1

Abstract-- Stochastic load flow is a method for calculation of

the effects of inaccuracies in input data on all output quantities
through the load flow calculations. This gives a range of values
(confidence limit) for each output quantity, which represent the
operative condition of the system, to a high degree of probability
or confidence. This paper presents a new method for stochastic
load flow analysis using artificial neural networks. It is desirable
to know the state of the power system in a range with certain
confidence, with consideration of input data uncertainties and
inaccuracies, on instant-to-instant basis in the fastest possible
way. Present method using artificial neural networks to
stochastic load flow problem is an effort in that direction and will
be a very useful technique in effectively dealing with demand side
uncertainties for power system planning and operation. The
proposed artificial neural network model has been tested on a
sample power system using two different training algorithms and
simulation results are presented.

Index Terms-- Artificial neural networks, backpropagation,
confidence limit, power systems, quickprop, stochastic load flow.
I. INTRODUCTION
oad flow analysis, used in power system planning and
operation, assumes that the input data provided is
absolutely precise and provide results totally compatible with
the given data apart from round off errors. However, there is
an uncertainty associated with input data because advanced
forecast is done by probabilistic methods. Moreover, there
exists some uncertainty in input data owing to measurement
error, forecast inaccuracy or demand variation. These
uncertainties in the input data result in the uncertainty in the
line flows as well as voltage levels. Therefore, it is important
to know the possible range of result quantities for a known
range of input data quantities. Stochastic load flow is a
method for calculation of the effects of inaccuracies in input
data on all output quantities through the load flow
calculations. The method is based on the principles of
statistical least squares estimation for linear systems. This
gives a range of values for each output quantity to a high
degree of probability or confidence. These ranges, also called
confidence limits, enclose the operating conditions of the

Amit Jain and Yoshiyuki Kawazoe are with the IMR, Tohoku University,
Sendai 980-8577 Japan (e-mail: amitjain@imr.tohoku.ac.jp and
kawazoe@imr.tohoku.ac.jp).
S. C. Tripathy is with the Institute of Technology and Management
Gurgaon, Haryana - 122017 India (e-mail: sarattripathy@hotmail.com).
R. Balasubramanian is with the Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology, New Delhi 110016 India (e-mail: rbmanian@ces.iitd.ernet.in).
system and are very useful in effectively dealing with demand
side uncertainties for power system planning and operation.
This information is also valuable for the continuous evaluation
of the current performance of a power system and for
analyzing the effectiveness of alternative plans for system
expansion to meet increased load demand. These analyses
require the repetitive calculations for both normal and
emergency operating conditions. Thus on-line stochastic load
flow should be periodically run in the control center computer,
which is monitoring and controlling the power system. Ideally
it would be desirable to know the confidence limits of the
state of the power system, with consideration of input data
uncertainties and inaccuracies, on instant-to-instant basis in
the fastest possible way. Therefore, there is a need to
minimize the time taken to get the confidence limits of the
state of the power system. The work in the present paper aims
to achieve this objective through artificial neural networks.
The basic work to deal with the uncertainty in the input
data while solving the load flow was started in mid seventies.
In her pioneer paper in 1973 Borkowska [1] described a
method for evaluation of power flow which takes into
consideration uncertainty of node data. The essence of the
method is that the net loads are given as a set of values
together with additional information on the frequency of its
accuracy. During the same time Allan et al. [2] described a
technique which permits the load and generation to vary
probabilistically during each power flow solution. Just after
this Dopazo et al. [3] published a pioneer paper on stochastic
load flow in which they presented a method for calculating the
effect of the propagation of data inaccuracies through the load
flow calculations, and obtaining a range of values for each
output quantity to a high degree of probability or confidence.
In his two papers Ekwue [4, 5] extended the stochastic load
flow to security applications. He also discussed the second-
order stochastic load flow. A good survey paper by Schilling
et al. [6] gives a large amount of information about the
published work on power system probabilistic and covers the
exhaustive list of work on stochastic load flow.
There have been many applications of artificial neural
networks in power system planning, operation and control
processes, including load forecasting, energy pricing, stability
assessment, security monitoring, state estimation, load flow
analysis, contingency analysis, emergency control actions,
HVDC system design. In all these most prolific use of
artificial neural networks have been in the short-term load
forecasting area [7] and recently, Alexandre P. Alves da Silva
and Luciano S. Moulin have applied artificial neural networks
Stochastic Load Flow Analysis
Using Artificial Neural Networks
Amit Jain, Member, IEEE, S. C. Tripathy, R. Balasubramanian, Senior Member, IEEE,
and Yoshiyuki Kawazoe
L
1-4244-0493-2/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.
2
approach using backpropagation algorithm for computation of
confidence interval for short term load forecasting [8]. In
another more recent work, Zhang et al. have made energy
clearing price prediction and confidence interval estimation
with cascaded neural networks [9].
Stochastic load flow gives the confidence limits of load
flow output quantities that provide the effects of uncertainties
and inaccuracies in input data on all output quantities through
the load flow calculations and no previously published work
solved the stochastic load flow problem through the artificial
neural networks. There was one attempt to solve the load flow
problem through neural nets [10]. The large number of
artificial neural networks involved made that solution of the
load flow problem cumbersome and unattractive.
A new method for the stochastic power flow analysis using
the artificial neural networks is presented in this paper. An
artificial neural network model, based on the multilayer
perceptrons, for stochastic power flow analysis is trained
using two different training algorithms separately.
In the first case, the proposed artificial neural network
model has been trained using the backpropagation algorithm
[11], which uses the steepest descent technique for error
minimization, for solving the stochastic load flow problem.
The trained network directly gives the confidence limits of
output quantities. In the second case, the same artificial neural
network model is also trained using the quickprop algorithm
that uses the computation of the second order derivatives of
the error function and helps in speeding up the learning [13].
These models have been applied on standard IEEE test power
system to test the applicability of the proposed technique for
the stochastic power flow analysis.
II. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION FOR STOCHASTIC LOAD
FLOW ANALYSIS
Taylor series expansion of load flow equations are:
+ = x J y (1)
where
= vector of error random variable
x = state vector
y = data quantities, which represent the average value of the
range of possible values the piece of data may have,
according to some statistical distribution defined from
our physical knowledge of the problem and the methods
used to forecast the data.

