Chi Latin Study Guide

CHALLENGE I 98 www.ClassicalConversations.
com
jnt/D ;tud_ _u/dc
Compiled by Kathy Sheppard
NOTE TO PARENTS/TUTORS:
The study of Latin is a systematic process. Please make sure
that your students learn the vocabulary and forms thoroughly.
The derivatives for the vocabulary are given here so that your
students may connect words in their vocabulary with new
vocabulary and Latin words. This should increase their English
and Latin vocabularies as well as their spelling accuracy (e.g.,
sePARate comes from PARS, PARTIS). Dont worry about hav-
ing your students learn every derivative; just highlight a few.
Students can make up an English story using 10-15 derivatives (it
really stretches their imaginations if you force them to use certain
words in a story). You can also give them extra credit on quizzes
if they give derivatives of the words, spelled correctly.
www.ClassicalConversationsBooks.com 99 CHALLENGE I
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1st 2nd 2nd N 3rd
3rd
i-stem 3rd N
3rd N
i-stem 4th 5th
Nom subject a us um us s
Gen of ae is is is is s e
Dat to/for ae u e
Acc
direct
object
am um um em em um em
Abl
by/
with/
from
e e e
Nom subject ae a s s a ia s s
Gen of rum rum rum um ium um ium uum rum
Dat to/for s s s ibus ibus ibus ibus ibus bus
Acc
direct
object
s s a s s a ia s s
Abl
by/
with/
from
s s s ibus ibus ibus ibus ibus bus
Latin Study Guide
Noun Declensions
Songs
Melody Tip Words
1st Tea for Two Endings spelled
out
a, ae, ae, am / long a, ae, arum / is, as, is/ the
hrst declension!
2nd Jingle Bells Endings spelled
out
us, i, o, um / long o, i, orum, is / long os, / is /
the second of declensions
2nd N Neuter Rule: Nom./Acc. always the same; nom./
acc. plural always ends in "a
3rd Charleston Endings spelled
out
No nominative so the song starts with genitive:
is, i, em, e, es, um, ibus, es, ibus
3rd N Neuter Rule: Nom./Acc. always the same; nom./
acc. plural always ends in "a
4th Pink Panther Endings spelled
out except for
dative, accusa-
tive, and ablative
plural
us, us, ui, um / long u, us, uum / ibus, us, ibus
5th William Tell
Overture
Endings spelled
out except for
dative, accusa-
tive, and ablative
plural
es, ei, ei, em / e, es, erum / ebus, es, ebus/ the
5th declension!
CHALLENGE I 100 www.ClassicalConversations.com
Nouns
Summary of Case Uses
Nominative Subject Example
Genitive
Possession
Genitive with causa or gratia causa/gratia feminae for the sake of the girl
Genitive of description vir magnae virtutis the man of great courage
Objective genitive amor tui
the love of you
("you isnt possessing love)
Partitive genitive
pars exercitus
multi militum
part of the army
many soldiers
With special adjectives plenus and cupidus
Dative
Indirect object
Possession Ei est canis
Literally, To him there is a
dog. We would say, He has a
dog.
Agent Nobis redeundum est.
Lit., It must be returned by
us.
Double dative-Dative of
purpose/Dative of reference.
Erat auxilio fratri.
He was as a help (purpose) to
his brother (reference).
With special adjectives amicus, carus, similis
Accusative
Direct object
Extent of space/Duration of
time-Used when a person is
not pinpointing a time/place
but talking about something
that happened over a period
of time.
totam noctem
Place to which (with/without
preposition)
Subject of inhnitive-In an
indirect statement.
Video senatorem
dormire.
I see that the senator is
sleeping.
Object of prepositions
ob, propter, per, in, trans, prope, ad, apud, praeter,
super
Ablative
Object of prepositions-
Time When
Agent
ab, cum, de, ex, in, pro, sine, sub
Ablative Absolute-Ablative
is in a subordinate clause set
off by commas.
Viro laborante, puella
dormivit.
With the man working, the
girl slept.
Ablative of comparison
Ablative of description
murum magna
altitudine
wall w/ great height
Ablative of cause Timore fugit. He fed because of fear.
Vocative Direct Address Marce, Sexte, Corneli
Locative Place where
Latin Study Guide
Latin Study Guide
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in
gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), case (nomi-
native/genitive/dative/accusative/ablative) and
number (singular and plural).
Degrees of Adjectives
An adjective describes a noun. In Latin, it agrees
with its noun in gender, case and number. Adjec-
tives have three degrees: positive, comparative,
and superlative.
POSITIVE: This has nothing to do with whether
an adjective denotes a positive feeling or not. This
is the basic adjective; i.e., happy, sad, ugly, mean,
funny. In Latin, it would be: laetus a um, tristis,
triste, turpis, turpe, scelestus a um, and iocosus
a um.
Positive adjective have certain terminations. If
the adjective in the nominative has 3 forms, then
it is 3 terminations (e.g., longus a um). If it has 2
forms, it is 2 terminations (e.g., turpis, turpe). If it
has one form, it is one termination (e.g., ingens).
COMPARATIVE: This is the adjective used when
comparing one noun to another. He is uglier than
you. You are nicer than she. (Keep in mind that
it should be she. The whole sentence should read
You are nicer than she is.)
To make a comparative Latin adjective, take the
base form (look to the feminine OR if the adjective
is one termination, the genitive) and add ior for
masculine and feminine and ius for neuter.
You may translate the comparative with
_______er, more ________ or rather ____________
e.g., laetus, laeta, laetumlaetior, laetius = happier,
rather happy
Est laetior quam tu.
He is happier than you.
M F N
Nom us a um subject
Gen ae of
Dat ae to/for
Acc um am um direct object
Abl by/with/from
Nom ae a subject
Gen rum rum rum of
Dat s s s to/for
Acc s s a direct object
Abl s s s by/with/from
M F N
Nom subject
Gen is is is of
Dat to/for
Acc em em direct object
Abl by/with/from
Nom s s ia subject
Gen ium ium ium of
Dat ibus ibus ibus to/for
Acc s s ia direct object
Abl ibus ibus ibus by/with/from
1st and 2nd declension adjectives
3rd declension adjectives
Irregular Degrees of Adjectives
Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives
Relative Pronouns/Adjectives
bonus melior optimus
good better best
malus pejor, peius pessimus
bad worse worst
magnus major, majus maximus
great greater greatest
parvus minor, minus minimus
small smaller smallest
multus plus plurimus
much more most
juvenis junior, junius natu minimus
young younger youngest
senex senior, senius natu maximus
aged elder eldest
Latin Study Guide
SUPERLATIVE: The superlative is used when you
are comparing one noun to all the other nouns in
the world, school, etc. He is the happiest of all.
