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Table of Contents
1-Forign policy
1.1Determinants of foreign policy
1.2Ideology
2-Comparison
2.1Geographically
2.2Economic
2.3Security concern
2.4Indian threat
3-Relationship
3.1Public opinion
3.2Nuclear relationship
3.3Economic relationship
3.4Diplomatic/military relationship
4-Opportunities and challenges
4.1Source of strength
4.2Ongoing investment projects
4.3Fulfill energy deficiency
4.4Bilateral relationship
4.5Steadily improve various sectors
4.6Kashmir issue
5-Challenges
References

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Executive Summary
This term paper is done on well Foreign Relationship of Pakistan. In this Term paper we
managed to present about the Determinants of Foreign policy and some of their objectives. We
also discussed the Pak-Iran Relationship in which we discussed some factors. Some of the
factors which we discussed are Nuclear Relationship in which Pakistan has publicly defended
Irans right to nuclear technology. Some American analysts also suspect Pakistani scientists
employed by the Pakistani military of helping Iran acquire nuclear technology, although Pakistan
officially denies any involvement. And other one is Economic Relationship in which we find out
that two countries initiated significant cooperation in the energy sector in 1991, when Iran began
negotiating an oil deal with Pakistan and Qatar. This initial collaboration, however, was limited
and did not progress meaningfully. Iran again attempted negotiating with Qatar regarding the
construction of gas pipelines to Pakistan in 1995, however was unsuccessful. And also discussed
Diplomatic/Military Relationship in which we viewed as Iran has developed deep economic and
political ties with Pakistan, an ally of the United States and a nuclear neighbor. In 2007, the
Prime Minister of Pakistan, Shaukat Aziz, said that Pakistan shares extensive ties with Iran
based upon faith, belief, joint history and culture. Expansion of cooperation in the fields of trade
and investment can further strengthen the bilateral ties.Iran and Pakistan cooperate in a number
of trade groups and agreed in June 2008 on a list of 300 tradable items in an effort to stimulate
economic relations.And in the end we also discussed some major opportunities & challenges of
Pak-Iran relationship like Source Of Strengths, ongoing investments project, energy Fulfill
energy deficiency, Bilateral relationship, Steadily improve various sectors, Kashmir issue and
also some challenges.





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Foreign Policy:
The foreign policy is establishment and development of relations with other countries in order to
protect the national interests by taking appropriate steps at international level.
Historical overview:
Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan's foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations
with the neighboring Soviet Union (USSR) who maintained a close military and ideological
interaction with the neighboring countries such as Afghanistan (in the West) and India (in East)
as well as East-Pakistan. During most of 19471991, the USSR support was given to India;
especially on the core-issue of Kashmir, over which it has fought three wars. During the 1960s,
Pakistan's relations with East Pakistan and the neighboring Afghanistan have also been
extremely difficult due to the two latter's contest over the Durand Line. The foreign relations
with Iran, Saudi Arabia and China remains extremely important and based on the extensive
cooperation in national security and economical interests in the Persian Gulf and wide-ranging
bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries. In 1947, Jinnah clearly
described the principles and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy in a broadcast message that
are given below.
Principles of Pakistans Foreign Policy:
International and regional Cooperation
Unity of Islamic World
United Nations Charter
Non-alignment
Peaceful Coexistence
Objectives of Pakistans Foreign Policy:
Some of the following objectives are:
Maintenance of Pakistan's Sovereignty The sovereignty means the supreme power which
is eternal, universal, indivisible, and imperceptible and the most supreme in its existence.
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The foreign policy is formulated by the head of the government and foreign minister of
the country.
Economic Development
Determinants of Foreign Policy of Pakistan:
Some of the following determinants are:
Ideology: Pakistans foreign policy is influenced by its Islamic ideology because of the
85% Muslim population, because the state religion is Islam, because the nation was
primarily created to meet the needs of a Muslim population and hence Pakistan aims to
associate itself with Muslim and Democratic countries.