The error between y and f(x) can be described as a
random variable that has some mean and variance that
represent the expectations of the way could vary. The error
has the following statistical characteristic:
1. Expected value of , E() = 0
2. is Gaussian. (2)
3. Expected value of
t
, E(
t
) = V
where V is diagonal matrix of data variances
2
.

In stochastic load flow problem we are seeking the best
estimate and covariance of x.
The other output quantities
) (x h z = (3)

After linearization by Taylor series expansion
x K z = (4)

The best estimate of x, called x , and the best estimate of z,
called z , are
0
1
x y J x + =

(5)

0
z x K z + = (6)

Then, the following ranges give a 99% probability of
enclosing the true values
x t
x x 3 = (7)

z t
z z 3 = (8)

These are the Confidence limits of x
t
and z
t

where
} ) {(
1 1 2
= J V J diag
T
x
(9)

} ) ( {
1 1 2 T T
z
K J V J K diag

= (10)

For stochastic load flow analysis, the various quantities in
the above mathematical formulation are related with power
system load flow problem. The various quantities in above
equations are defined in terms of load flow quantities as:
y : load flow data
x : bus state variables E and
J : Jacobian of load flow equation
V : diagonal matrix of data variance
z : output quantities of load flow computed from x e.g. line
flows P
L
and Q
L

K : Jacobian of output quantities z with respect to load flow
variables x
III. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR STOCHASTIC LOAD
FLOW ANALYSIS
Most of the power system problems have been solved using
the feed-forward artificial neural networks (multi-layered).
For the stochastic load flow problem a network with three
layers, shown in Fig. 1, was selected.
This three layer feed forward artificial neural network is
trained for stochastic power flow analysis using two different
training algorithms separately.
In first case, backpropagation technique, which uses the
steepest descent technique for error minimization, is used for
artificial neural network training [11]. For final training of the
network, sum of square error (SSE) is minimized.
3
Input layer
l K , , 2 , 1 L =
hi
W =Weights connection
hidden layer to
input layer
Hidden layer
m K , , 2 , 1 L =
oh
W =Weights connection
output layer to
hidden layer
Output layer
n K , , 2 , 1 L =
1
I
2
I
l
I
k
I
1
h
2
h
m
h
k
h
hi
W
oh
W
1
O
2
O
k
O
n
O


Fig. 1. Three layer Artificial Neural Network.