She is the nicest of all.
To make a superlative adjective, take the base
form (look to the feminine OR if the adjective is
one termination, the genitive) and add issimus,
-rimus or -limus.
You may translate the superlative with ______est,
most _______, or very __________
e.g., laetus, laeta, laetumlaetissimus laetissima, laetis-
simum = happiest, very happy
* Add -rimus if the adjective ends in the letter
r in its masculine nominative singular. e.g.,
pulcherpulcherrimus
* Add -limus to the following words ending in lis:
delis facilis, difculis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis
and humilis e.g., facilisfacillimus
These point out (demonstro, demon-
strare) something/someone. Hic
means this, these, and ille means
that, those. Is/ea/id mean this, that,
these, those, he, she, it, and they.
Qui means who/which. It agrees
with its antecedent in gender and
number. Its case is determined by
its use in its own clause.
M F N M F N
Nom hic haec hoc ille illa illud
Gen huius huius huius illius illius illius
Dat huic huic huic illi illi illi
Acc hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud
Abl hoc hac hoc illo illa illo
Nom hi hae haec illi illae illa
Gen horum harum horum illorum illarum illorum
Dat his his his illis illis illis
Acc hos has haec illos illas illa
Abl his his his illis illis illis
M F N M F N
Nom is ea id qui quae quod
Gen eius eius eius cuius cuius cuius
Dat ei ei ei cui cui cui
Acc eum eam id quem quam quod
Abl eo ea eo quo qua quo
Nom ei eae ea qui quae quae
Gen eorum earum eorum quorum quarum quorum
Dat eis eis eis quibus quibus quibus
Acc eos eas ea quos quas quae
Abl eis eis eis quibus quibus quibus
Latin Study Guide
Prepositions
Prepositions that take the Ablative Prepositions that take the Accusative
Prepositions, in Latin, as in English, must be used in
conjunction with a noun. Prepositions in Latin either
are used in conjunction with the accusative case or
the ablative case.
S Sub Under
I In In, On
D De Down from, About, Concerning
S Sine Without
P Pro In front of, For, On Behalf of
A Ab/A Away from, from
C Cum With
E Ex/E Out, out of
P Per Through
I In Into, onto
T Trans across
P Prope Near
A Ad To, towards, near
P Post after, behind
A Ante before
Latin Study Guide
Verbs
Explanation of Tenses
PRESENT what is currently happening
or is currently happening at the time of
writing
IMPERFECT continuous past action;
something of which you could take a
video
FUTURE something that will happen
PERFECT completed past action; some-
thing of which you could take a snap-
shot
PLUPERFECT even further in the past
than perfect tense
FUTURE PERFECT something that will
denitely happen in the future
To love Translation
1st Person Singular
Present Tense
1st PP am I love
Present Active
Inhnitive
2nd PP amre To love
1st Person Singular
Perfect Tense
3rd PP amv I have loved
Supine 4th PP amtum passive voice
Indicative Active
Principal parts: From these you can form any verb form! Learn thor-
oughly!
PRESENT ACTIVE SYSTEM
Formed off of the 2nd principal part without __re (vowel then re) e.g., stem of cmcre is cmc
PRESENT PASSIVE SYSTEM
Formed off of the 2nd principal part without __re (vowel then re) e.g., stem of cm is am-
CONJUGATION
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
re re ere i, ere re
Personal
Pronoun Present Imperfect
Future
1/2 3/3io/4
1 I - -bam -b -am
2 you -s -bs -bis -s
3 he/she/it -t -bat -bit -t
1P we -mus -bmus -bimus -mus
2P you all -tis -btis -bitis -tis
3P they -nt -bant -bunt -ent
Personal
Pronoun Present Imperfect
Future
1/2 3/3io/4
1 I -r -bar -bor -ar
2 you -ris -bris -beris -ris
3 he/she/it -tur -btur -bitur -tur
1P we -mur -bmur -bimur -mur
2P you all -mini -bmini -bimini -mini
3P they -ntur -bantur -buntur -entur
Latin Study Guide
THEME VOWELS
(Vowels before the ending) Present Active/Passive System
PERFECT ACTIVE SYSTEM
Formed from the 3rd Principal Part minus -I
PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM
Formed from the 4th principal part + form of sum; the gender and number of the 4th principal part agrees with the
subject.
e.g., cmutus cmutc cmutum sum= Iuve been Ioved
cmuti cmutce cmutc sumus= We Iuve been Ioved
Present Imperfect
Future
1/2 3/3io/4
1
2
3 i, u NONE
3rd IO i, iu i NONE; retains i
4 i, iu i NONE; retains i
Trans.
Am/is/are
verbing or
verb
Was/were
verbing
Shall (1st person)/will
verb
Personal
Pronoun Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
1 I - -eram -er
2 you -ist -ers -eris
3 he/she/it -it -erat -erit
1P we -imus -ermus -erimus
2P you all -istis -ertis -eritis
3P they -runt -erant -erint
Trans. Has/have ___ed Had ___ed
Shall/will have
____ed
Personal
Pronoun
PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT
1 I 4th PP + sum 4th PP + eram 4th PP + er
2 you 4th PP + es 4th PP + ers 4th PP + eris
3 he/she/it 4th PP + est 4th PP + erat 4th PP + erit
1P we 4th PP + sumus 4th PP + ermus 4th PP + erimus
2P you all 4th PP + estis 4th PP + ertis 4th PP + eritis
3P they 4th PP + sunt 4th PP + erant 4th PP + erunt
Trans.
Has/have been
____ed
Had been ___ed
Shall/will have
been ____ed
THEME VOWELSNone. These tenses (active & passive) have vowels built into their endings.

