Lecture11

FundamentalsofLTE
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Outline
Introduction
DownlinkProcessing
UplinkProcessing
AdvancedTechniques
Mainreference:
A.Ghosh, J.Zhang,J.G.Andrews,andR.Muhamed, Fundamentalsof
LTE,PrenticeHall,2010.
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CellularEvolution
Krnet 2006, H.-W. LEE
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EvolutionofCellularSystems
(From3GAmerican,Transitionto4G)
Standardsbodies
3GPP(The3rd
Generation
Partnership
Project)
3GPP2
IEEE802.16
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GlobalMobileMarketShares4Q2011
64commercialnetworksin34countries
312operatorsareinvestinginLTEin98countries
GSAconfirmsLTEisthefastestdevelopingmobilesystemtechnologyever.
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LTEAroundYou
MobiledeviceswithLTEsupport
LTEnetworksinHongKong
CSL (Nov.2010)
ChinaMobileHongKong(Apr.2012)
Hutchison3(May2012)
PCCW (May2012)
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WhatisLTE?
Separablenetworkstructurein3GPP
RadioAccessNetwork(RAN)+CoreNetwork(CN)
LTE (LongTermEvolution):Theprojectfocusingonenhancingthe3G
RAN,andoptimizing3GPPsoverallradioaccessarchitecture
EPC (EvolvedPacketCore):TheprojectfocusingontheCNevolution
withapacketbasedarchitecture
EPS (EvolvedPacketSystem):Thecompletepacketsystemconsisting
ofLTEandEPC
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3GNetwork LTENetwork
Radio interface
RAN
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TheRoadtoLTE
PerformanceEvolutionof3GPPStandards
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MotivationsforLTE
Needtoensurethecontinuityofcompetitivenessofthe3G
systemforthefuture
Userdemandforhigherdataratesandqualityofservice
PacketSwitchoptimizedsystem
Continueddemandforcostreduction(CAPEXandOPEX)
Lowcomplexity
Avoidunnecessaryfragmentationoftechnologiesforpaired
andunpairedbandoperation
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KeyFeaturesofLTE
Highspectralefficiency
OFDMinDownlink,frequencydomainchanneldependentscheduling
DFTSOFDM(SingleCarrierFDMA)inUplink,LowPAPR,User
orthogonalityinfrequencydomain
Multiantenna(MIMO)transmission
Verylowlatency
Shortsetuptime&Shorttransferdelay
Shorthandoverlatencyandinterruptiontime
Supportofvariablebandwidth
1.4,3,5,10,15and20MHz
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KeyFeaturesofLTE
Simpleprotocolarchitecture
Sharedchannelbased
PS(packetswitch)modeonlywithVoIPcapability
SimpleArchitecture
eNodeBastheonlyEUTRANnode
SmallernumberofRANinterfaces
Compatibilityandinterworkingwithearlier 3GPP Releases
Interworkingwithothersystems,e.g.cdma2000
FDDandTDDwithinasingleradioaccesstechnology
EfficientMulticast/Broadcast
SinglefrequencynetworkbyOFDM
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NetworkArchitectureofLTE
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UE:mobileterminal
eNodeB:basestation
MME:Mobilitymanagemententity
ServingGW:Servinggateway
PDNGW:Packetdatanetworkgateway
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RadioInterfaceProtocols
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LTE Protocol Stack
The Packet Flow in the User Plane
Asothercommunicationstandards,theLTEradiointerfaceis
designedbasedonalayeredprotocolstack
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LayeredProtocolStack
PacketDataConvergenceProtocol(PDCP)
IPpacketheadercompressionanddecompression
Cipheringofdataandsignaling,integrityprotectionforsignaling
RadioLinkControl(RLC)
Segmentationandconcatenationofdataunits
ErrorcorrectionthroughARQ,insequencedeliveryofpackets
MediumAccessControl(MAC)
ErrorcorrectionthroughHybridARQ
Dynamicscheduling,transportformatselection
PhysicalLayer(PHY)
Actualtransmissionandreception,channelmeasurements
SignalingofHARQfeedback,signalingscheduledallocations
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RadioInterfaceProtocol
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AnIPpacketflowwitha
definedQoS between
thePDNGWandtheUE
Whattotransmit:defined
basedonthetypeof