In the second case of the present study, the quickprop
algorithm is used for training the artificial neural network.
This is an algorithm to speed up the learning and it uses the
information about the curvature of the error surface. This
requires the computation of the second order derivatives of the
error function. Quickprop assumes the error surface to be
locally quadratic and computes the derivatives in the direction
of each weight. After computing the first gradient with regular
backpropagation, it evaluates another function that uses the
partial derivatives of the error function and tries to take a
direct step from the current position to the error minimum
[13]. For the final training of the artificial neural network, the
sum of square error (SSE) is minimized. The same training
patterns as used when training with backpropagation are also
used for training the artificial neural network in this case.
The present problem can be stated as "Given the specified
quantities at the various buses, determine the confidence limits
of all output quantities of the power system using artificial
neural networks."
For artificial neural network used for stochastic load flow
problem, inputs for input layer are P & Q at PQ buses and P &
V at PV buses. The output parameters from output layer are
the lower and the higher values of confidence limits of V &
at PQ buses, P & Q at reference bus, & Q at PV buses and
real and reactive line flows at all network lines. Each neuron
is associated with an activation function. Sigmoid activation
function is used for the current problem. The input and output
quantities are scaled so that they are always in the range of the
sigmoid activation function used for the problem.
IV. DATA MODELING AND TRAINING OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORK FOR STOCHASTIC LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
The selected artificial neural network has been trained for
stochastic load flow for the standard 5 bus test system given in
Fig. 2 [12]. The 5 bus system has 4 PQ buses and one slack
bus. There is no PV bus so confidence limits of and Q of PV
bus are not in the output quantities in this case.
A. Data Modeling for Training and Testing Patterns
For the 5 bus system there are 8 inputs representing the
specified real powers and reactive powers on PQ buses.

1
4
3
5
2


Fig. 2. 5 bus power system

There are 48 outputs representing the lower and the higher
value of confidence limits of voltage magnitudes and phase
angles on PQ buses, lower and the higher value of confidence
limits of real power flows and reactive power flows in
transmission lines, and lower and the higher value of
confidence limits of real and reactive power of the slack bus.
We have used sigmoid activation function for the present
study where each neuron is associated with this activation
function and the output from this have a range from 0 to 1.
Therefore, the outputs from the artificial neural network are
scaled so that the values are in the range 0 to 1, such that the
sigmoid function can be used. This implies that the outputs i.e.
confidence limits of output voltage magnitudes and phase
angles at PQ buses, real and reactive power injection at
reference bus, and real and reactive line flows are scaled so
that they are always restricted to the range 0 to 1.
The base case stochastic load flow inputs and output results
form the first training pattern for the artificial neural network.
To have more patterns, it is customary to choose an
appropriate range around the base case stochastic load flow
condition and stochastic load flow results in this range are
obtained considering a small step size. The base loading is
considered as 100%, a step size of 1% is chosen in a range of
+10% to -10% around the base loading condition to get more
patterns to be given to the artificial neural network for
training.
In present case we have scaled both input and output
quantities to have them in the range 0 to 1. Scaling factors are
selected such that all input and output quantities in the full
spread of training and testing patterns are always restricted to
the range 0 to 1. The scaling factors of input and output
quantities for this 5 bus system for making a pattern file are
given below.
Scaling Factor for input quantities in patterns presented to
artificial neural network are:
(P
sp
)
scaled
= (P
sp
- 2)/(-4) (11)

(Q
sp
)
scaled
= (Q
sp
- 1)/(-2) (12)

where P
sp
and Q
sp
are specified real and reactive power on PQ
buses
Scaling Factor for output quantities in patterns presented to
artificial neural network are:
4
(V
i
)
scaled
= 2 (V
i
- 0.6) (13)

(
i
)
scaled
= (
i
+ (/2))/ (14)

(PL
i
)
scaled
= (PL
i
+ 4)/8 (15)

(QL
i
)
scaled
= (QL
i
+ 2)/5 (16)

(Pslack
i
)
scaled
= (Pslack
i
+ 4)/10 (17)