DEPONENT VERBS Passive in Form, Active in Meaning
Latin Study Guide
Subjunctive Mood
Used in some subordinate clauses and also some clauses that express what a person wishes to happen (coulda/
shoulda/woulda/mighta). Because it is showing what is possible rather than what is (indicative shows the real
world), there is no future tense (that would be redundant). N.B. (note well) If a word looks strange to you, it is prob-
ably in the subjunctive!
USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present Subjunctive
THEME VOWELS: (1st-e; 2nd-ea; 3rd-a; 3rd io and
4th-ia).
The mnemonic device for this is "wE chEAt A frIAr OR
"shE wEArs A dIAmond + Personal endings (active and
passive)
Imperfect Subjunctive
Whole 2nd Principal Part + Personal endings (active &
passive)
Perfect Subjunctive
Active
3rd Principal Part minus -I + eri + Personal endings
Perfect Subjunctive
Passive
4th Principal Part + Present subjunctive of sum (sim,
sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint)
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Active
3rd Principal Part minus -I +isse + Personal endings
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Passive
4th Principal Part + Imperfect subjunctive of sum
(essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent)
Use of the
Subjunctive Main Clause
Subordinate Clause
Introduced by
Subjunctive
Translated by
Hortatory Present subjunctive-1st
person plural
Let, should
Jussive Present subjunctive-2nd or
3rd person
Let, should
Cum Clause Indicative Cum Indicative
Translations
Indirect Question Introduced by an indicative
verb-asks, seeks, knows
Quot, quis, quid, ubi,
quantus, quomodo, cur
Indicative
Translations
Indirect Command Introduced by a command
verb
Ut-positive; translated
"to
Ne-negative; translated
"not to
Indicative
translations
Future Less
Vivid Conditional
Sentence
Present Subjunctive Si Should...would
Contrary to
Fact Conditional
Sentence
Imperfect or Pluperfect
Subjunctive
Si Were/had, Would/
would have
Purpose clause Introduce by an indicative
verb
"in order to or "so that
Ne-negative; translated
"lest or "in order to...not
qui/quae/quod; quo
Indicative
Translations
Result Clause Introduced by an indicative
verb; has a word such as tot,
ita, sic, adeo, tam, talis
(Little Red Riding Hood:
"Grandma, such big eyes you
have!)
"so that
Ut non-negative; so
that. not
Indicative
Translations
These are adjective forms of a verb.
Present Active: 2nd PP minus _re + Imperfect Theme
Vowels + ns/ nt
amans, amantis (declined like 3rd declension adjective)
TRANSLATION: loving, while loving
Perfect Passive: 4th PP
amatus, amata, amatum (declined like 1 & 2 declension
adjective)
TRANSLATION: having been loved, loved
Noun form of a verb; e.g., Running is fun. Running can be
replaced by the word it, therefore it is a gerund. There is
no nominative form of a gerund in Latin. An innitive is
used as a subject. Gerunds are declined like a 2nd declen-
sion neuter singular noun.
To form a gerund, use the present stem (2nd principal part
minus -____re) + imperfect theme vowel + -ndi (genitive),
-ndo (dative), -ndum (accusative), and ndo (ablative)
Adjective form of a verb; also known as a future passive
participle; can be used with a form of sum to show
necessity or obligation
Genitive with causa/gratia, for the sake of
Dative with special adjectives OR as indirect object
Accusative with ad to express purpose
Ablative as means
Gerundive + 3rd Person Singular/Plural sum to show
necessity or obligation.
Agency with a passive periphrastic is expressed by dative
of agent.
Latin Study Guide
PARTICIPLES
GERUND
GERUNDIVE
BASIC GERUND/GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC
Future Active: 4th + ur
amaturus, amatura, amaturum (declined like 1 & 2 de-
clension adjective)
TRANSLATION: about to love, intending to love, des-
tined to love, determined to love
amo, amare:
am- a nd i
amandi, of loving
Carthago delenda.
Carthage must be destroyed.
Carthago delenda erat.
Carthage had to be destroyed.
Carthago delenda erit.
Carthage will have to be destroyed.
Carthago delenda est Romanis.
Carthage must be destroyed by the Romans.
Latin Study Guide
Present Active: amare, to love
Present Passive: amari, to be loved
Perfect Active: 3rd PP minus i + isseamavisse to have
loved
Perfect Passive: 4th PP + esseamatus a um esse to have
been loved
Future Active: 4th PP + ur + esse amaturus esse to be
about to love
Future Passive: This tense is so rarely used; thus, the form
is not listed.
FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE
Main Verb
Present Innitive
Same time
Perfect Innitive
Before main verb
Future Innitive
After main verb
Present: is, are Is, are Were, have Will
Imperfect: was, were Was, were Have, had Would
Future: shall, will Shall, Will Have, had
Perfect: has, have _ed Have, has ___ed Had Would
Pluperfect: had Had Had (further in past
than main
Would
Future perfect: shall/
will have
Shall have/will have Have, had
USES OF THE INFINITIVE
Subjective: Subject of the word to be. To err is human.
Errare est humanum.
Adjectives modifying an innitive are neuter.
Complementary: The innitive completes the meaning of
the verb. Some verbs that need complements are: debeo,
volo, nolo, malo, conor, audeo, dubito, and constituo.
Objective: The innitive is an object of a transitive verb.
After Impersonal Verbs: Piget, oportet, licet, necesse est, etc.
Indirect Statement: Introduced by Verb of Thinking, Per-
ceiving, Knowing, etc. (also called a neck-up verb). S.A.V.I.
Subject Accusative, Verb Innitive in subordinate/
dependent clause
Recipe for Indirect Statement: Neck-up verb + + S.A.
+ V.I.
* There is no Latin word for this type of that so we use a
light bulb to represent it.
Example: Puto Caesarem intellegentem esse.
TRANSLATION: I think that Caesar is intelligent.
