Radial Flow and Well Testing Basics: MSC Rem Reservoir Evaluation and Management

SYZ 1
Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

MSc REM
Reservoir Evaluation and Management
Radial Flow and
Well Testing Basics
SYZ 2
Principle of fluid flow in porous media
Potential problem
flow due to pressure difference
3-D in space, 3-phase fluids, 3-forces
(viscous, gravitational and capillary forces)
Obey three basic laws
The principle of mass conservation
Darcys Law- conservation of momentum
Equation of State
SYZ 3
The Derivation of radial Diffusivity Equation
Z
Y
X
X|
x

Y|
y

Z|
z

Z|
z
+
z

X|
x
+
x

Y|
y+
y
An 3-D element of homogeneous
porous media with dimensions of
x, y, z
In the x direction, the mass
flowing into the element is:
( )|
x x
V y z t
Within time , the mass
flowing out of the element is:
t
( )|
x x x
V y z t
+

The mass accumulated in the
element within time is:
t
( )| ( )|
( )| ( )|
x x x x x
x x x x x
V y z t V y z t
V V y z t

+
+

(
=

SYZ 4
In the y direction:
( )| ( )|
y y y y y
V V x z t
+
(

In the z direction:
( )| ( )|
z z z z z
V V y x t
+
(

The total mass accumulation in the element
within time is:
t
( )| ( ) |
( )| ( )|
t t t
t t t
x y z x y z
x y z

+
+

(
=

SYZ 5
So, we have:
( )| ( )| ( )| ( )|
( )| ( )| ( )| ( )|
x x x x x y y y y y
z z z z z t t t
V V y z t V V x z t
V V y x t x y z

+ +
+ +
( (

( (
=

Dividing each terms on both sides of the above
equation by :
x y z t
( )| ( )| ( )| ( )|
( )| ( )| ( )| ( )|
x x x x x y y y y y
z z z z z t t t
V V V V
x y
V V
z t

+ +
+ +

=

SYZ 6
Taking the limit of the above equation, i.e., let:
, , ,
0 x
0 y
0 z 0 t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
V V V
x y z t

=
This is the continuation equation of a single phase,
compressible fluid flowing in a 3-D porous media.
According to Darcys law:
x
k P D
V g
x x

| |
=
|
\ .
y
k P D
V g
y y

| |
=
|
\ .
SYZ 7
z
k P D
V g
z z

| |
=
|
\ .
Replacing these in the continuation equation:
( )
k P D k P D
g g
x x x y y y
k P D
g
z z z t

( (
| | | |
+ +
( (
| |
\ . \ .

(
| |
=
(
|
\ .

Considering:
The viscous dominated laminar flow
SYZ 8
The small, constant rock compressibility and
Equation of State :
( )
P
C
t t

=
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z t
P P P P
k k k C
x y z t

+ + =
It is derived:
For an isotropic, homogeneous reservoir:
x y z
k k k k = = =
SYZ 9
2 2 2
2 2 2
t
C P P P P
x y z k t

+ + =
Replace this into the above equation:
Using Cylindrical Co-ordinate system:
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
t
C P P P P
r
r r r r z k t

| |
+ + =
|
\ .
Considering 1-D radial flow:
1 1 P P
r
r r r t

| |
=
|
\ .
SYZ 10
Where:
t
k
C
=
Is called, The Hydraulic Diffusivity.
This is the basic radial diffusivity equation
for transient pressure analysis.
SYZ 11
Assumptions for the Derivation of
the Diffusivity Equation
The reservoir formation is homogeneous and
isotropic with uniform thickness: h = constant,
The rock and fluid properties are independent of
pressure (constant compressibility and fluid
viscosity).
The pressure gradient in the formation is small, so
the terms: , , can be ignored.
x y z
k k k k = = =
2
P
x
| |
|
\ .
2
P
y
| |
|
\ .
2
P
z
| |
|
\ .
SYZ 12
The flow to the well is radial (laminar) flow, so the
Darcys Law can be applied.
The gravity effect (force) is ignored ( flow is
viscous dominated).
SYZ 13
Constant Terminal Rate
Pressure Draw Down Solution
SYZ 14
p
t
k
c r
r
p
r
r
=
|
\
|
.
|
1
Second order , Linear Parabolic PDE
Initial Condition

