ANOVA STEP-BY-STEP

The Sums of Squares:

1) Computing SS
total
: The SS
total
is the SS based on the entire set of scores in the
study. So computing this SS is the same as if you just stacked your different
treatment samples together to form a single sample and then computed the Sum of
Squares on that one larger sample. In terms of our ne notation:
So for the !lcohol data" you first need to make #
$
columns for each of the
treatment le%els" then add up the columns and then add the three &#
$
's together.
Then you subtract (
$
)*:

1o+ #
$
,o+ #
$
-o+ #
$

. . $ / / 10
1 1 , 1 0 ,0
. . . . , 1
$ / , 1 $ /
1 1 1 1 , 1
/ 0 1 $, 12 3/
k 4 ," n 4 -" * 4 1-" T
1
4 /" T
$
4 1" and T
,
4 12" and ( 4 ,1
&#
$
4 sum of the &#
$
for each le%el of the factor 4 0 5 $, 5 3/ 4 1.,
So SS
total
4 1., 6 ,1
$
4 1., 6 101)1- 4 ,2.1,,
1-
$) Computing SS
ithin
:
To compute SS
ithin
you first need to compute the SS
ithin each le%el of the I7 using the regular SS formula:
Then to get SS
ithin
you simply add up the SS from ithin each le%el of the I7:
SS
ithin
4 &SS
8S9$1-6..1 1 of /
Spring $..,
N
G
X
=
SS
2
2
total

n
X) (

X
= SS
2
2


ANOVA STEP-BY-STEP
So for the !lcohol data there are three SS you need to compute first" one for each
le%el:
SS
1
4 0 6 /
$
)- 4 $.2..
SS
$
4 $, 6 1
$
)- 4 0.2..
SS
,
4 3/ 6 12
$
)- 4 1.$..
Then you add these three SS up to get SS
ithin
:
SS
ithin
4 $.2.. 5 0.2.. 5 1.$.. 4 12.2..
,) Computing SS
beteen
:
:ecall that the %ariance beteen treatments measures the differences or %ariance
beteen the treatment means. This implies one ay e could find the
SS
beteen
ould be to compute a SS using the 's as the scores. That is"
e could consider our de%iations ;that e ill square and sum) as the
de%iation of each indi%idual mean from the grand mean ;the grand
mean is the o%er all mean of the entire set of data or ()*). <f course"
there is a computational formula that looks different from that" but is
much easier to use:

So for the !lcohol data"
SS
beteen
4 ;/
$
)- 5 1
$
)- 5 12
$
)-) 6 ,1
$
)1- 4 2/.$ 6 0/..03 4 $..1,,
Note: You should Always check to see if: SS
total
= SS
etween
! SS
within


If this check does not come out right 6 you ha%e made a mistake in your
calculations.
So for the !lcohol data:
=oes $..1,, 5 12.2 4 SS
total
> 9es ,2.1,, 4 ,2.1,,.
8S9$1-6..1 $ of /
Spring $..,
N
G
]
n
T
[ =
SS
2 2
betw

ANOVA STEP-BY-STEP
In computing the degrees of freedom" you should keep in mind that:
1) ?ach df is associated ith a specific SS
$) The df are appro@imately equal to the number of items that ent into
computing the corresponding SS minus 1. So if n things ent in" then df 4 n
6 1.
Computing the df:
Aecause SS
total
as computed using the entire set of * scores.
So for the !lcohol study" df
total
4 1- 6 1 4 1/
$) df
ithin
4 * 6 k To get the SS
ithin
e first computed the SS for each le%el and
then added them up. This is the same for df
ithin
in a sense. Bor each le%el e ha%e
Cn 6 1C degrees of freedom. Then e sum those n 6 1 degrees of freedom across the
le%els: ;n 6 1) 5 ;n 6 1) 5 ;n 6 1) 5 ... If you simplify this" you get * 6 k hich is
the right number for the df
ithin
.
So for the !lcohol study" df
ithin
4 1- 6 , 4 1$.

,) df
beteen
4 k 6 1 Aecause SS
beteen
is really based on the de%iations of each
treatment mean from the grand mean" the number of items in this SS is the number
of treatment means 4 k. So the df
beteen
4 k 6 1.
So for the !lcohol study" df
beteen
4 , 6 1 4 $.
Note: You should Always check to see if: df
total
= df
etween
! df
within

If this check does not come out right 6 you ha%e made a mistake in your
calculations.

Bor the !lcohol study: does $ 5 1$ 4 df
total
> 9es 1/ 4 1/D
So no e ha%e the , SS and the corresponding , df. Ehat e need no is to
compute the %ariances.

8S9$1-6..1 , of /
Spring $..,
Computing the beteen and ithin %ariances:
:ecall that a %ariance is SS)df. In !no%a the %ariances e compute are called
Fean Squares" symboli+ed C"SC ;Aecause they are essentially mean squared
de%iations)
So e can compute:
FS
beteen
4 SS
beteen
4 the %ariance beteen treatments
df
beteen
and
FS
ithin
4 SS
ithin
4 the %ariance ithin treatments
df
ithin
So for the !lcohol study"
FS
beteen
4 $..1,,)$ 4 1...03
FS
ithin
4 12.2..)1$ 4 1.-03
*ote: In general e do not compute FS
total
. !lso" it is NOT T#$E that FS
total
4
FS
beteen
5 FS
ithin
.
Binally" because the B test is the %ariance beteen di%ided by the %ariance ithin"
e get our B6ratio:
B 4 FS
beteen
FS
ithin
So for the !lcohol study" B 4 1...03)1.-03 4 0./$0.
Binally" you should alays present hat is called an !no%a Summary Table that
contains the results of all of these calculations. It should look like:
Source SS df FS B
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Aeteen $..1,, $ 1...03 0./$0
Eithin 12.2.. 1$ 1.-03
Total ,2.1,, 1/
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG