Importance of Structure Importance of Structure

Mechanical Properties
(Strength formability High temperature properties) (Strength, formability, High temperature properties)
Physical Properties (Electrical, Optical and Magnetic)
Levels of Structure
Atomic Str ct re Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Microstructure
Crystal Structure
Unit cell
Crystal system Edge lengths Interaxial angles
Cubic a =b =c = = =90
Tetragonal a =b c = = =90
Orthorhombic a b c = = =90 Orthorhombic a b c = = =90
Rhombohedral a =b =c = = 90
Hexagonal a =b c = =90; =120
Monoclinic a b c = =90
Triclinic a b c 90
1 Triclinic
The 14 Unit Cells
1. Triclinic
2. Simple Monoclinic
3. Base Centered Monoclinic
4. Simple Orthorhombic
5. Based Centered Orthorhombic
6. Body Centered Orthorhombic
7. Face Centered Orthorhombic
8 Simple Tetragonal 8. Simple Tetragonal
9. Body Centered Tetragonal
10. Hexagonal
11.Rhombohedral
12.Simple Cubic
13 B d C t d C bi 13.BodyCentered Cubic
14.Face Centered Cubic
(a)
(b)
(c) (c)
The three common crystal structures adopted by metals
(a) bcc (b) fcc (c) hcp
Popular Crystal Structures
Metals
Ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals
Steels Cast Irons
Plain carbon steels Grey Iron
White Iron
Malleable & Ductile Irons
Low carbon steels
Medium carbon steels
Lowalloy steels
High carbon steels
Lowalloy steels
High alloy steels
Stainless & Tool steels
Phase Diagrams
Phase: Chemically, structurally homogeneous and physicallydistinct Phase: Chemically, structurally homogeneous and physically distinct
Phase Rule: P +F = C +2
Isomorphous Phase Diagram
Phase Diagram of water
Phase Rule: P +F = C +1
2003Brooks/Cole, adivisionof ThomsonLearning, Inc. ThomsonLearning

is atrademarkusedhereinunder license. 2003Brooks/Cole, adivisionof ThomsonLearning, Inc. ThomsonLearning

is atrademark usedhereinunder license.

Fe-Fe
3
C Phase Diagram
Peritectic Reaction
Eutectoid Reaction
L F C L + = = +Fe
3
C
Microstructure evolution in Eutectoid steel
Microstructure evolution in Hypoeutectoid steel
Microstructure evolution in Hypereutectoid steel
Effect of C on microstructure of steels
0% C
0.2% C
0.4% C
0.8% C
0.6% C
1.2% C
Pearlite
Coarse Pearlite Fine Pearlite
Effect of C on Mech. Properties
Effect of C on Mech. Properties
Effect of Microstructure on
M h i l P ti Mechanical Properties
Martensite
Lath Martensite
Plate Martensite
Tempered Martensite
Tempered Martensite
At High temperature
Spheroidite
Bainite
Upper Bainite Lower Bainite