informationitcarries
Howtotransmit:
characterizedbyhowand
withwhatcharacteristics
dataistransferred
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HierarchicalChannelStructure
LogicalChannels:WhattoTransmit
ProvideservicestotheRLC
Logicalcontrolchannels
BroadcastControlChannel(BCCH)
MulticastControlChannel(MCCH)
PagingControlChannel(PCCH)
CommonControlChannel(CCCH)
DedicatedControlChannel(DCCH)
Logicaltrafficchannels
DedicatedTrafficChannel(DTCH)
MulticastTrafficChannel(MTCH)
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HierarchicalChannelStructure
TransportChannels:HowtoTransmit
ProvideservicestotheMAC
Downlinktransportchannels
Downlinksharedchannel(DLSCH)
Broadcastchannel(BCH)
Multicastchannel(MCH)
Pagingchannel(PCH)
Uplinktransportchannels
Uplinksharedchannel(ULSCH)
Randomaccesschannel(RACH)
Controlinformation
Downlinkcontrolinformation(DCI)
Controlformatindicator(CFI)
HARQIndicator(HI)
UplinkControlInformation(UCI)
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HierarchicalChannelStructure
PhysicalChannels:ActualTransmission
Correspondtoasetofresourceelements
Downlinkphysicalchannels
Physicaldownlinkcontrolchannel(PDCCH)
Physicaldownlinksharedchannel(PDSCH)
Physicalbroadcastchannel(PBCH)
Physicalmulticastchannel(PMCH)
PhysicalhybridARQindicatorchannel(PHICH)
Physicalcontrolformatindicatorchannel(PCFICH)
Uplinkphysicalchannels
Physicaluplinkcontrolchannel(PUCCH)
Physicaluplinksharedchannel(PUSCH)
Physicalrandomaccesschannel(PRACH)
Physicalsignals
Referencesignal
Synchronizationsignal
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HierarchicalChannelStructure
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DownlinkProcessing
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DownlinkOFDMARadioResource
WhyOFDM?
OFDMisefficientincombatingthefrequencyselectivefadingchannel,
whichmakesitasuitabletechniqueforwirelessbroadbandsystems
suchasLTE
ItispossibletoexploitfrequencyselectiveschedulingwithOFDM
basedmultipleaccess OFDMA
ThetransceiverstructureofOFDMwithFFT/IFFTenablesscalable
bandwidthoperation withalowcomplexity
OFDMmakesitmucheasiertosupportmultiantennatransmission
OFDMenablesmulticast/broadcastservices onasynchronizedsingle
frequencynetwork
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TimeDomain FrameStructure
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FrameStructureType1(ForFDD)
CP(CyclicPrefix)
NormalCP:forurbanenvironmentandhighdatarateapplications
ExtendedCP:formulticellmulticast/broadcastandverylargecells
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TimeDomain FrameStructure
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FrameStructureType2(ForTDD)
Specialfields
DwPTS(DownlinkPilotTimeSlot),GP(GuardPeriod),UpPTS(UplinkPilotTimeSlot)
Providelargeguardperiodtoswitchbetweentransmissionandreception
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PhysicalResourceBlocksforOFDMA
Eachresourceblockis180kHzinthe
frequencydomain,and 0.5msinthe
timedomain (oneslot)
Theresourceblockisthebasic
elementforradioresourceallocation
Theminimumsizeofradioresource
thatcanbeallocatedisone
subframeof1ms,correspondingto
tworesourceblocks
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TypicalParametersforDLTransmission
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DLTransportChannelProcessing
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ChannelCoding
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Provideerror
detection
Preventexcessive
complexityandmemory
requirementfordecoding
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ChannelCoding
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Rate1/3tailbiting
convolutionencoder
Rate1/3turboencoder
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RateMatching
Ratematchingperformsinterleaving,repetitionorpuncturing
togenerateatransportblockthatfitsthepayloadsize
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Interlacing:guarantee
equalnumberofparity
1andparity2bits
Thevirtual
circularbuffer
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Modulation