=
k
c
Hydraulic
Diffusivity
p r p all r r
i w
,0 = >
e j
Diffusivity Equation
SYZ 15
The Constant Terminal Rate DD Solution
Initial condition:
, for all r
Inner boundary condition:
, for t > 0
Outer boundary condation:
, for all t
0
|
t i
P P
=
=
0
lim
2
r
P q
r
r kh

| |
=
|
\ .
|
r i
P P
=
SYZ 16
Constant Rate Well
u
q
r h
k
p
r
r
w
= =
2

p
r
q
kh r
r r
w
w
=
=
2
1
i.e.
Finite Wellbore Radius Inner B.C.
Line Source
Approxi mation
Lim
r 0
r
p
r
q
kh
|
\
|
.
| =
2
-
Inner Boundary Condition
SYZ 17
( )
p
p p r t
q
kh
D
i
=
,
2
Dimensionless
Pressure
drop
t
k t
c r
D
t w
=

2
Dimensionless
Ti me
r
r
r
D
w
=
Di mensi onl ess
Radi us
(posi ti on)
Dimensionless Variables
SYZ 18
p
t
r
r
p
r
r
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
=
|
\
|
.
|
1
I.C.
p = 0 , all r t < 0
D
D
D
B.C. 1
B.C. 2
p
r
at r t
D
D
D D
= = > 1 1 0
p = 0 as r
D
D

Dimensionless Form of the Diffusivity Equation
SYZ 19
2
70.6
( , )
0.00105
t
i i
C r q B
P r t P E
kh kt

(
| |
=
(
|
\ .

Line Source, constant terminal rate solution
in an infinite acting reservoir, in Field units
due to Matthews and Russell (1967):
Where, is termed The Ei Function. ( )
i
E x
2 3
( ) ln ......
1! 2(2!) 3(3!)
u
i
x
e du x x x
E x x
u

(
= = +
(

is the expression of The Exponential Integral.

SYZ 20
Log Approximation to the Ei Function
SYZ 21
For a small x value, e.g., , this term
can be further simplified as:
Where, the number 0.5772 is Eulers constant, so:
0.01 x <
( ) ln( ) 0.5772
i
E x x = +
2
70.6
( , ) ln 0.5772
0.00105
t w
w wf i
C r q B
P r t P P
kh kt

(
| |
= =
(
|
(
\ .

Substituting the log base 10 into this equation
for the ln term:
2
162.6
( , ) log 3.23
w wf i
t w
q B kt
P r t P P
kh
C r
(
| |
= =
(
|
(
\ .

SYZ 22
Re-arranging for DD analysis:
( ) log( )
wf p i p
P t P m t =
Where:
162.6
qB
m
kh
=
This is the basic equation for transient well test analysis.
Considering skin and using field unit:
2
ln ln 0.80908 2
4
s
wf i
t w
q B k
p p t S
kh C r

(
= + + +
(

SYZ 23
Pressure Draw Down
Analysis and field Examples
SYZ 24
TIME, t
Pressure Drawdown Testing
RATE
q
0
0
SHUT- I N
PRODUCING
TI ME, t
p = p
ws i
0
Fig
2.3.1
Bottom Hole
Pressure Pwf
SYZ 25
For an infinite-acting reservoir with an altered Zone
| |
p t S
wD D
= + +
1
2
080908 2 ln .
p p
q B
kh
t
k
c r
S
wf i
s
t w
= + + +
4
080908 2
2
ln ln .
i.e.
Hence plot p versus t
wf
l n
Giving
p m t p
wf t
= +
=
ln
1
sl ope
int ercept
SYZ 26
0
p
t=1
ln t
NOTE : ln t = 0 corresponds t o t = 1
Fig 2.3.2
Deviation from straight line
caused by damage and
wellbore storage effects
slope, m =
4 kh
q B
s