Geographical: The political significance of an area bears a well defined relation to its
geographical location, its climate and landforms and natural resources. Pakistan is no
different, being an important gateway to historical trade routes and the government
moulds it foreign policy accordingly, bearing in mind its strategic location to benefit its
people.
Economic: Pakistan received little assistance economically at the time of its creation. It
may be this very reason that motivated the first Premier Liaquat Ali Khan to look towards
strong relations with the United States of America, which resulted in membership to
CENTO, SEATO and consequently military and economic benefits.
Security Concern: Since its creation, Pakistan has faced the threat of invasion and
antagonism from its neighbors (India being no exception, with two full scale wars and
numerous skirmishes dotting the history of the two countries. The contemporary terrorist
activities are another concern as well as the insurgencies in the tribal belt and the
problems caused by the influx of Afghan refugees: all contributing factors to the nations
security concerns.
Note: Some of the Special Determinants are as given below.
The Indian Threat: Despite efforts to curtail the hostility between the two countries, it
would be nave to think that India and Pakistan are not continuously at logger heads with
each other (be it in cross border skirmishes, operations or the diplomatic table). Since the
birth of the two countries in 1947 India and Pakistan have had problems reaching
consensus over various conflicts- the Kashmir issue being no different.
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Kashmir: The Kashmir issue has helped shaped the countrys policies towards not only
India, but also the international community at large. The conflicts over this disputed
territory have led to several cross border operations between Pakistan and India.
Public Opinion: What the people of Pakistan think and believe is a valid contributing
factor to the nations foreign policy. For instance, even if policy makers see the economic
benefits of carrying out talks with Israel, the people of Pakistan would view it as a breach
of the countrys Islamic ideology, not to mention see it as the government waiving the
various human rights violations committed by the Israeli authorities.
Foreign Relationship between Iran & Pakistan:
Pakistan has had close geopolitical and cultural-religious linkages with Iran. However, strains in
the relationship appeared in the 1990s, when Pakistan and Iran supported opposing factions in
the Afghan conflict. Also, some Pakistanis suspect Iranian support for the sectarian violence
which has plagued Pakistan. Nevertheless, Pakistan pursues an active diplomatic relationship
with Iran, including recent overtures to seek a negotiated settlement between Afghanistan's
warring factions. Some of the following relationships are:
Nuclear Relationship:
Pakistan has publicly defended Irans right to nuclear technology. Some American
analysts also suspect Pakistani scientists employed by the Pakistani military of helping
Iran acquire nuclear technology, although Pakistan officially denies any involvement.
In a February 2010 meeting with her Iranian counterpart, Pakistani National Assembly
Speaker Fahmida Mirza said that Pakistan is against any kinds of sanctions against Iran
and believes that Iran's nuclear disputes should be resolved peacefully and through
dialogue."
In a separate meeting with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Mirza reiterated
her earlier remarks and assured him that Pakistan supports Iran's independence and
progress in all the areas, especially in utilizing peaceful nuclear energy. She also
highlighted Iranian-Pakistani commonalities in religion, history, and culture, and added
that extremism and terrorism is a common threat to the stability and progress of the entire
region.
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Economic Relationship:

The two countries initiated significant cooperation in the energy sector in 1991, when
Iran began negotiating an oil deal with Pakistan and Qatar. This initial collaboration,
however, was limited and did not progress meaningfully.
Iran again attempted negotiating with Qatar regarding the construction of gas pipelines to
Pakistan in 1995, however was unsuccessful.
Cooperation regarding energy has nonetheless increased since the 1990s and helped
provide the foundation for a more thorough bilateral trade network between Iran and
Pakistan in recent years.
By 2005, Pakistan was actively seeking Iranian investment in bilateral trade and energy
cooperation. Pakistan and Iran have deepened their economic partnership to such an
extent that, in a joint statement issued in May 2010, the two countries expressed
satisfaction with an increase in bilateral trade, which surpassed $1.2 billion in the
previous financial year.
In 2009, Pakistan increased its non-oil exports to Iran by 80 percent, reaching $279
million. Similarly, Iranian non-oil exports to Pakistan increased by 11 percent, totaling
$278 million for the year. Despite this growth, Karachi Chambeer of Commerce and
Industry President Abdul Majid Haji Mohammad said the lack of a banking system
remains a major obstacle to Iran-Pakistan trade.