Scrambingbeforemodulation
Torandomizeintercellinterference
Modulationschemesfordifferentphysicalchannels
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Coded
sequence
Scrambing
sequence
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Fordata
transmission
MIMOModesinDL
7differenttransmissionmodes
Singleantennaport(port0):singleantennatransmission
Transmitdiversity
Openloop(OL)spatialmultiplexing
Closedloop(CL)spatialmultiplexing
MultiuserMIMO
Closedlooprank1precoding
Singleantennaport(port5):beamforming
Antennaconfiguration
Baseline:2@Base,2@UE
Higherorder:upto4@Base,4@UE
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MIMOModes
CLMIMO
Modes
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LayerMappingandPrecoding
LayermappingandprecodingareforMIMOmodes
ThelayermappermapsN
c
codewordstov spatiallayers
Theprecodermapsthev layerstoP antennaports
Thistwostepapproachallowstheinclusionofprocessingof
alltheMIMOmodesinasingleframework
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LayerMappingandPrecoding
Codeword
Theoutputofeachchannelcoding/ratematchingstageassociated
withasingletransportblockcomingfromtheMAClayer
InLTE,limitedtotwocodewords
Layer
Correspondtoadatastreamofthespatialmultiplexingchannel
Eachcodewordismappedintooneormultiplelayers,sov>=N
c
Antennaport
Alogicalentity,maynotcorrespondtoanactualphysicalantenna
Antennaports03arecellspecific,usedforDLMIMO
Antennaport4isformulticast/broadcastservices
Antennaport5isusedforbeamformingtoasingleUE
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Codewordtolayermappingforspatialmultiplexing
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SupportedMIMOModesforDifferentPhysicalChannels
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OLTransmitDiversity
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Fortwoantennaports
SpaceFrequencyBlockCode(SFBC)
SimilartotheAlamouticode,indexedinthefrequencydomain
Forfourantennaports
SFBC combinedwithFrequencySwitchedTransmitDiversity(FSTD)
Diversityorderis2
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OLSpatialMultiplexing
W(i):codebookbasedprecodingmatrix
Providedecorrelationbetweendifferentspatialstreams
D(i):tosupportlargedelaycyclicdelaydiversity
U:afixedunitaryDFTbasedprecodingmatrix
D(i)Ueffectivelymakessurethatalllayersundergothesame
channelquality
ThisreducessignalingoverheadasonlyasingleCQIneedstobefed
back
Alsoprovidesincreasedrobustnessagainstimperfectlinkadaptation
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OLSpatialMultiplexing
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CLMIMOTechniques
CLMIMOrequiresexplicitfeedback
Rankindication(RI),precodermatrixindex(PMI)
CLSpatialMultiplexing
EachUEfeedsbacktheindexoftheprecoder(PMI)
CLRank1Precoding(RI=1)
AspecialcaseofCLspatialmultiplexing
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CodebookforCLMIMO
For2antennaports
For4antennaports
ThecodebookusesaHouseholdergeneratingfunction
theinputvectorsaregiveninthestandard
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MUMIMOinDL
In3GPPRelease8,thereisalimitedsupport forMUMIMOin
thedownlink
TheprecoderforMUMIMOisthesameasthatfortherank1
precoding
TheeNodeBtransmitstotwoUEssimultaneouslywitharank
1precoderforeachUE
Mutualinterferencecanbesuppressedduringthescheduling
processbyselectingUEswithnearorthogonalchannel
directions,orwithadvancedinterferencecancelationatthe
UE
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OFDMASignalGeneration
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DownlinkSharedChannels
DownlinkSharedChannel(DLSCH)carriersbothtrafficandcontroldata
fromlogicalchannels
Modulation:QPSK,16QAM,64QAM
Encoder:rate1/3convolutionalturbocode
MIMOmodes:all7transmissionmodes
Sharedchanneltransmission
ThePHYlayerresourcesaretreatedasacommonresourcethatcanbe
dynamicallysharedamongdifferentUEs
Enabledynamicscheduling
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DownlinkControlChannels
DownlinkControlInformation(DCI)
10differentDCIformats(schedulinginformation,modulationandcoding
scheme,etc.)