Drawdown Semilog Plot
Bottom
Hole
Pressure
Pwf
SYZ 27
m
q B
kh
s
=

4
k h
k
p p m
k
c r
S
t i
t w
=
= + + +
(
1
2
080908 2 ln .
S
p p
m
k
c r
t i
t w
=

(
=
1
2
080908
1
2
ln .
i.e.
Intercept of Semilog Strai ght Line
Slope of Semil og Straight Line
Drawdown Interpretation
SYZ 28
q : STB/D
h : ft
k : md
s
r : ft
t : hr
c : psi
t
-1
t
k t
c r
D
t w
=
0 000263679
2
.
p
p
q B
kh
p
q B
kh
D
s s
=

=

887217
2
1412 . .
: cp
: fraction
p : psi
SPE Field Units
SYZ 29
p
t
S
wD
D
= +
1
2
4
ln

p
t
S
wD
D
= +
(
23026
2
4
086859
10
.
log .
i.e.
i.e.
=

+
(
p p
q B
k h
k t
c r
S
wf i
s
t w
8872
2
23026
2
00002637 4
086859
10
2
.
.
log
.
.

p p
q B
k h
t
k
c r
S
wf i
s
t w
= + +
(
1626
32275 086859
2
.
log log . .
or
m
q B
k h
kh k
s
=
1626 .
Slope
Intercept
p p m
k
c r
S
t i
t w
=
= + +
(
1
2
32275 086859 log . .
S
p p
m
k
c r
t i
t w
=

+
(
=
11513 32275
1
2
. log .
Field Units - Log10 or semilog graph paper

SYZ 30
Radius of Investigation Concept
SYZ 31
10
3
5x10
3
t =10
D
4
1 100 200
r
D
PRESSURE
DISTURBANCE
FRONT
Fig 2.2.8
Radius of Influence
p = 0.1
D
SYZ 32
q
ACTIVE
WELL
OBSERVATION
WELL
MINIMUM OBSERVABLE p
DEPENDS ON GAUGE RESOLUTION
r
D
"ARBI TRARY"
CRITERION
Ei SOLUTION
p
i
p
wo
OBS
WELL
PRESSURE
0
t
Fig 2.2.9
p Ei
r
t
D
D
D
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
2 4
2
p
p kh
q
D
= =
2
0 1
.
Radius of Investigation
SYZ 33
The radius of investigation:
0.0325
inv
t
k t
r
C
=
Note:
This parameter is
independent of flowing rate
Its accuracy depends on
pressure gauge
SYZ 34
Principles of Superposition
SYZ 35
Superposition in space
SYZ 36
A no-flow boundaryresulted from
two wells producing at equal rate
SYZ 37
A constant pressure boundaryresulted from
an injection and a production well
producing at equal rate
SYZ 38
Superposition in time
SYZ 39
Constant Terminal Rate
Pressure Build Up Solution
SYZ 40
q
0
t
p
t
Well producing
Well shut-in
t
P
0
t
p
t
Draw-down
Build-up
t
DD time of t = tp+
+
Injection
time of
t
t
SYZ 41
2
2
( )
162.6
log 3.23
162.6 ( )
log 3.23
p
i ws
t w
t w
k t t
q B
P P
kh
C r
q B k t
kh
C r
(
| | +
=
(
|
(
\ .

(
| |

+
(
|
(
\ .

Superposition of DD with rate +q for the time tp+
and injection with rate -q for the time
t
t
SYZ 42
( )
162.6
log
p
ws i
t t
q B
P P
kh t
+
(
=
(

The Solution for Pressure BU Analysis
- Horner Time Function
Where, is due to Horner, termed Horner Time.
( )
p
t t
t
+
SYZ 43
Pressure Build Up
Analysis and field Examples
SYZ 44
R
A
T
E
t
p

t
t
FLOWING
SHUT-IN
t
p
B
H
P
p
ws
p ( t=0)
wf

Figure
2.5.1
Schematic Flow-Rate and Pressure Behaviour for an Ideal Buildup
SYZ 45
p
ws
ln
t + t p
t
p*
Deviation from Straight
Line caused by
Afterflow and Ski n
0
slope, m =
4 k h
q
B
s

Semilog (Horner) Plot for a Buildup
Fig 2.5.1b
SYZ 46
The extrapolation to infinite shut-in time for
initial reservoir pressure.
lim
p
t t
Pws Pi
t
t
+
| |

\ .