Puto (neck-up verb), , Caesarem (Subject accusative),
esse (Verb innitive)
Latin Study Guide
Latin Abbreviations Commonly Used in English
Abbreviation Elongated Form Meaning
A.D. Anno Domini In the year of our Lord
ad lib. ad libitum At will (i.e., improvise)
a.m. ante meridiem Before midday
c Cum With
ca. circa Around
etc. et cetera And the rest
et al. et alii And others
ibid. ibidem In the same place
J.D. Juris Doctor Doctor of Law
N.B. Nota Bene Note Well
p.m. post meridiem After midday
pro. tem. pro tempore For the time being
P.S. Postscriptum After writing
vs. versus against
Latin Vocabulary and Derivatives
Gloria, gloriae F. gloryGloria in Excelsis, glorify,
glorious, glory
Maria, Mariae F. Mary
Nauta, nautae M. sailornautical, nautilus, nautiloid
Porta, portae F. gateport, portal, opportune, oppor-
tunity, opportunity cost (N.B. do not consider deriva-
tives of the word porto, to carry as derivatives of
porta)
Provincia, provinciae F. provinceprovincial, prov-
ince
Silva, silvae F. forestsilva, sylva, sylviculture, sylvan,
sylvanite, Pennsylvania, Transylvania
Terra, terrae F. land/earthterra, terrace, terra-cotta,
terrain, terra incognita, terrestrial, terrine, territorial,
subterranean
Victoria, victoriae F. victoryvictor, victorious, Victo-
ria, Victor
HENLE FIRST YEAR LESSON 1
Laudant, they praiselaud, laudable, magna cum
laude, summa cum laude
Laudat, he/she/it praiseslaud, laudable, magna cum
Orant, they prayorate, orator, oratorical, oratory,
peroration
Orat, he/she/it praysorate, orator, oratorical, oratory,
peroration
Vident, they seeadvice, envious, evidence, preview,
provide, revise, supervise, survey, television, video,
view, videlicet, visibility, visit, visor, vista, visualize
AND MANY OTHERS!
Videt, he/she/it seesadvise, evident, providence,
proviso, purvey, review, revision, surveyor, visage,
visible, vision, visitant, visitor, visual, AND MANY
OTHERS (see Vident)!
Non, adverb, notany word with the prex non; non
sequitur
Servus, servi M. slavesergeant, serf, serval, ser-
vant, serve, service, servile, servomotor
Filius, lii M. sonlial, afliate, afliation, hidalgo
Deus, Dei M. Godadieu, deify, deign, deism, deity,
divination, divine, diviner
Amicus, amici M. friendamicable, amicus curiae,
amigo
Christus, Christi M. Christ
Christianus, Christiani M. Christian
Bellum, belli, N. warbelligerent, antebellum, postbel-
lum, bellicose, rebel
Caelum, caeli N. sky, heavencelestial, celestite, ceil-
ing, cerulean
Regnum, regni N. kingdom, royal powerregal,
regale, regent, regicide, regime, regimen, regiment,
region
Praemium, praemii N. rewardpremium
Periculum, periculi N. dangerimperil, parlous, peril-
ous, peril
Imperium, imperii N. command, power, empireem-
peror, imperative, empire
Gladius, gladii M. swordgladiator, gladiolus, gladiola
Oppidum, oppidi N. town
Gallia, Galliae F. GaulGallic, Gaul
Gallus, Galli M. a GaulGallic, Gaul
Romanus, Romani M. a Roman
Roma, Romae, F. Rome
Cum, preposition with ablative, withused in Eng-
lish as prex con/com to mean with, together with,
along with; cum laude; communicate, company,
compare, complement, concede, convict, condant,
condent, concurrence, conjugation
Et, conjunction, andet cetera, et alii
In, preposition with the ablative, in, onused as
prex in/im to mean in (Not ever to mean not; i.e.,
immortal OR indecent are NOT derivatives); impel,
impend, inamorata, inaugurate, incarnate, inception,
infer, induct, include, income, inculcate, incumbent,
incur, indicate, infuse
Itaque, conjunction, therefore, so
Propter, preposition with accusative, on account
ofpost hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy
Post, preposition with accusative, after, behind
used in English as prex post to mean behind;
postbellum, posterity, posthumous, posterior, post-
pone, postlude, post meridiem (p.m.), postmortem,
postnatal, postscript, post scriptum (P.S.)
Quod, conjunction, because
Sed, conjunction, but
Dederunt, they gaveadd, addition, additional, an-
tedate, betray, donate, donation, date, data, dowry,
edit, endow, pardon, perdition, render, sacerdotal,
tradition, traitor, vender
Dedit, he/she/it gave(see Dederunt)
Incolunt, they inhabitagricultural, colonial, colony,
cult, cultivate, cultural, horticulture
Vicerunt, they conqueredconvict, convince, evince,
invincible, vanquish, victim, victorious
Videtis, you (plural) see (see Vident, Lesson 1)
Agmen, agminis N. column (of soldiers), army (on the
march)
Caedes, caedis F. slaughtercement, chisel, con-
cise, decide, decision, fratricide, matricide, homicide,
suicide, -cide, parricide, scissors
Caesar, Caesaris M. CaesarKaiser, czar
Clamor, clamoris M. shouting, shoutclamor, clam-
orous, acclaim, acclamation, claim, claimant, de-
claim, declamation, exclamation, disclaim, proclaim,
proclamation, reclaim, reclamation
Collis, collis M. hill
Corpus, corporis N. bodycorpse, corps, corpulent,
corporal, incorporate, incorporation
Dux, ducis M. leaderducat, duchess, duct, duc-
tile, duke, conducive, conductor, conduit, deduce,
deduct, inductive, ducal, introduce, induce, produce,
reduce, seduce, traduce, viaduct
Flumen, uminis N. riverLog Flume, afuence,
afuent, conuence, conux, efuence, uctuate, u-
ency, uid, ux, inuenza, inux, melliuous, reux,
superuity, superuous
Frater, fratris M. brotherfraternal, fraternity, frater-
nize, fratricide
Gens, gentis F. tribegenocide
Homo, hominis M. manhomicide, homage, human,
humane, humanely, humanist, humanitarian, human-
ize, inhuman, inhumane, ad hominem