DCIformat0,foruplinktransmission
DCIformat1/1A/1B/1C/1D,fordownlinktransmissionwithonecodeword
withoutspatialmultiplexing
DCIformat2and2A,fordownlinktransmissionwithspatialmultiplxing
DCIformat3and3Acarrytransmitpowercontrolcommandsfortheuplink
Coding:rate1/3convolutioncode
Modulation:QPSK
CarriedonPDCCH,locatedinthefirstnOFDMsymbolsofeachsubframe
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DownlinkControlChannels
ControlFormatIndicator(CFI)
IndicateshowmanyOFDMsymbolstheDCIspans
TheCFItakesvaluesof1,2,or3
CFIismappedtoPCFICHinthefirstOFDMsymbolofthesubframe
Encoder:rate1/16linearblockcode
Modulation:QPSK
HARQIndicator(HI)
ForHARQacknowledgementinresponsetouplinktransmission
HI=1forpositiveack,HI=0fornegativeack
Encoder:rate1/3repetitioncode
Modulation:BPSK
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BroadcastChannels
Carrysysteminformationsuchasdownlinksystembandwidth,
antennaconfiguration,referencesignalpower
Dividedintotwoportions
MasterInformationBlock(MIB)transmittedonPBCH
SystemInformationBlock(SIB)transmittedonPDSCH
Encoder:rate1/3convolutional code
Modulation:QPSK
Resourcemapping:
Modulatedsymbolsaremappedontothe72subcarrierscentered
aroundtheDCsubcarrierinslot1insubframe 0during4consecutive
radioframes
Independentofbandwidthandduplexmode,allowsUEstodecode
withoutanypriorknowledge
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MulticastChannels
MultimediaBroadcastandMulticastServices(MBMS)
supportsmulticast/broadcastservices
LTEprovidesenhancedsupportfortheMBMStransmission
EnhancedMBMS(EMBMS)
AchievedthroughSingleFrequencyNetwork(SFN)operation
Multicellmulticast/broadcasttransmissionsappearasasingle
transmissionoveramultipathchannel OFDMisefficientin
combatingmultipathchannels
Onlysingleantennaporttransmissionissupported(antennaport4)
Thereducedsubcarrierspaceof7.5kHzisdefined
ExtendedCP
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DownlinkPhysicalSignals
Downlinkreferencesignals:
forchannelestimation thatenablescoherentdemodulationandfor
channelqualitymeasurementtoassistuserscheduling
Cellspecificreferencesignals,associatedwithnonMBSFN
transmission
MBSFNreferencesignals,associatedwithMBSFNtransmission
UEspecificreferencesignals,supportsingleantennaport
transmission
SynchronizationSignals
Primarysynchronizationsignal
Secondarysynchronizationsignal
Enableacquisitionofsymboltimingandtheprecisefrequency
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CellSpecificReferenceSignal
Cellspecificreference
signalsaredefined
separatelyforantenna
ports0,1,2,and3
Referencesignalson
differentantennasare
orthogonaltoeach
other
Antennaports0and1
havetwiceasmany
referencesymbolsas
ports2and3
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SynchronizationSignals
Primarysynchronizationsignal:carrythephysicallayerIDwithinthecell
IDgroup
Secondarysynchronizationsignal:carrythephysicallayercellIDgroup
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UplinkProcessing
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UplinkSCFDMARadioResource
WhySCFDMAintheuplink?
