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Pushover and Response Spectrum Analysis

Demand & Capacity Evaluation
1. Introduction
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Case Study:

Seismic Design Check of a Skewed Steel Bridge

Force Based Design :
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F
D
D
F
D
u

F
E
D
y

Elastic Analysis

Inelastic
Response

F
P
Design Load F
P
= F
E
/ R
R

1

R = Response Modification Factor
R = D
u
/ D
y
, represent the ductility
capacity of the ERS

Displacement-Based Design:
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Displacement-Based Design:
F
D
D
F
D
u

D
y

Elastic Analysis

Inelastic
Response

F
P
Equal Displacement Assumption: Displacements
resulted from inelastic response is approximately
equal to displacement obtained from linear elastic
response spectrum analysis.
Design Load is simply F
P.

What to be checked:

D
D
D
u
D
D

Seismic Design
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Comparison of two Design Approaches:
Force

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specification
Complete design for STR, SERV limit
state first
Elastic demand forces divided by
Response Modification Factor R
Ductile response is assumed to be
adequate without verification
Capacity protection assumed
Displacement

AASHTO Guide Specification for
LRFD Seismic Bridge Design
Complete design for STR, SERV limit
state first
Displacement demands checked
against displacement capacity
Ductile response is assured with
limitations prescribed for each SDC
Capacity protection assured
Capacity Protection:
Column Shear Capacity
Pier Cap
Foundation
Joint
2. Code Provisions
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Code Provisions:

3. Determination of Demand
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SDC D:

Step 1: Displacement Analysis
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SDC D: Step 1: Displacement Analysis
Engineer Considerations:
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Consideration 2:

The periods can be obtained from the Eigenvalue
Analysis.

The user can perform the eigenvalue analysis in
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Longitudinal and the transverse direction.

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Analysis Procedure

We will follow Elastic Dynamic Analysis

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Elastic Dynamic Analysis:

Code Considerations:
Section 5.4.3
1. At least 90 % Mass Participation in Longitudinal and Transverse
direction
2. Damping : 5%
3. EDA Mode results must be combined by CQC method
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Factors Affecting Elastic Dynamic Analysis:
1. Design Spectra: Site Conditions, return period etc.
2. Behavior of Structure: Elastically Linear and Damped
3. Foundation Behavior: Linear
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1. Design Spectra: Site Conditions, return period etc.
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2. Behavior of Structure: Elastically Linear and Damped

> The structure is supposed to behaves linearly.

> The Design Spectra Changes with Damping. Damping can be
different in different modes.

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3. Foundation Behavior: Linear

Load vs. Displacement curve for Soil Springs
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Step1: Generation of Response Spectra:
AASHTO LRFD specifies detailed guidelines on the generation of the
Response Spectra based on the notional Ground Motion maps given
and site factors described in Article 3.4.2

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Step1: Generation of Response Spectra: Midas Civil

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Step 2 : Mode Analysis for obtaining the Mode shapes and Mass
Participation Factor.

Midas Civil Definition of Eigen value analysis with 20 Modes.

Mass Participation factor < 90 %

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Mass Participation factor >90 %

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Mass Participation factor >90 %

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Step 3 : Effective Section Properties
Section 5.6.1

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Step 3 : EDA Results RS X

Maximum Deflection : 2.911 inches

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Step 3 : EDA Results RS Y


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Step 3 : Foundation Flexibility Effect
Section 4.8

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100:30 rule:

Section 4.4

5. Determination of Capacity
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Displacement Capacity

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Factors affecting Pushover Analysis

1. Non linear behavior of material
2. Type of load application
3. Non linear foundation behavior
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1. Non linear behavior of material:
The non linear behavior of material is considered by the definition
of the Plastic Hinges in the Model.

For Flexural Members : Moment Curvature is defined
For Compression Members: PM interaction is considered

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2. Type of load application
The load applied in increments are generally:
1. Uniform Acceleration
2. Mode Shape Based

Model
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2

Model
4
3
2
1
8
6
4
2
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3. Non linear foundation behavior
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Section 4.8.2

Code Considerations:

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Section 4.8.2

Code Considerations: SDC D

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Set up of Pushover Model:

Step 1: Definition of Non Linear Property.
1. Length of Plastic Hinge Section: 4.11.6

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Step 2: Consideration of P-M Interaction curve in Hinge
Determination.

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Pushover Curve: (X Direction)

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Pushover Curve: (Y Direction)

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Alter reinforcement

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Pushover Curve: (X Direction)

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Pushover Curve: (Y Direction)

6. Response Spectrum Analysis considering P Delta
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P-Delta Analysis can significantly affect the performance of the
structure under the earthquake loading.

Effect on RS X My and Mz

6. Response Spectrum Analysis considering P Delta
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P-Delta Analysis can significantly affect the performance of the
structure under the earthquake loading.

Effect on RS X Deformation:

6. Pushover Analysis: New Developments
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Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) : Multi mode pushover and then combining them is in appropriate.
Single Mode Pushover Analysis does not present a accurate picture for higher modes and hence modal
pushover analysis is proposed.

1. Load Pattern: The load pattern for the MPA is based on Mode Shapes. Any number of modes can be
used but since the mass participation reduces, a few modes are taken.

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

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2. Perform Pushover Analysis for each Load Pattern.

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

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3. Convert the Pushover curve to SA vs. SD Format
4. Compare Pushover curve to demand.

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MAJOR PROBLEMS IN CURRENT PUSHOVER ANALYSIS PROCEDURES:

1. Single-mode analysis: Only one Mode is considered for Pushover Analysis

2. Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) : Multi mode pushover and then combining them is inappropriate.

Solution:
INCREMENTAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (IRSA)
IRSA is developed as a multi-mode process in which modal displacements are calculated incrementally until
they reach their peak values, i.e., inelastic spectral displacements in each mode. This is achieved by applying
a piecewise linear Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) procedure at each incremental step in between the
formation of the two consecutive plastic hinges

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INCREMENTAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (IRSA):

Multi-mode pushover analysis procedure IRSA (Incremental Response Spectrum Analysis) is essentially
based on a piecewise linear Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) applied at each incremental step of
analysis.

Thanks
ts@midasuser.com

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Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Pushover and Response Spectrum Analysis

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