ITO TEST DOES HEIGHT OF THE PAD AFFECT BACK MUSCLE ENDURANCE Juanita E. Soans, Keerthi Rao, Chandra Iyer, Dnyanda Newasekar SRJI Vol 3 Issue 2 Year 2014
Scientific Research Journal of India
Original Title
ITO TEST DOES HEIGHT OF THE PAD AFFECT BACK MUSCLE ENDURANCE Juanita E. Soans, Keerthi Rao, Chandra Iyer, Dnyanda Newasekar SRJI Vol 3 Issue 2 Year 2014.pdf
ITO TEST DOES HEIGHT OF THE PAD AFFECT BACK MUSCLE ENDURANCE Juanita E. Soans, Keerthi Rao, Chandra Iyer, Dnyanda Newasekar SRJI Vol 3 Issue 2 Year 2014
Scientific Research Journal of India
ITO TEST DOES HEIGHT OF THE PAD AFFECT BACK MUSCLE ENDURANCE Juanita E. Soans, Keerthi Rao, Chandra Iyer, Dnyanda Newasekar SRJI Vol 3 Issue 2 Year 2014
Scientific Research Journal of India
ITO TEST: DOES HEIGHT OF THE PAD AFFECT BACK MUSCLE
ENDURANCE?
Juanita E. Soans*, Keerthi Rao**, Chandra Iyer***, Dnyanda Newasekar****
ABSTRACT Background: Decreased back muscle endurance is sometimes associated with high rates of low back pain. Ito test is a safe and reliable test for assessing trunk extensor muscle endurance, however it limits recognition due to lack of studies and absence of standardized testing procedure. Hence this study aims to find out whether the height of the pad that is to be used while performing the test has any effect on back muscle endurance in normal healthy individuals. Methodology: 84 healthy college volunteers were recruited in the study. A pilot study was conducted to find out the optimal height of pad that can be used for conducting Ito test. Back extensor endurance was evaluated using a foam pad of height 5, 6.5 and 8 centimeters. Results: There was no significant difference in trunk extensor endurance with different height of the foam pad. Conclusion: Any height of the pad ranging from 5 to 8 centimeters can be used for assessing back muscle endurance, however the self reported comfortable height of the pad was 5 centimeters for most of the healthy participants. Keywords: Ito test, back endurance, low back pain
INTRODUCTION Muscular endurance is the ability of an isolated muscle group to perform repeated contractions over a period of time (dynamic endurance) or sustain a contraction over time at a certain level (static endurance) 1,2 .
Decreased static endurance in back extensors is sometimes ISSN: 2277-1700 Website: http://srji.drkrishna.co.in URL Forwarded to: http://sites.google.com/site/scientificrji 32 associated with high rates of low back pain, decreased proprioceptive awareness, poor balance, decreased productivity at work place, increased muscular fatigability and overload on soft tissues and passive structures of the spine. 3 Therefore, measurement of trunk muscle endurance is potentially important for identifying the risk factors, as prognostic indicators, for planning treatment goals and measuring patients progress. 4 Hansen JW developed the first test for evaluating isometric back extensor endurance. 5 Troup and Chapman evaluated muscle fatigability by surface electromyography in patients during this test. 6
After a study of Bieiring- Sorensen in 1984, which was published in the Spine journal, this test came to be known as Sorensen test structures of the spine 7 . Although there are no gold standards for measurement of trunk endurance, Sorensen test is the most popular method of assessing trunk extensor endurance. However there are some disadvantages pertaining to the use of this test in patients with chronic low back pain. 8 It increases the lumbar lordosis because of extended hip and knee during the test which can produce bulging of intervertebral disc and buckling of ligamentum flavum followed by reducing the intervertebral foramen. The hyperextension of lumbar spine may aggravate pain. 9 Also a study by Callaghan et al, estimated that the compression load imposed on spine during Sorensen test was 4000N, slightly above the value recommended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health in 1981. 10 To overcome these disadvantages Ito et al developed a new method based on Sorensen test and studied its reliability, safety in application of this method and established its validity by evaluating the endurance using this test in 190 healthy individuals and in individuals with chronic low back pain. The reliability of this test in healthy individuals is, ICC= 0.97 for trunk extensor muscles. 8 Also, maximal neck flexion and gluteal muscle contraction included in the test procedure are supposed to be the most optimal position for decreasing lumbar lordosis and for activating the lumbar erector spinae muscle to the maximum. 11 Muller et al in his study showed that Ito test has a good criterion validity and it can assess back extensor muscle endurance more specifically as compared to Sorensen test. 12
Although, Ito test had a very high test-retest reliability and did not seem to induce pain or increase spinal loads the factors that limit the recognition of Ito test includes lack of studies, absence of standardized test procedures like the type of pad used and extent of raising the upper body and theoretical risk of exaggerating the lumbar lordosis. 8,10 Hence our study aims at determining the most appropriate height of pad to assess back muscle endurance during Ito test in normal healthy individuals.