Hostis, hostis M. enemyhost, hostile, hostility
Imperator, imperatoris M. general, emperorem-
peror, imperative, empire
Iter, itineris N. journey, march, routeitinerary, itiner-
ant, itinerate
Lex, legis F. lawlegal, legalist, legality, legislate,
legislature
Lux, lucis F. lightlucubration, luculent, translucent,
elucidate, lucent, lucid, pellucid
Mater, matris F. mothermaternal, maternity, matri-
cide, matriarch, matriarchy
Miles, militis M. soldiermilitary, militant, militarism,
militate, militarist
Mons, montis M. mountainmountain, montage,
Piedmont, mountainous
Mundus, mundi M. worldmundane
Nomen, nominis N. namenominate, ignominy,
anonymous, pseudonym, nomenclature, nominal,
denominate, denomination, denominator, ignominy,
misnomer, noun, renominate, renown
Pax, pacis F. peacepacic, Pacic, peace, pacify,
pacier, appease, pay
Pars, partis F. partapart, apartment, compartment,
counterpart, depart, department, departure, disport,
impart, impartial, jeopardize, partisan, parcel, part,
partake, partial, participant, particle, particular, parti-
tion, partly, partner, repartee, separate, tripartite
Pater, patris M. fatherpaternal, paternity, patricide,
patriarch, patriarchy
Populus, populi M. people, nationdepopulate,
populace, popular, population, populist, populous,
pub, public, publican, publication, publicist, publish,
pueblo, republic, republican, townspeople
Princeps, principis M. chief, leading man, emper-
orprincipal, principle, principality
Rex, regis M. kingregal, regale, regent, regicide,
regime, regimen, regiment, region
Salus, salutis F. safety, welfare, salvationsalutary,
salute, salutiferous, salvation
Veritas, veritatis F. truthverily, aver, veracity, verdict,
verify, veritable, verity, very
Via, viae F. roadconvey, conveyance, convoy, devi-
ate, deviation, devious, envoy, impervious, invoice,
obviate, obvious, obviously, previous, trivial, triviality,
viaduct, voyage, voyager
Virtus, virtutis F. courage, virtuevirtue, virtuoso,
virtuosa, virtuosity
Vox, vocis F. voice, cryadvocacy, avocation, avow,
convocation, disavow, equivocal, evoke, invocation,
irrevocable, provocative, unequivocal, vocabulary,
vocal, vocational, vociferous, vouch
Vulnus, vulneris N. woundvulnerable, invulnerable
Audivit, he/she/it heardaudible, audibly, audience,
audit, auditory, disobedience, disobedient, disobey,
inaudible, obedience, obedient, obeisance, obey
Erat, he/she/it wasQuod erat demonstrandum
(Q.E.D.), quod erat faciendum (Q.E.F)
Erant, they were
Muniverunt, they fortied, they constructedam-
munition, munitions
Occiderunt, they killedsuicide, regicide, fratricide,
genocide, patricide, parricide
Adventus, adventus M. arrival, comingadvent,
adventure, avenue
Equitatus, equitatus M. cavalryequestrian, equine
Exercitus, exercitus M. armyexercise, exercitation
Impetus, impetus M. attackimpetuous, impetus
Metus, metus M. fearmeticulous
Portus, portus M. harborairport, importunate, im-
portune, opportune, passport, port, seaport
Senatus, senatus M. senatesenate, senatorial,
senator
Spiritus, spiritus M. spiritspiritous, spiritual, spiri-
tuality, aspire, conspiracy, conspire, esprit, expire,
inspiration, perspiration, respiration, sprite, transpire
Autem, conjunction, postpositive, however
Fecerunt, they madeused as sufx fy in English
to mean to make _____ (e.g., beautify means to
make beautiful); affect, beautify, benecent, con-
fection, defect, coefcient, decient, faade, fact,
facilitate, faction, factory, perfect, infect, municent,
olfactory, sacrice, satisfaction, stupefaction, super-
cial, AND MANY OTHERS!
In, preposition with ablative, in, on; preposition with
accusative, into, against, upon, ontoused as
prex in/im to mean in (Not ever to mean not; i.e.,
immortal OR indecent are NOT derivatives); e.g.,
impel, impend, inamorata, inaugurate, incarnate,
inception, infer, induce, include, income, inculcate,
incumbent, incur, indicate, indict, infuse, etc.
Nunc, adverb, now
Venerunt, they cameSee venit
Venit, he/she/it cameadvent, adventitious, adven-
ture, avenue, circumvent, convene, convenience,
convent, convention, covenant, event, eventual, in-
tervene, invent, parvenu, prevent, revenue, souvenir,
supervene, venture
Acies, aciei F. battle line
Fides, dei F. faith, reliability, faithfulnessfaith,
faithful, fealty, delity, indel, indelity, perdious,
perdy, unfaithful
Res, rei F. thing, matter, affair, situationreal, real-
ism, realistic, reality, realization, realize, really, realty,
republic, republican, unreal
Spes, spei F. hopedespair, desperate, desperado,
desperation
Posuerunt, they put, they placedappositive, com-
ponent, decomposition, deposit, deposition, depot,
exponent, exposition, imposition, juxtaposition, op-
ponent, outpost, position, positive, postage, post-
pone, proposition, provost, repository, superposition,
supposition
Castra, castrorum N.Pl. campcastellated, castle,
chateau, chatelaine, forecastle
Copia, copiae F. supply, abundancecopious, cornu-
copia
Copiae, copiarum, F.Pl. troops, forces (a military
term)copious, cornucopia
Gratia, gratiae F. favor, inuence, grace (in Chris-
tian Latin) grateful, gratication, gratify, gratitude,
gratuitous, gratuity
Gratiae, gratiarum F.Pl. thanksgrateful, gratify,
gratitude, gratuitous, gratuity
Impedimenta, impedimentorum N.Pl. baggage, bag-
gage trainimpede, impediment
Agunt, they give (with gratias) act, acting, action,
active, actress, actual, actuate, agency, agent, agile,
agitate, exact, exigent, navigator, react, transact, etc.