(Qslack
i
)
scaled
= (Qslack
i
+ 4)/10 (18)
where
V
i
lower and higher value of confidence limits of V

i
lower and higher value of confidence limits of
PL
i
lower and higher value of confidence limits of real
line flows at all network lines
QL
i
lower and higher value of confidence limits of
reactive line flows at all network lines
Pslack
i
lower and higher value of confidence limits of real
power at reference bus
Qslack
i
lower and higher value of confidence limits of
reactive power at reference bus
B. Training of Artificial Neural Network
The selected artificial neural network used for training has
one input layer with 8 neurons, one hidden layer with 24
neurons and one output layer with 48 neurons.
Using the stochastic load flow algorithm, training patterns
were developed by varying the base case loading of 5 bus
system and then scaling the input and output quantities were
done as explained before.
The proposed method is implemented using Stuttgart
Neural Network Simulator (SNNS) [13]. For final training of
the artificial neural network, sum of square error (SSE) is
minimized.
In case of training with backpropagation algorithm, the
initial training characteristic of sum of square error (SSE) is
shown in Fig. 3. SSE reduced to about 0.017 in initial 100
iterations. After this convergence of training was slow and
value of SSE reduced to 0.00022 in 105000 iterations where
the network was found to be giving quite accurate results
when tested with novel patterns not included in the training
set.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
No. of iterations
S
u
m

o
f

s
q
u
a
r
e

e
r
r
o
r

Fig. 3. Training of artificial neural network using backpropagation algorithm
for 5 bus system.
In training with the quickprop, the initial training
characteristic of sum of square error (SSE) is shown in Fig. 4.
SSE reduced to about 0.016 in initial 100 iterations. After this
convergence of training was slow and value of SSE reduced to
0.00100 in 7600 iterations. Convergence became slower and
SSE reduced to 0.00001 in 203000 iterations where network
was found to be giving quite accurate results when tested with
novel patterns not included in the training set.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
No. of iterations
S
u
m

o
f

s
q
u
a
r
e

e
r
r
o
r

Fig. 4. Training of artificial neural network using quickprop algorithm for 5
bus system
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The trained artificial neural networks have been tested on
the novel patterns, which were not part of patterns use for
training. The artificial neural networks gave confidence limits
of output quantities that are almost same as found from the
classical stochastic load flow solutions when same input
quantities of these novel patterns, used for the trained artificial
neural network, are used as input data for the classical
stochastic load flow. To demonstrate the successful
implementation of the proposed approach, results for one such
novel pattern, which considered 105.5% loading of base case
and not used as training pattern, from trained artificial neural
networks for both cases, one trained using backpropagation
algorithm and another trained using quickprop algorithm, and
also from classical stochastic load flow approach are
presented in Table I - Table V.
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF CONFIDENCE LIMITS OF VOLTAGE MAGNITUDES FOR 5 BUS
SYSTEM FOR NOVEL PATTERN

Bus
no.
Confidence
Limits for
voltage
magnitude by
stochastic load
flow (p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for voltage
magnitude by
ANN using back-
propagation
(p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for voltage
magnitude by
ANN using
quickprop (p.u.)
1
2
3
4
1.0086 1.0196
1.0428 1.0487
1.0166 1.0250
1.0158 1.0244
1.0088 1.0197
1.0429 1.0488
1.0167 1.0252
1.0158 1.0245
1.0087 1.0197
1.0429 1.0487
1.0167 1.0251
1.0159 1.0245

A comparison of the output quantity results found from the
both artificial neural networks and classical stochastic load
flow approach shows that the confidence limits are same up to
the second digit of decimal for the phase angles that are given
in degree as their unit. For the confidence limits for bus
5
voltage magnitude, active and reactive power flows in lines
and active and reactive powers at slack bus, which are given
in p.u., the results from both artificial neural networks and
classical stochastic load flow approach are exactly same up to
third place of decimal and most of the result quantities are
similar up to the forth decimal place. This accuracy level of
matching of results in these confidence limits is more than
confidence limits of phase angles, which is quite justifiable
because these quantities are given in p.u. where as phase
angles are given in degrees.
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF CONFIDENCE LIMITS OF PHASE ANGLES FOR 5 BUS SYSTEM
FOR NOVEL PATTERN

