dynamic friction (or) define kinetic friction?
It is the frictional force resisted by the body when it is in motion. It is also called as kinetic
friction.
17. Define angle of friction?
It may be defined as the angle that the resultant reaction R makes with the normal reaction Rn it
is denoted by f.
18. Define co efficient of friction?
Co efficient of friction = F / R
It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction F to the normal reaction R between the two bodies in
contact = F / R
19. Define cone of friction?
When the resultant reaction R is rotated about the normal reaction R a cone is generated with a
vertex angle 2f. This semi vertex angle is called cone of friction.

20. Define angle of repose?
When the body begins to move down without the application of force, then the angle of
inclination of the plane with the horizontal is called as angle of repose.


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UNIT 5

1. Write down the expression of torsion equation for shaft?
T / J = fs / R = C / l

2. Write down the expression of stiffness equation for a torsion shaft?
T / J = C / l

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMOBILE ENGG,


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3. Write down the expression of strength equation for a torsion shaft?
T / J = fs / R

4. Write a formula to determine strength of solid shaft?
T = / 16 fs D

5. Write a formula to determine strength of hollow shaft?
T = / 16 fs {D4 d4 /n}

6. Write a formula to determine power transmitted by the shaft?
P = 2NT / 60 Kw

7. Define torsional rigidity (or) define stiffness of a shaft?
Torsional rigidity = CJ
C = modulus of rigidity (N /mm), J = polar moment of inertia (mm4)
8. Define polar modulus?
Polar modulus = polar moment of inertia / maximum radius
Z = J / R
9. Define strength of a shaft?
The maximum torque (or) power that can be transmitted by the shaft is known as strength of
shaft.
10. Define pure torsion?
A shaft of circuit cross section is said to be in pure torsion, when it is subjected to an equal and
opposite end torques without any bending or axial load.
11. Define spring?
A spring is a device in which the material is arranged in such a way that it can undergo a
considerable change without getting permanently distorted.
12. How do you classify the spring?
Bending spring : Leaf spring
Torsion spring :
1. Helical spring: (i) Open coiled helical spring
(ii) Closed coiled helical spring
2. Spiral spring
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13. What are the uses of spring?
Automobile brake, clocks, toys, spring balance, shock absorber, vehicles etc.
14. What are the different forms of spring?
Laminated spring (or) leaf spring
Helical spring

15. Define bending spring?
A spring which is subjected to bending only and the resilience is also due to bending is known as
spring.
16. Define torsion spring?
A spring is subjected to torsion (or) twisting moment only and the resilience is also to twisting
moment is known as torsion spring.
17. Define compression spring?
If the coils close when it is subjected to axial load and opens out when the load is removed, then
the spring is said to be compression spring.

18. Define tension spring?
If the coils open out when it is subjected to axial load and closes when the load is removed, then
spring is said to be tension spring.
19. Write any two differences between closed and open coil helical spring?
Closely coil open coil
Pitch small pitch large
Stiffness is high stiffness is low
Helix angle is less Helix angle is more
20. Write the formula for deflection of the spring (or) define deflection of the spring?
= 64WRn / Nd4 in mm
21. Write the formula of stiffness of the spring (or) define stiffness of the spring?
S = W / = Nd4 / 64Rn in N/mm
22. Write the formula for strain energy stored in the spring?
Strain energy = average load x deflection
U = W in N.mm