SCFDMApossessesmostofthemeritsofOFDM
SCFDMAhasalowerPAPR(peakaveragepowerratio),
whichishighlydesirableintheuplinkaslessexpensive
poweramplifiersareneededatUEs
AnSCFDMAtransceiverhasasimilarstructureasOFDM,
sotheparametrizationofradioresourceinULenjoys
similaritiestoDL
SCFDMAsymbols,SCFDMAcarriers
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PhysicalResourceBlocksforSCFDMA
SCFDMAcanberegardedas
conventionalOFDMwitha
DFTbasedprecoder
Theresourcegridissimilarto
DL
SCFDMAsymbols
SCFDMAcarriers
Onlyonesubcarrierspacing:
15kHz
Noantennaportisdefined,as
onlysingleantenna
transmissionissupported
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PHYLayerProcessing
SpatialmultiplexingisnotsupportedintheUL
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CodingandModulation
ChannelCoding
SimilartoDL
Uplinksharedchannel(ULSCH):rate1/3turbocode
Controlinformation:blockcodeorconvolutionalcode
Modulation
ULSCHsupportsQPSK,16QAM,64QAM
QPSKand16QAMaremandatory,64QAMisoptional
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MIMOModes
LimitedMIMOsupportinULduetocomplexity/cost
TransmitAntennaSelection
Noantennaselection:UEshalltransmitfromantennaport0
CLantennaselection:basedoncommandsfromeNodeB(inDCI)
OLantennaselection:mayselectantennabasedonHARQfeedbacks
MUMIMOinUL
AlsoreferredtoasvirtualMIMO
TwoUEstransmitsimultaneouslyonthesameradioresource
Providesspatialmultiplexinggain,evenwithsingleantennaUEs
Orthogonalreferencesignalsareassignedtoeachof2UEs
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SCFDMASignalGeneration
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UplinkSharedChannels
UplinkSharedChannel(ULSCH)istheonlytransportchannelcarrying
trafficdataintheUL
Encoder:1/3turboencoder
Modulation:QPSK,16QAM,64QAM(optional)
MIMOModes:antennaselection,MUMIMO
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FrequencyHopping
ProvidefrequencydiversitygaininUL
Intrasubframe andintersubframe frequencyhopping
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UplinkControlInformation
UplinkControlInformation(UCI)providesfollowinginformation
DownlinkCQI (channelqualityindicator):foradaptivemodulationand
coding,channeldependentscheduling
HARQacknowledgement (HARQACK):fordownlinkHARQprocess
SchedulingRequest(SR):torequestradiosourcesforULtransmission
PMIandRI:forDLMIMOtransmission
Withoutuplinkresourceallocation,UCIistransmittedon
PUCCH
Withuplinkresourceallocation,UCIisfrequencymultiplexed
withtheULSCHdataonPUSCH
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UplinkControlInformation
ChannelCodingandModulation
Differenttypesofcontrolinformationareencodeddifferently
e.g.,forUCIonPUCCH
CQI/PMIareencodedwithlinearblockcode
HARQACK,encodedas1or0
CQI/PMI+HARQACK,linearblockcode
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UplinkControlInformation
ResourceMapping
PUCCHistimedivisionmultiplexedwiththePUSCHfromthe
sameUE
PUCCHcanbefrequencydivisionmultiplexedwiththePUSCH
fromotherUEs
PUCCHistransmittedatthebandwidth
edge,toprovidecontiguousbandwidth
fordatatransmission
Theintrasubframefrequencyhopping
providesfrequencydiversity
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UplinkReferenceSignals
LTEdefinestwotypesofreferencesignalsinUL
Demodulationreferencesignals:forcoherentdemodulation,defined
forbothPUSCHandPUCCH
Soundingreferencesignals:widebandreferencesignalsformeasuring
ULchannelqualityforuplinkresourceallocation
Whytwotypes?