METHODOLOGY Eighty-four healthy college volunteers (53 females and 31 males) between 18 25 years of age who volunteered for the study from Scientific Research Journal of India Volume: 3, Issue: 2, Year: 2014 33 College Of Physiotherapy, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni were recruited. The study was conducted from March 2013 till June 2013. The participants were selected by convenience sampling and were screened based on the exclusion criteria by physiotherapist who later were involved with data collection. Exclusion criteria were a history of symptomatic low back pain within one year to the time of the study, any obvious spinal deformity, individuals participating in high- intensity regular exercise or elite sports at competitive level or individuals involved in any prior systematic exercise program of lumbar or hip extensor muscles, a history of cardiovascular disease representing contraindications to exercise or any disability limiting the ability to exercise. The participants were informed about the study and a written consent was obtained before any measurements were taken. Anthropometric data like height, weight, BMI and abdominal girth of the participants were calculated. Height was measured using a stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm. Body weight was taken with light clothes and measured to nearest 0.1 kg using a weighing scale caliberated from 0-120 kgs with the participant in standing position and shoes off. BMI was calculated using the above data. Abdominal girth was calculated using a measuring tape at the level of the umbilicus to the nearest 0.1 cm. Before taking the readings the participants were demonstrated the procedure of the test and were also asked to perform it themselves. They were encouraged to clarify their queries, if any and all queries were addressed for complete familiarization of the test. For evaluating the back extensor endurance the participants were asked to lie in prone position with a foam pad (figure 1) under the lower abdomen.
Figure 1: Foam pad used for the test This foam is medium rubber, high density and has a medium to soft feel depending on the body weight of the sleeper. It offers a high degree of comfort and will retain its shape and density. Participants were made to perform the test in the following manner. The foam pad was first placed below the lower abdomen of the participants and they were asked to lift the sternum off the plinth and hold the position as long as they could upto a maximum of 300 seconds 8 . While performing the test participants were asked to maintain maximum flexion at cervical spine with pelvic stabilization through contraction of glutei, the most optimal position for reducing lumbar lordosis and activating the lumbar erector spinae (Figure 2). ISSN: 2277-1700 Website: http://srji.drkrishna.co.in URL Forwarded to: http://sites.google.com/site/scientificrji 34
Figure 2: Participant performing ITO test The pattern of selection of height of the foam pad with which the participants were to start the test was done by block randomization method which was computer generated. The time for which the participants could hold the test position with the height of the foam pad was measured in seconds using a stop watch. After a rest period of 10 minutes, the test was repeated with the same height of the pad and similarly 2 readings were taken. An average of the two readings was calculated and documented for that height of the foam pad to obtain highest accuracy and decrease any manual error. The criteria for stopping the tests were trick movements, altered pain sensation and pain tolerance. The participants were called the next day and the same procedure was repeated with the other height of the foam pad on the consecutive day. The main purpose of taking two readings was to decrease fatigability and for obtaining the best value for each height of the pad. Before starting with the data collection a pilot study was conducted with ten participants to find out the optimal height of the pad that can be used as reference for this study. For any height below 5 cms in height, the participants reported an absence of fulcrum through which they could maintain the upper body in the desired position, and for any height above 8 cms the participants felt excessive pressure on their abdomen and pain in the low back which averaged 5.3 on VAS. Any height greater than 8 cms was also flattening the lumbar lordosis more than that required while performing the Ito test. The criteria for stopping the test were trick movements, altered pain sensations, and pain tolerance. Based on the results obtained, the participants performed the test with a foam pad of 5, 6.5 and 8 centimeters in height. All the tests were performed two hours after the last meal taken by the participants. After each test the participants were asked to rate their level of discomfort on VAS so as to find out the height of foam pad which was most comfortable.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The statistical analysis was done using Graph Pad Instat Trial Version 13.3. ANOVA with repeated measures was used for data analysis and p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS: The baseline data for participants are as follows and represented in table 1. Participants Males (n= 31 Females (n=53) Age (years) 21.20 2.31 21.9 1.97 Scientific Research Journal of India Volume: 3, Issue: 2, Year: 2014 35 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 20.26 3.49 20.19 2.84 Abdominal girth (cms)