Posuerunt, they put, they placed, they pitched (with
castra)See Lesson 5
Christianus, Christiana, Christianum, Christian
Dominus, domini M. master, Lordbeldam, bel-
ladonna, dame, danger, domain, dome, domestic,
domicile, dominance, domineer, dominion, domino,
don, dungeon, maam, Madonna, major-domo
Frumentum, frumenti N. grain (Pl. crops)
Inopia, inopiae F. scarcity, wantcopious, copy, cor-
nucopia, ofce, ofcer, opulent, unofcial
Legio, legionis F. legionlegion, legionary
Murus, muri M. wallmural, immure
Romanus, Romana, Romanum, Romanromance,
romancer, romantic, Romanesque, Roman candle,
Roman Catholic, Roman numeral, Romania, Romeo
Sanctus, sancta, sanctum, holy, saintsaint, sanc-
tication, sanctify, sanctimonious, sanction, sanctity,
sanctuary, sentry
Tutus, tuta, tutum, safetutor, tutelage
Altus, alta, altum, high, deepaltar, altitude, alto,
contralto, enhance, exalt, exaltation, haughty, haut,
hauteur, oboe
Angustus, angusta, angustum, narrow
Bonus, bona, bonum, goodbeauty, beldam, belle,
benedict, benediction, benece, benet, benevo-
lence, benign, benison, bonanza, bonbon, boon,
bounteous, bounty, debonair, embellish
Longus, longa, longum, longelongate, elongation,
longevity, longitude, longitudinal, lunge, oblong, pro-
long, prolongation, purloin
Magnus, magna, magnum, great, largemaestro,
magisterial, magnanimity, magnate, magnicence,
magnitude, majestic, major-domo, majority, master,
maxim, mayor, Mister
Malus, mala, malum, baddismal, maladjustment,
malady, malapert, malaria, malcontent, malediction,
malefactor, malevolence, malice, malign, malignity,
malnutrition, maltreat
Multus, multa, multum, much (pl. many)multiform,
multiple, multiplication, multiplicity, multiply, multi-
tude, multitudinous
Primus, prima, primum, rstpremier, prim, primal,
primarily, primate, prime, primer, primeval, primitive,
primogeniture, primordial, prince, principal, principal-
ity, principle, priority, priory
Pro (preposition + ablative) in front of (before) on
behalf of (for) English prex meaning forward;
proceed, process, produce, profess, profuse, project,
prolong, promote, propagate
Reliquus, reliqua, reliquum, remaining, the rest of
relic, relinquish
Eques, equitis, M. horseman (pluralcavalry)
equestrian
Fortis, forte, strong, bravecomfort, effort, enforce,
force, fort, forte, fortication, fortify, fortitude, fortress,
perforce, pianoforte, re-enforce, uncomfortable
Jesus, Jesu, M. Jesus
Pons, pontis M. bridgepontiff, pontical, ponticate
(the Pontifex Maximus was the person in charge of
bridges in Rome but later came to be in charge of
religion)
Signum, signi N. standard, signal, signassign, con-
sign, countersign, design, designate, ensign, insig-
nicant, resign, seal, sign, signal, signature, signet,
signicant, signify, signpost
Urbs, urbis, F. cityinterurban, suburb, suburban,
urban, urbanity
Brevis, breve, shortabbreviate, abbreviation,
abridge, breviary, brevity, brief, briey
Communis, commune, commoncommon, com-
monalty, commoner, commonweal, commonwealth,
commune, communicable, communication, commu-
nion, communist, community, excommunication
Difcilis, difcile, difcultdifcult, difculty
Facilis, facile, easyfacile, facilitate, facility, faculty,
efcient etc.
Gravis, grave, heavy, severe, seriousaggravate,
aggrieve, grave, gravitation, gravity, grief
Nobilis, nobile, noble, renownednoble, nobility
Omnis, omne, all, everyomnipotence, omnipotent,
omnipresent, omniscience, omniscient, omnivorous,
Dictum de Omni (Logic Rule)
Cupidus, cupida, cupidum, (+genitive) eager of,
desirous ofconcupiscence, covet, covetous, cov-
etousness, cupidity
Finitimus, nitima, nitimum (+dative) neighboring
to, next toafnity, conne, dene, nal, nance,
nery, nite, innite, innitive
Plenus, plena, plenum, (+genitive or ablative) full
ofaccomplish, complement, complete, compliance,
compliment, comply, deplete, expletive, implement,
plenary, plenipotentiary, plentitude, plenteous, plenti-
ful, plenty, replenish, replete, supplement, supply
HENLE FIRST YEAR LESSON 8 (continued)
Similis, simile (+genitive or dative) similar to,
likeassemblage, assemble, assembly, assimilate,
assimilation, dissemble, dissimilar, dissimulation,
ensemble, reassemble, semblance, similar, similarity,
similarly, similitude, simulate, simultaneous, simulta-
neously
Et. . . et. . . both. . . and. . . et alii (et al.), et cetera
(etc.) Quid, whatquid pro quo
Prima luce, at dawnpremier, prim, primacy, primal,
primarily, primary, primate, prime, primer, primeval,
principal, principle, prince, primitive, primogeniture,
primordial, primrose, priority
Centurion, centurionis, M. a centurioncent, cen-
tennial, centigrade, centigram, centime, centimeter,
centipede, centurion, century, percent, percentage
Hiberna, hibernorum, N.Pl. winter quartershiber-
nate, hibernation
Locus, loci (Plural, loca, locorum) N. placecolloca-
tion, dislocate, local, locate, locomotion
Mors, mortis F. deathimmortal, immortality, immor-
talize, mortal, mortality
Numerus, numeri, M. numberenumerate, enumera-
tion, innumerable, number, numberless, numeral,
numerical, numerous, outnumber, supernumerary,
unnumbered
Oratio, orationis F. speech, prayeradorable, adora-
tion, adore, inexorable, inexorably, oracle, oracular,
oration, oratorial, oratorio, oratory, orison, peroration
Do, dare, dedi, datum, (1st conjugation-transitive)