Bus
no.
Confidence
Limits for phase
angle by
stochastic load
flow (deg.)
Confidence Limits
for phase angle by
ANN using back-
propagation (deg.)
Confidence Limits
for phase angle by
ANN using
quickprop (deg.)
1
2
3
4
-7.1098 -5.8880
-3.2140 -2.6973
-5.6969 -4.8524
-6.0732 -5.1798
-7.1080 -5.8859
-3.2129 -2.6960
-5.6948 -4.8510
-6.0714 -5.1765
-7.1082 -5.8860
-3.2130 -2.6963
-5.6951 -4.8510
-6.0714 -5.1767

TABLE III
COMPARISON OF CONFIDENCE LIMITS OF ACTIVE POWER FLOWS IN LINES FOR 5
BUS SYSTEM FOR NOVEL PATTERN

Line
no.
Confidence
Limits for active
power flow in
lines by
stochastic load
flow (p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for active
power flow in
lines by ANN
using back-
propagation
(p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for active
power flow in
lines by ANN
using quickprop
(p.u.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.8528 1.0264
0.3964 0.4644
0.2402 0.2812
0.2733 0.3167
0.5225 0.6356
0.1603 0.2379
0.0412 0.0924
0.8526 1.0261
0.3962 0.4644
0.2400 0.2812
0.2732 0.3166
0.5225 0.6354
0.1603 0.2379
0.0412 0.0924
0.8525 1.0260
0.3962 0.4643
0.2401 0.2812
0.2732 0.3165
0.5224 0.6354
0.1603 0.2379
0.0412 0.0923

TABLE IV
COMPARISON OF CONFIDENCE LIMITS OF REACTIVE POWER FLOWS IN LINES
FOR 5 BUS SYSTEM FOR NOVEL PATTERN

Line
no.
Confidence
Limits for
reactive power
flow in lines by
stochastic load
flow (p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for
reactive power
flow in lines by
ANN using back-
propagation
(p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for
reactive power
flow in lines by
ANN using
quickprop (p.u.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-0.1051 -0.0373
0.0082 0.0324
0.0343 0.0473
0.0292 0.0409
0.0709 0.0953
-0.0606 -0.0435
-0.0272 -0.0173
-0.1050 -0.0373
0.0082 0.0323
0.0343 0.0473
0.0292 0.0409
0.0709 0.0952
-0.0606 -0.0435
-0.0272 -0.0173
-0.1051 -0.0373
0.0082 0.0324
0.0343 0.0473
0.0292 0.0409
0.0709 0.0952
-0.0606 -0.0435
-0.0272 -0.0173
TABLE V
COMPARISON OF CONFIDENCE LIMITS OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS AT
SLACK BUS FOR 5 BUS SYSTEM FOR NOVEL PATTERN

Slack
bus
Confidence
Limits for
slack bus
power by
stochastic load
flow (p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for slack
bus power by
ANN using
back-
propagation
(p.u.)
Confidence
Limits for slack
bus power by
ANN using
quickprop (p.u.)
Active
power
1.2508 1.4894 1.2505 1.4891 1.2504 1.4891
Reactive
power
-0.0960 -0.0056 -0.0961 -0.0056 -0.0961 -0.0057