87.12 10.31
76.18 12.83 Table 1: Baseline demographic data of participants BMI of all participants were 20.26 3.49 kg/m 2 and 20.26 3.49 79 10.3 kg/m 2 for male and female participants respectively and did not show co-relation to discomfort experienced by them while performing the test with different heights of the foam pad. The abdominal girth for both male and female participants were 87.12 10.31 and 76.18 12.83 centimeters respectively. The mean holding time of all participants with pad height of 5, 6.5 and 8 centimeters were 69.54 36.79, 70.20 44.96 and 68.78 33.79 seconds respectively.(figure 3)
Figure 3: Mean Holding Time Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA with repeated measures with p < 0.05. This shows that results obtained were not statistically significant leading us to conclude that height of foam pad does not actually alter the endurance. It was found that 72% of participants self reported that a height of 5 centimeters of pad was most comfortable while performing the test as compared to 6.5 and 8 cms.
DISCUSSION: The results of the present study show that there was n significant alteration in back muscle endurance with different height of foam pads. Also, most participants reported that 5 centimeter height of foam pad was most comfortable. In our opinion the height of the foam pad did not vary much with respect to each other in order to change the kinematics or coupled movements of the muscles. Time, as a measure of endurance of low back musculature, varies with intensity of loading and with posture. The Ito test, as compared to Sorensen test is safe, reliable and easy to perform and doesnt require any other equipment apart from a foam pad. In the present study, a pilot study was initially conducted to find out the optimum height of the pad that can be used. The height of the pad was kept between 5cms and 8cms beyond which the participants reported discomfort while performing the test. On interrogation participants reported that increased height of the foam pad placed below the lower abdomen created excessive compression which made it difficult for them to breathe and reduced their performance. In our opinion this is because a trunk extension from 45 degrees of trunk flexion needs ISSN: 2277-1700 Website: http://srji.drkrishna.co.in URL Forwarded to: http://sites.google.com/site/scientificrji 36 dynamic pelvic and trunk movement. The leg muscle will extend the pelvis, and the lumbar muscles will stabilize and extend the lumbar region on the pelvis whereas thoracic muscles will lift the trunk. 13 Therefore more the height of the pillow the glutei muscles have to contract more in order to stabilize the pelvis and the thoracic muscles will work in order to clear the sternum off the plinth during extension. Also lesser the height of the pillow the compression on the lower abdomen is less thus reducing the discomfort in breathing. In another study conducted by Muller et al, an EMG study to find out the criterion validity of Ito test, a foam roll of 0.2 m in diameter, the density of which was not stated in the study was used to evaluate the trunk extensor endurance. 12 However, in our study participants felt abdominal discomfort and pain with any height above 8 centimeters. Another interesting observation was that participants with greater abdominal girth reported more comfort with a greater height of the pad as compared to other participants however the co-relation of this was beyond the scope of this study. The participants in the study were healthy young adults hence the results cannot be generalized to population with low back pain. Evaluating back endurance muscle in patients with low back pain using different height of pad would have been difficult for the patients because of repeated test procedures resulting in aggravation of pain, hence this study was conducted on normal individuals to find out the optimal length of pad that can be used while performing the test which would be comfortable to the patients. Future scope of the study may include finding the co-relation between the height of the pad and abdominal girth. Lastly as proposed in the original study lumbar lordosis during the test should be evaluated either by radiography or by using a flexicurve.
CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that any height of the foam pad made of medium rubber and high density having soft feel ranging from 5 to 8 centimeters can be used for assessing back muscle endurance however the self reported comfortable height of the pad was 5 centimeters for most of the healthy participants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We would like to thank the participants in the study for their kind co-operation.
REFRENCES 1. Karen H, Glenn TM. Principles of aerobic exercise. IN: Kisner C, Colby LA, Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques, 5th edition, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2007. 2. Mayer T, Gatchel R, Betancur J, Bovasso E. Trunk muscle endurance measurement: isometric contrasted to isotonic testing in normal subjects. Spine, 1995:20:920-926. 3. Chidozie M, Olusola A, Rufus A.Reference values of static back extensor muscle endurance in healthy Nigerian adults, Med Princ Pract, 2009:18: 345-350. Scientific Research Journal of India Volume: 3, Issue: 2, Year: 2014 37 4. Julie M, Elspeth F, Paul S, Brad Br, Caroline G.Interrater Reliability of Six Tests of Trunk Muscle Function and Endurance, JOSPT , 1997:26 (4): 203-208. 5. Hansen JW. Postoperative management in lumbar disc protrusions. I. Indications, method and results II. Follow- up on a trained and an untrained group of patients, Acta Orthop Scand, 1964:17(Suppl 71):1-47 6. Troup JD, Chapman AE. Changes in the waveform of the electromyogram during fatiguing activity in the muscles of the spine and hips: the analysis of postural stress. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol, 1972:12:347-365 7. Beiring S. Physical measurements as risk indicators for low back trouble over a one year period, Spine, 1984:9: 106-119. 8. T Ito, Osamu Shirado, Hideki Suzuki, Masaaki Tokahashi, Kiyoshi Kaneda. Lumbar trunk muscle endurance testing: An inexpensive alternative to machine for evaluation, Arch Phys Med Rehab, 1996:77:75-9 9. White AA, Punjabi MM. Clinical biomechanics of spine, Philadelphia, Lippincott co.1990:379-474 10. Christophe D, Marc V, Christophe D, Jean MC. Spinal muscle evaluation using the Sorenson test: a critical appraisal of literature. Joint Bone Spine, 2006:73:43-50. 11. Shirado O, Ito T, Kaneda K, Strax TE.Electromyographic analysis of four techniques for isometric trunk muscle exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehab,1995: 76:2259. 12. Muller R, Strassle K, Wirth B. Isometric back extensor muscle endurance: An EMG study on the criterion validity of the Ito test. J Electromyograph and Kinesiology, 2010:20:845-850 13. Eline MD, De Ridder, Jessica OV, Andry V, Guy V, Lieven D. Posterior muscle chain activity during various extension exercises: an observational study, BMC Musculoskelet disord, 2013:14:204.
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: *Final year M.P.Th (Orthopaedics) student, College of Physiotherapy, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences(DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India. Email Id: soans_juanita@yahoo.co.in **M.P.T, Associate Professor, College of Physiotherapy, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences(DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India. ***M.P.T, Assistant Professor, College of Physiotherapy, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences(DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India. ****B.P.Th, College of Physiotherapy, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences(DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India.
Comparison of Effect of Hip Joint Mobilization and Hip Joint Muscle Strengthening Exercises With Knee Osteoarthritis A. Tanvi, R. Amrita, R. Deepak, P. Kopal Srji Vol 3-Issue 1 Year 2014
Network Border Patrol Eradicates The Over Loading of Data Packets and Prevents Congestion Collapse Thereby Promoting Fairness Over TCP Protocol in LAN WAN SRJI Vol-1 Issue-1 Year-2013
Effectiveness of Neuromotor Task Training Combined With Kinaesthetic Training in Children With Developmental Co - Ordination Disorder - A Randomised Trial SRJI Vol-1 Issue-1 Year-2013