to giveadd, antedate, betray, donate, date, data,
dowry, edit, endow, pardon, perdition, render, tradi-
tion, traitor, vender
Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum, (1st conjugation-
transitive), to praiselaud, laudable, magna cum
Occupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum, (1st
conjugation-transitive), to seizeaccept, antici-
pate, caitiff, capstan, caption, captious, captivate, ca-
ter, chase, conceit, conceive, deceive, emancipate,
except, imperceptible, incapable, inception, incipient,
intercept, irrecoverable, misconceive, municipal,
occupy, participant, participle, perceive, precept, pre-
conceive, preoccupation, principal, principle, receipt,
receive, receptacle, recipe, recover, susceptible
Oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum,(1st
conjugation-transitive) to attack, assaultim-
pugn, poniard, pugnacious, repugnance, repugnant
Oro, orare, oravi, oratum, (1st conjugation-transi-
tive) to beg, prayorate, orator, oratorical, oratory,
peroration
Paro, parare, paravi, paratum (1st conjugation-tran-
sitive) to prepare, get readydissever, emperor,
imperative, imperial, inseparable, irreparable, para-
chute, parade, parapet, parasol, pare, parry, prepare,
rampart, repair, separate, sever, several, unprepared
Porto, portare, portavi, portatum, (1st conjugation-
transitive) to carrycomport, deport, disport,
export, import, importance, insupportable, portable,
porterhouse, portfolio, portly, portmanteau, purport,
report, self-supporting, sport, sportsmanship, sup-
port, transport,
Pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum (1st conjuga-
tion-intransitive) to ghtimpugn, poniard, pugna-
cious, repugnance, repugnant
Supero, superare, superavi, superatum (1st conju-
gation-transitive) to conquer, surpassinsuper-
able, somersault, soprano, sovereign, sovereignty,
Sovran (alternate spelling of sovereign), superb, su-
periority, supernal, supremacy, supreme, supremely
Voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum, (1st conjugation-
transitive) to calladvocacy, advocate, avocation,
avouch, avow, convocation, disavow, equivocal
equivocation, evoke, invocation, invoke, irrevocable,
irrevocably, provocation, provocative, provoke,
revocation, revoke, unequivocal, vocabulary, vocal,
vocation, vocational, vociferous, voice, voiceless,
vouch, vowel
Alienus, aliena, alienum, unfavorable, anothers
foreignalien, alienate, inalienable
Cur (adverb) why
In principio, in the beginningprincipal, principle,
principality, prince
In saecula saeculorum, world without end, forev-
ersecular, siecle
Interim (adverb) meanwhileinterim
Quis (pronoun) whoquiddity, quip, quid pro quo
Quid (pronoun) whatquid pro quo
Semper (adverb) alwaysSic Semper Tyrannis, Sem-
per Fidelis, Semper Paratus
Sicut (conjunction) as
Ubi (adverb) whereubiquitous
-ne, particle used in questions
Arma, armorum, N.Pl. armsalarm, alarum, arm,
armada, armadillo, armament, armature, armistice,
armor, armory, disarm, rearm, gendarme, unarm
Habeo, habre, habui, habitum, to have, holdabil-
ity, disable, exhibit, habit, inhabit, inhibit, malady,
prohibit, provender, rehabilitate
Moneo, monre, monui, monitum, to warn, advise
admonish, demonstrable, demonstrate, monition,
monitor, monster, monstrosity, monument, muster,
remonstrate, summon, summons
Timeo, timre, timui, XXX, to fearintimidate, intimi-
dation, timid, timidity, timidly, timorous
Terreo, terrre, terrui, territum, to terrify, frighten
deter, terrible, terric, terrify
Ego, mei, mihi, me, me I, meegotism, ego, egotisti-
cal
Fines, nium, M.Pl. territoryafnity, conne, dene,
nal, nance, nery, nesse, nish, innite, parafn,
rene,
Imperator, imperatoris, M. emperoremperor, im-
perative, empire
Is, ea, id, this, that; he/she/itid est (i.e.)
Nos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis, we, us
Sui, sibi, se, se, himself, herself, itself, them-
selvessuicide, sui generis,
Tu, tui, tibi, te, te, you (singular)
Vos, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis, you (plural)
Moveo, movre, movi, motum, to moveautomobile,
commotion, electromotive, emotion, locomotion,
mob, mobile, motif, motile, motion, motor, movie,
mutineer, promote, remote
Sustineo, sustinre, sustinui, sustentum, to sus-
tain, withstandsustain, sustenance
Teneo, tenre, tenui, tentum, to holdabstain, ap-
pertain, appurtenance, contain, content, continence,
continent, continue, countenance, detain, entertain,
impertinence, lieutenant, maintain, malcontent,
obtain, pertain, retain, retinue, sustain, tenable, tena-
cious, tenancy, tenure
Video, vidre, vidi, visum, to seeadvice, envi-
ous, evident, preview, provide, providence, proviso,
purvey, review, revise, supervise, survey, television,
video, view, videlicet, visage, visibility, visit, visor,
vista, visual, visualize AND MANY OTHERS!
Enim, conjunction, postpositive, for
Etiam, adverb, also
Neque, conjunction, and. . . not, nor
Saepe, adv. often
Tamen, adverb, nevertheless, yet, still
Litterae, litterarum F. Pl. letter, dispatchallitera-
tion, illiteracy, illiterate, letter, literacy, literal, literary,
literature, obliterate
Ago, agere, egi, actum, to do, drive, act, treat
act, acting, action, active, actress, actual, actuate,
agency, agent, agile, agitate, exact, exigent, naviga-
tor, react, transact, etc.