This comparison of results, which shows the similar
outputs from artificial neural networks and classical stochastic
load flow, validates the successful training of artificial neural
networks. It is clear from these results that the proposed
method using artificial neural network is quite suitable for
solving the stochastic load flow for power systems.
The proposed method can certainly be applied to larger
power systems. The inputs and output quantities for input and
output layers of artificial neural network are well defined in
present approach and these will be similar for any size of
power system, only their numbers and corresponding number
of neurons in the artificial neural network will increase. One
hidden layer is usually found appropriate for power
applications in literature and our study also found one hidden
layer sufficient for successful training of artificial neural
networks. Training patterns and testing patterns can also be
generated in similar way by choosing an appropriate range
around the base case stochastic load flow condition for that
system and generating the stochastic load flow results in that
range considering a small step size. As sigmoid activation
function for neurons has been successfully used in the present
study, same activation function will be quite appropriate for
the artificial neural networks for larger size power systems.
The use of sigmoid activation function needs outputs in the
range of 0 and 1 only, which requires scaling of output
quantities, so different scaling factors are needed for different
systems because scaling factor will depend on the range of
values of the output quantities of the training and testing
patterns. It is important to note that while defining scaling
factors large range of output values should be used so that it
can cover a large range of load level variation from base case
conditions.
We are attempting to apply the proposed method for larger
size power systems and will present the results in a future
transaction paper. The implementation of the proposed
artificial neural network based stochastic load flow method to
larger system will further establish the effectiveness of this
method to the real size power systems and will provide a very
useful technique to power engineers in effectively dealing
with demand side load uncertainties for power system
planning and operation.
6
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has proposed a new method for stochastic load
flow analysis using artificial neural networks.
Backpropagation and quickprop algorithms have been applied
for the training of the artificial neural networks. It is clear
from the results that though quickprop algorithm is somewhat
faster in SSE reduction than backpropagation initially, but
later on both show similar characteristics in getting a low
value of SSE. Artificial neural networks trained by both
algorithms yield good results and directly give the confidence
limits of output quantities when tested on novel patterns not
included in the training set, which were validated by
comparing the results achieved from the classical stochastic
load flow for the same novel patterns. Therefore, both of these
artificial neural network training algorithms are equally good
for the stochastic load flow problem. Artificial neural
networks are extremely fast and predict the results
instantaneously. It is clear from this that the proposed method
using artificial neural network is very much suitable for
solving the stochastic load flow for power systems in
extremely fast way and provide a very useful technique for
power system planning and operation. The proposed method
can be applied for larger power systems. Future work will
present the application of the proposed method for the larger
power systems.
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[12] G. W. Stagg, and A. H. El-Abiad, Computer Methods in Power System
Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1968.
[13] SNNS (Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator) Version 3.2 Manual,
developed at Institute for Parallel and Distributed High Performance
System (IPVR), University of Stuttgart, Postfach, Germany, 1993.

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES

Amit Jain (M2005) graduated from KNIT, India in
Electrical Engineering. He completed his masters
and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology, New
Delhi, India.
He was working in Alstom on the power
SCADA systems. He has been in Korea in 2002
working as Post-doctoral researcher in the Brain
Korea 21 project team of Chungbuk National
University. He was Post Doctoral Fellow of the
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
at Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Currently he is a Post Doctoral Research
Associate at Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. His fields of research interest
are power system real time monitoring and control, artificial intelligence
applications, reliability analysis, parallel processing and nanotechnology.

S. C. Tripathy obtained his Ph.D. degree in
Electrical Engineering from University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA in 1970. Then he
joined the faculty of the Indian Institute of
Technology, New Delhi, India. He was professor
there till he retired in 1998. He is currently a
professor at the Institute of Technology and
Management Gurgaon, India.
He had also been Head of the Center for Energy
Studies at Indian Institute of Technology, New
Delhi. He is Fellow of IEE (London) and IE (India). He has been visiting
professor to many reputed universities in Europe and Canada. His fields of
interest are Electric Power System Analysis and Control.

R. Balasubramanian obtained his Ph.D. degree from
IIT Kanpur. He is a professor at Indian Institute of
Technology, New Delhi, India. He is a senior member
of IEEE. He was chairman of IEEE Delhi section for
year 2001 and 2002.
His areas of research include Power System
Planning, Operation & Control, Energy System
Modeling & Management, and Power from Non-
conventional Energy Sources including Energy
Storage Devices. He has guided 10 doctoral scholars
and published about 80 research papers in the national and international
journals of repute.

Yoshiyuki Kawazoe was born in Japan on
December 16, 1947. He graduated from Tohoku
University in Japan in 1970. He earned his Ph.D.
from Tohoku University in 1975. Since 1975 he is a
faculty member in Tohoku University and a full
professor since 1990. He is the Director of the
Supercomputer center, Institute for Materials
Research, Tohoku University and also head of
Materials database committee, Japan Institute of
Metals. He also holds the Advisory Professor
positions at Fudan University, Shanghai, and Senan University, Chongching,
China.
He is a world renowned scientist in computational material science area.
He is editor-in-chief of many material science book series of Springer-Verlag,
Germany. He is also one of the leaders of the Japanese nanogrid project for
networking of supercomputer to realize an ultra-supercomputer for advance
nanotechnology research. He has more than 500 scientific paper publications.