0 1
log log log(1) 0
1
p
t
t
t t
t
t
| |
+
|
+
| |

= = =
|
|
\ .
|
|
\ .
lim
Dt

SYZ 47
1
10
100 1000
0
1
2 3
Pi
Logarithmic
Linear scale
infinite
time
The extrapolation to infinite shut-in time for
initial reservoir pressure.
SYZ 48
t
p
wf
p
ws
p ( t=0)
wf

Determination of the Skin Factor
Bas ed o n t he
L as t Fl owi ng
Pr es s u r e
p ( t =0 )
wf

At the end of the flow period i.e. t = t
p
Onl y the pressure prior to shut-i n i s i nfl uenced by the ski n effect
For an infinite-acting system replace p by p*,
the MTR straight line extrapolated pressure
i
Also make the substitution
slope of Horner plot
( )
(
+ +

= = S 2 80908 . 0
r c
t k
ln
kh 4
q
p 0 t p
2
w t
p
i wf
m
kh 4
q
=
SYZ 49
( ) p t p m
kt
c r
S
wf
p
t w
= = + + +
0 080908 2
2
ln .
i.e.
( )
S
p t p
m
k t
c r
wf
p
t w
=
=

|
\
|
.
|
1
2
0
080908
2
ln .
where m = slope of Horner plot (MTR)

p* = straight line intercept (MTR extrapolated pressure)
p ( t=0) = flowing bottom-hole pressure just prior to shut-in
wf

Note "m" is intrinsically negative
Skin Factor from a Buildup
SYZ 50
Natural Log (ln)
( )
S
p t p
m
kt
c r
wf
p
t w
=
=
+
1
2
0
743173
2
ln .
Log Base 10
( )
S
p t p
m
kt
c r
wf p
p
t w
=

+
11513 32275
10
2
. log .
Note m is a negative quantity

SPE Field Units
SYZ 51
Determine and
very accurately
p ( t=0) t( t=0)
wf

Fig 2.5.8
+
t( t=0)
p ( t=0)
wf

End of
Drawdown
Buildup
t
Stabilise flow-rate before shutin
q
Q = cumulative
volume
Flow-
Rate
t
Shutin
Afterflow
p = p p ( t=0)
BU ws wf
t = t t( t=0)
t =
p
Q
q
Test Precautions
SYZ 52
3424
3423
3422
p
ws
8 7 6 5 4
Horner Plot
Early Piper Well
(HP Gauge)
slope
m = 0.7465 psi
kh = 1.067
*
10 md.ft
S = 3.08
6
q = 11750 bbl/d
B = 1.28 = 0.75 cp
r = 0.362 ft = 0.237
c = 1.234
*
10 psi
s
w
t
-5 -1
(psia)
Fig 2.5.10
ln
t t
t
p
+
SYZ 53
Miller Dyes and Hutchinson
(MDH) method (1950)
SYZ 54
log
p
ws i
t t
P P m
t
+
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
log log log( )
p
ws i i p
t t
P P m P m t t m t
t
+
| |
= = + +
|
\ .
Horner solution for pressure BU analysis:
For , condition for MDH method
Horner solution for pressure BU analysis:
p
t t >>
( ) ( )
log log tan
p p
t t t cons t + =
tan log( )
ws
P cons t m t = +
SYZ 55
Matthews Brons and Hazebroek
(MBH) method (1953)

Radial Flow and Well Testing Basics: MSC Rem Reservoir Evaluation and Management

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SYZ 1

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

is the expression of The Exponential Integral.

Field Units - Log10 or semilog graph paper

where m = slope of Horner plot (MTR)

Note m is a negative quantity

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