DemodulationreferencesignalsinULonlytransmittedonthe
subcarriersassignedtoUEs,cannotprovidesufficientwideband
channelqualityinformation
ReferencesignalsinULcannotbetransmittedatthesame
timewithuserdata(ConsideringPAPR)
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UplinkReferenceSignals
ResourceMapping
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DemodulationreferencesignalsforPUSCH
Soundingreferencesignals
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RandomAccessChannels
RandomaccessisforinitialaccessorreestablishUL
synchronization
Randomaccesspreamble:
Nointracellinterferencefrommultiplerandomaccess
attemptsusingdifferentpreambles(ZadoffChusequences)
Infrequencydomain,randomaccessoccupiessixconsecutive
resourceblocks(72subcarriers)
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AdvancedTechniques
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HARQ
HARQ(HybridAutomaticRepeatreQuest):improvereliability
Combinesforwarderrorcorrection(FEC)andretransmission(ARQ)
TypeIHARQ(chasecombining):retransmissionisidenticaltothefirst
transmission
TypeIIHARQ(incrementalredundancy):retransmissionprovides
differentredundancy
InLTE,rate1/3turbocodingisusedastheFECcodewhileaCRCis
appliedforerrordetection
Atthetransmitter:each(re)transmission,thesameturbocodeddata
istransmittedwithdifferentpuncturing,i.e.,differentredundancy
version
Atthereceiver:decodethereceivedcodeblockcombinedwith
previouslyreceivedversions
Noerrordetected,thenfeedbackACK
Errordetected,feedbackNACK
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HARQ
TimeintervalbetweentwosuccessiveHARQtransmission
Typically8msecinLTE
Toavoidwaitingtime,anNchannelStopandWaitprotocolis
used,consistingofNparallelHARQprocesses
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HARQ
DL:AsynchronousAdaptiveHARQ
HARQprocessescanbetransmittedinanyorderwithoutfixedtiming
Provideshigherthroughputwithreschedulingorchanging
modulation/coding
AvoidpotentialcollisionofHARQretransmissionswithhighpriority
schedulingtransmissions,e.g.,persistentscheduling
Requiresmoreoverhead,e.g.,redundancyversion,etc
UL:SynchronousHARQ
Retransmissionsarescheduledonaperiodicinterval
RequiresnoexplicitsignalingforHARQprocessnumber
Dependsontheduplexing modeandHARQoperationtypes
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AdaptiveCodingandModulation(AMC)
AMCistotakeadvantageoffluctuationsinthechannelover
timeandfrequency,i.e.,exploitingfading
Transmitashighadatarateaspossiblewhenandwherethe channel
isgood
Transmitatalowerratewhenandwherethechannelispoor
Requiresknowledgeofinstantaneouschannelinformation
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AdaptiveCodingandModulation(AMC)
ApossiblerealizationofAMC
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WithAMC,we
approachthe
Shannoncapacity
within24dB
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SchedulingandResourceAllocation
Objective:toefficientlyallocatetheavailableradioresource
toUEs
Channelindependentscheduling
Theallocationisrandomandnotbasedonchannelcondition,e.g.,
roundrobinscheduling
Channeldependentscheduling
Theallocationisbasedonchannelcondition,e.g.,proportional
fairnessscheduler,maxCI(carriertointerference)scheduler
Frequencydiversescheduling:randominfrequencydomain,exploit
timeselectivityandfrequencydiversity
Frequencyselectivescheduling:exploitbothtimeandfrequency
selectivity ofthechannel
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SchedulingandResourceAllocation
Resourceassignmentconsistsofresourceblocks(RB)and
modulationandcodingschemes(MCS)
Dependsheavilyonchannelinformation
ForDL:providedbyuplinkCQIfeedback
ForUL:bychannelsoundingattheeNodeB
DLsupportsbothlocalizedanddistributedresourceallocations
Distributedallocationsprovidebetterperformancewithhighoverhead
Localizedallocationprovideslowoverheadalternative
ULonlysupportslocalizedallocation
Preservesinglecarrierproperty
Exploitmultiuserdiversityinthefrequencydomain
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SchedulingandResourceAllocation
MultiuserDiversityGain
ForiidRayleighfadingchannels,withopportunisticscheduling
Sumcapacity~loglog(K)
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CQIFeedback
CQI(ChannelQualityIndicator)fromUE
Indicatesasuitabledownlinktransmissiondatarate,i.e.,aModulation