Iran-Pakistan cooperation on transportation issues expanded greatly in August 2009,
when the two inaugurated an international freight rail line from Islamabad to Istanbul via
Tehran. The line is a pilot project of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), a
Central Asian trade bloc. Although Iran and Turkey already enjoy extensive rail
cooperation, transportation ties with Pakistan are weaker.
Diplomatic/Military Relationship:
Iran has developed deep economic and political ties with Pakistan, an ally of the United
States and a nuclear neighbor. In 2007, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Shaukat Aziz,
said that Pakistan shares extensive ties with Iran based upon faith, belief, joint history
and culture.
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Expansion of cooperation in the fields of trade and investment can further strengthen the
bilateral ties.Iran and Pakistan cooperate in a number of trade groups and agreed in June
2008 on a list of 300 tradable items in an effort to stimulate economic relations.
Iran is active in the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)a trade and investment
group that includes all of the central Asian countries, founded by Iran, Turkey and
Pakistan. Additionally, both Iran and Pakistan also hold observer status in the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO)an Asian regional economic and security group.
China and Russia are reportedly considering inviting Iran and Pakistan to full
membership in the SCO so as to participate in resolving the conflict in Afghanistan. "In
the current global context, the top priority is finding a solution to the Afghan issue,"
Secretary-General Muratbek Sansyzbayevich Imanaliev said during a news conference in
Beijing in February 2010.
Pakistan has helped encourage trilateral trade with Iran and Turkey in commercial goods
and development of infrastructure beyond the programs administered by regional
organizations such as the ECO.
Opportunities & challenges In Pak-Iran Foreign Relationship:
Some of the following Opportunities & Threats of Foreign Pakistan-Iran relationship are :
Opportunities:
Source Of Strengths:
Pakistan believes that maintenance of cordial ties with Iran is important for the regional
economic prosperity and security. Pakistan-Iran close relations are a source of strength
not only for both the countries but also for the region.
Ongoing Investment Projects:
The stakes for Pakistan are high in its relations with Iran given the ongoing investment
projects between the two countries in the energy sector. The existing natural gas pipe line
project, which is expected to become operational in 2014, will supply the bulk of
Pakistans domestic natural gas needs from Irans massive South Pars gas field.
Fulfill energy deficiency:
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Pakistan is an energy deficient country. It fulfills its energy needs through imports of
energy resources, mainly in the form of oil from a number of oil exporting states, Islamic
Republic of Iran, being one of those.
Bilateral relationship:
Pak-Iran relations are marked by frequent contacts at the highest level, which provide
focus and direction to the bilateral relationship.
Steadily Improve Various Sectors:
Cooperation between Pakistan and Iran in various areas like Trade and Commerce,
Science and technology, Defence, Arts and Culture, Tourism, Communications, Oil and
Gas, etc has been improving steadily.
Iran has declared its willingness to resolve Kashmir issue:
Iran has declared its willingness to mediate between India and Pakistan on Kashmir. In
his visit to Pakistan, Khatami stated: "We will do everything possible to remove tensions
between India and Pakistan." In 2004, when tensions between India and Pakistan
escalated, Iran was the first country to contact Musharraf and Indian prime minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee with a view to defusing the crisis.
Challenges:
While Iran and Pakistan are neighbors, their regional outlooks are somewhat different as
a result of the different type and nature of national security challenges and threats facing
each country.
Relations with India are an important issue that affects Iranian-Pakistani
relations. Pakistan is concerned about the North-South Corridor that Iran and India seek
to establish together with Russia. In the light of Iran's good relations with India, Pakistan
is concerned about the impact of those relations on its disputes with India - over the core
issue of Kashmir as well as other regional and geopolitical issues.
Politically, Iran has been the most dynamic and controversial experiment in blending
Islam and democracyand the experiment is far from over. It continues to play out in the
domestic political crisis. The outcome could affect the wider Islamic world as profoundly
as the revolution.
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