Contendo, contendere, contendi, XXX strive con-
tend, hastencontain, container, content, con-
tented, continence, continent, continual, continually,
continuance, continue, countenance
Defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum, to defend
defend, defendant, defender, defense, defenseless,
defensible, defensive, fence, fender, unfenced
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, to lead, guideabduct,
adduce, aqueduct, archduke, by-product, conducive,
conduct, conduit, ducat, duce, duct, duke, conduce,
conduit, deduce, doge, ducal, introduce, induce,
inductive, produce, reduce, seduce, traduce, viaduct
Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, to carry, carry on,
wage (with bellum) belligerent, congested,
digest, gerund, gesticulate, gesture, indigestion,
register, suggest, vicegerent
Instruo, instruere, instruxi, instructum, to draw up,
equipinstruct, instruction
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum, to sendadmission,
commissar, commission, commit, committee, de-
mise, dismiss, emissary, emission, emit, intermis-
sion, intermittent, manumission, messenger, missal,
missive, omit, permissible, permit, premise, promise,
remiss, submit, transmission
Pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, to drive, repulse,
routcompel, dispel, expel, expulsion, impel,
impulse, impulsion, peal, propel, propulsion, pulse,
repeal, repel, repellent, repulse
HENLE FIRST YEAR LESSON 12 (continued)
Peto, petere, petivi, petitum, to seek, beg, request,
aim at, attackappetite, appetizer, compete, com-
petence, impetuous, perpetual, petition, petulance,
petulant, repeat, repetition
Pono, ponere, posui, positum, to put place, set,
pitch (with castra) appositive, component, com-
posite, deposit, depot, disposition, exponent, exposi-
tor, imposition, juxtaposition, opponent, outpost,
positive, postpone, posture, proposition, provost,
repository, superposition, supposition
Vinco, vincere, vici, victum, to conquervictor, Vic-
toria, Victor, convict, convince, evince, vanquish
De, preposition with ablative, down from, about,
concerningused as a prex, sometimes changed
to di-, e.g., deect, divert, deposit, demise, decline,
declension, defer, differ, diffuse
Fortiter, adverb, bravely, stronglycomfort, discom-
fort, effort, enforce, force, forcible, fort, forte, fortica-
tion, fortify, fortitude, fortress, perforce, pianoforte,
re-enforce,
Ibi, adverb, there
Audio, audire, audivi, auditum, to hearaudible,
audibly, audience, audit, auditory, disobedience,
disobedient, disobey, inaudible, obedience, obedient,
obeisance, obey
Convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum, to come
together, assembleconvene, convenience, con-
vent, convention, covenant
Munio, munire, munivi, munitum, to fortify, con-
structammunition, munitions
Venio, venire, veni, ventum, to comeadvent, ad-
ventitious, adventure, avenue, circumvent, convene,
convenience, convent, convention, covenant, event,
eventful, eventual, intervene, invent, parvenu, pre-
vent, revenue, souvenir, supervene, venture
Per, preposition with accusative, throughcan be
used as a prex to mean through or thoroughly;
perfect (i.e., done thoroughly), perform, perdious,
perforate, perfunctory, perfuse
Telum, teli, N. dart, weapon, javelinthis is a weapon
thrown from far off; telum comes from the Greek
word for far off; you can use any derivative such as
telephone, telegraph, etc.
Absum, abesse, afui, afuturus, to be away, be dis-
tantabsent, absence
Sum, esse, fui, futurus, to beCogito ergo sum (Des-
cartes), absence, interest, nonentity, entity, possible,
present, essence, quintessence, quintessential
Longe, adverb, far, by farelongate, longevity, longi-
tude, lunge, oblong, prolong, purloin
Undique, adverb, from all sides, on all sides
Adjuvo (adiuvo in classical Latin), adjuvare, adjuvi,
adjutum, to help, aidadjuvant, adjutant
Cedo, cedere, cessi, cessurum, to give way, yield
abscess, accede, access, ancestor, antecedent,
cease, cede, concession, exceed, incessant, inter-
cede, necessary, precede, precedent, procedure,
proceed, recede, recess, secede, success
Colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatum, to place,
stationcollocate, collocation
Compleo, complre, complevi, completum, + abla-
tive to ll (with) complete, complement, compli-
ment
Incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum, to set re
to, burncenser, frankincense, incendiary, incense
Incito, incitare, incitavi, incitatum, to incitecitation,
excite, incite, recital, solicit, solicitude
Maneo, manre, mansi, mansurum, to remain
manor, menagerie, menial, permanent, remain
Perturbo, perturbare, perturbavi, perturbatum, to
confuse, disturbdisturb, imperturbable, perturb,
trouble, turbid, turbine, turbulence,
Servo, servare, servavi, servatum, to guard, keep
conservative, conserve, observe, reservoir
Atque/ac, conjunction, and
Tum, adverb, then, at that time
Ager, agri M. eldagrarian, agricultural, agriculture,
peregrination, pilgrim, pilgrimage
Civitas, civitatis, F. statecitadel, citizen, city, civic,
civil, civilian, civilization, uncivil
Fortuna, fortunae, F. fortune, misfortune, fortunate,
misfortunate
Italia, Italiae, F. ItalyItalian, Italianate, italic, italicize,
Italophile
Proelium, proelii, N. battle
Puer, pueri, M. boypuerile
Vir, viri, M. mantriumvirate, virile, virtual, virtue,
virtuoso, virtuosa, virtuous
Integer, integra, integrum, whole, fresh, entireinte-
gral, integral, integrate, integrity
Ita, adverb, so, thus
Liber, libera, liberum, freedeliver, liberal, liberate,
libertine, liberty, livery
Meus, mea, meum, my, mine
Miser, misera, miserum, wretched, poor, miser-
ablecommiseration, miserable, misery
Noster, nostra, nostrum, our, oursPater Noster
Trans, preposition + accusative, acrossused as a
prex; transcribe, transalpine, transcend, transatlan-
tic, transcontinental, transducer, transect, transfer,
transform, transgress, transit, transient, translation,
transmit, transparent
Tuus, tua, tuum, your, yours (when referring to one
person possessing something)
Vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (referring to
more than one person possessing)
Administro, administrare, administravi, administra-
tum, to manage, attend toadminister, administra-
tion, administrative, ministration, ministry, minstrel
Appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum, to ad-
dress, call (upon)appeal, appellant, appellate,
appellation
Conrmo, conrmare, conrmavi, conrmatum, to
encourage, strengthenconrm, conrmation
Conservo, conservare, conservavi, conservatum,
to preserve, spareconservation, conservatism,
conservative, conserve
Ab/a, preposition with the ablative, away from, from,
by (as in ablative of agent)used as a prex ab/
abs/a in English to mean from/away/off; abdicate,
aberrant, ablution, abnormal, abrade, abstract,
abstain
Nam, conjunction, for (when for means because
and introduces a reason)
Contineo, continre, continui, contentum, to re-
strain, hold incontain, container, content, con-
tented, continence, continent, continental, continual,
continuance, continue, countenance
Obtineo, obtinre, obtinui, obtentum, to hold, oc-
cupyobtain, obtainment, obtainer
Aut, conjunction, or
Aut aut, conjunctions, either or
Neque neque, conjunctions, neither nor
Postea, adverb, afterwardspostbellum, posterity,
postern, posthumous, preposterous, puny, posterior,
postpone, postlude, post meridiem (p.m.), postmor-
tem, postnatal, postscript
Dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissum, to send away,
dismiss
Occido, occidere, occidi, occisum, to killcement,
chisel, concise, decide, fratricide, matricide, homi-
cide, suicide, parricide, scissors
Trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum, to hand over
Fere, adverb, almost
Sine, preposition with ablative, withoutsinecure, sine
qua non, sine die
Review vocabulary: Lessons 17-20 contain review
vocabulary. Due to space constraints, they are not
included here.

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