andCodingScheme(MCS)
BasedontheobservedSINRattheUE
Widebandvs.SubbandCQI
WidebandCQI:overtheentirechannelbandwidth,donotsupport
frequencyselectivescheduling
SubbandCQI:consistsofavectorofCQIvalueseachrepresenting
SINRoverasubband,enables frequencyselectivescheduling
Tradeoff betweenDLperformanceandULbandwidth
consumption
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CQIEstimation
TheUEcomputesSINRsamplesovermultipleOFDMsymbols
andsubcarrierstocalculateaneffectiveSINR
I(.)mapstheSINRtoaperformancemetric
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CQIIndex
BasedoneffectiveSINR,theUEpickstheCQIindexthat
indicatesthehighestMCSlevelthatcanbesupportedwitha
10%blockerrorrate
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CQIFeedbackModes
Tworeportingmodesinthetimedomain
Periodicreporting:theUEreportsCQI,PMI,andRIwithreporting
periodsconfiguredbythehigherlayer
Aperiodicreporting:canbeusedtoprovidelargeandmoredetail
reportinginasinglereportinginstanceviaPUSCH
ForsubbandCQIfeedback
Inperiodicreporting
TheUEcyclesthroughdifferentsubbandsfromonereportinginstancetothe
next,toreduceoverhead
Inaperiodicreporting
Higherlayerconfiguredsubbandreporting:UEreportsthesubbandCQIfor
eachbandinasinglefeedbackreport
UEselectedsubbandreport:UEreportsthesubbandCQIfortheMbands
withthehighestCQIvalues
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CQIFeedbackModes
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CellSearchorSynchronization
WhenaUEpowerson
Itneedstoacquiretimeandfrequencysynchronizationwithacelland
detectthephysicallayercellIDofthatcellthroughthecellsearch
procedure
LTEusesahierarchicalcellsearchscheme
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RandomAccessProcedure
Cellsearch providesdownlinksynchronization
Randomaccess enablesuplinksynchronization,notifiesthe
eNodeBthattheUEhasdatatotransmit,ortransmitasmall
amountofcontrolinformationanddatapackets
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PowerControlinUplink
InLTE,orthogonaltransmissioninULremovesintracell
interference
Nonearfarproblem
Intercellinterferenceisthemajorissue
PowercontrolinUL
ObjectiveofPowerControl
Tocontrolinterferencecausedtoneighboringcells,whilemaintaining
therequiredSINR attheservingcell
FractionalPowerControl(FPC)
Allowsfullorpartialcompensationofpathlossandshadowing
AllowsedgeUEstooperateatlowerSINR,withlessinterferenceto
othercells
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PowerControlinUplink
PowercontrolforPUSCH
Openloop component+closedloop component
Openloopcomponent:FractionalPowerControl(FPC)
M:#resourceblocks,P
0
:meanreceivedSINR
:pathlosscompensationfactor(=1,channelinversion,a=0,noPC)
Openloop+closedloop
f(.)performsclosedlooppowercontrol
Accumulated:
Absolute:
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IntercellInterference(ICI)Coordination
ICIrandomization
Scramblethecodewordafterchannelencodingwithapseudorandom
sequence
Interferencesuppressionisachievedthroughchannelcodinggain
ICIcancellation
Decodetheinterferingsignalsfirst,andthensubtractthem
Achievedwithmultiuserdetection,ormultipleantennas
ICIcoordination/avoidance
Applyrestrictionstotheresourcemanagementinacoordinatedway
betweenneighboringcells
CoordinatedMultiPoint(CoMP)Transmission/Reception
Alsocalledbasestationcoordination,multicellprocessing
Havegreatpotential,butnotsupportedinLTE
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IntercellInterference(ICI)Coordination
Example:
Possibledownlinkpowerlevelsofthreeneighboringcells.Edgeusersin
eachcellwouldbeallocatedtothehigherpowerlevels.
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Related3GPPSpecifications
3GPPTS36.201,EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA);
LTEPhysicalLayer GeneralDescription.
3GPPTS36.211,EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA);
Physicalchannelsandmodulation.
3GPPTS36.212,EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA);
Multiplexingandchannelcoding.
3GPPTS36.213,EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA);
PhysicalLayerProcedures.
3GPPTS36.321,EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA);
MediumAccessControl(MAC)protocolspecification.
Availableonhttp://www.3gpp.org/specificationnumbering
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