DIAGNOSIS OF POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES

USING WAVELET TRANSFORMS

M. SUSHAMA*
By
*,*** Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTU college of Engineering, Hyderabad, INDIA.
** Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTU college of Engineering, Hyderabad, INDIA.
A. *** JAYA LAXMI
ABSTRACT
A new method for detection of power quality disturbance is proposed: first, the original signals are de-noised by the
wavelet transform; second, the beginning and ending time of the disturbance can be detected in time, third,
determining the cause of power quality disturbances using various approaches such as Multi Resolution Analysis (MRA) or
DiscreteWavelet Transforms (DWT) In this paper, wavelet transformis proposed toidentify thepower quality disturbanceat
its instance of occurrence. Power quality disturbances like sag, swell, interruption, DC offset, frequency variation and
harmonics areconsidered and aredecomposed up to4 levels using Db4 wavelet. For somedisturbances it is sufficient to
have only second or third level of decomposition. The exact location of the disturbance can also be found on the time
scale. The application to a case study shows that this method is fast, sensitive, and practical for detection and
identification of power quality disturbance.
Key Words: Power Quality (PQ), Multi Resolution Analysis (MRA), Daubechies (Db), DiscreteWavelet Transform(DWT).
G. TULASI RAM DAS**
INTRODUCTION
Electric Power Quality (PQ) is a very important issue as far
the power supply utilization is concerned. It is the measure
of electric power supply quality reached to the customer
end for their specific utilization. Voltage levels, Harmonics,
Flickering, distortion of wavearethekey parameters which
decide the power quality. If these parameters are not
healthy, then it is considered as poor quality of power
supply. In order to improve electric power quality, the
sources and causes of disturbances must be known
before appropriate mitigating action can be taken and
continuous recording of disturbance waveforms is
necessary. Unfortunately, most of these recorders rely on
vi sual i nspecti on of data r ecor d cr eati ng an
unprecedented volume of data to be inspected by
engineers.[1] Wavelet Transform (WT) is a mathematical
tool, which provides an automatic detection of Power
Quality Disturbance (PQD) waveforms, especially using
Daubechies family . Several types of Wavelets Network
algorithms have been considered for detection of power
quality problems. But both time and frequency
i nformati on' s are avai l abl e by Mul ti Resol uti on
Analysis(MRA) alone[1].
1. LiterarureReview
A power quality problem can best be described as any
variations in the electrical power service, such as voltage
dips, fluctuations, momentary interruptions, harmonics
and transients, resulting in maloperation or failure of end-
user equipment. Wavelet Transform provides the time-
scale analysis of the non-stationary signal[1][2]. It
decomposes the signal to time scale representation
rather than time- frequency representation. Wavelet
transform (WT) expands a signal into several scales
belonging to different frequency regions by using
translation (shift in time) and dilation (compression in time)
of a fixed wavelet function known as Mother Wavelet.
Wavelet based signal processing technique is one of the
new tools for power system transient analysis and power
quality disturbance classification and also transmission
line protection. The Discrete Wavelet Transform and Multi
Resolution Analysis (MRA) provides a short window for high
frequency components and long window for low
frequency components and hence provides an excellent
time frequency resolution. This allows wavelet transform
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discriminations, optics earthquake predictions, radar,
human vision, and in pure mathematics applications
such as solving partial differential equations.
The wavelet transform, as frequencies increases, the time
resolution increases; like wise, as frequency decrease, the
frequency resolution increases. Thus a certain high
frequency component can be located more accurately
in time then a low frequency component can be located
more accurately in the time a low frequency component
and a low frequency component can be located more
accurately in frequency compared to high frequency
component[4]. The extensive use of the wavelet transform
in various fields is duetoits variety of properties
3. Scaling and Shifting
Scal i ng a wavel et si mpl y means stretchi ng (or
Compressing) it. The parameter scale in the wavelet
analysis is similar tothescaleusedin maps.
As the case of maps, high scales corresponding to a non
detailed global view, and low scales correspond to a
detail view. Similarly, in terms of frequency, low
frequencies correspond to global information of the
signal, where as high frequencies correspond to detailed
information of hidden pattern in thesignal.
To go beyond colloquial descriptions such as stretching,
weintroducethescale, often denoteby theletter .:
4. Shifting
Shi f t i ng a wavel et means del ayi ng i t s onset.
Mathematically, delaying a function f(t) by k represented
by f (t-k). Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) & Multi-
Resolution Analysis (MRA).
Wavelets have been applied successfully in a wide variety
of research areas such as signal analysis, image
processing, datacompression, de-noising andnumerical
solution of differential equations [5]. In recent years,
wavelet analysis techniques have been proposed
extensively in the literature as a new tool for fault
detection, localization and classification of different
power system transients.
In this paper we present the wavelet-multi-resolution
analysis as a newtool for extracting the distortion features.
The MRA is a tool that utilizes the DWT to represent the time
for analysis of signals with localizedtransient components.
In this paper, other transformation techniques like Fast
Fourier Transforms andtheir comparison with Wavelets was
done in terms of Exactness in retrieving the information
was done. And a brief review about the DWT and MRA was
dealt. With the help of MATLAB/ Simulink in a transmission
linethedisturbances wereintroducedfor analysis. With the
help of Daubechies as mother Wavelet decomposition
was doneusing MATLAB-Wavelet Toolbox uptofourth level,
according to the accuracy of information obtained.
Finally thedetection of all thesix types of disturbances was
done.
2. Wavelet Transforms
Fourier Transforms gives information about the frequency
contents of the signal. But it doesn't give information
about the time of occurrence of the frequency. Hence
suitable for stationary signal analysis where frequency
component doesn't vary with time.
A wavelet is a transient signal that can be defined as an
oscillatory function, or a non-stationary signal which has a
zero mean, and decays quickly to zero. The wavelets are
functions that satisfy certain mathematical requirements
and are used in representing data or other functions .The
fundamental idea behind wavelets is to analyze
according toscale[3].
The wavelet transform procedure is to adopt a wavelet
prototype function, called an analyzing wavelet or
mother wavelet .frequency analysis is performed with
contracted, high frequency version of the prototype
wavelet and a dilated, low frequency version of the
prototypewavelet Figure1.
Other applied fields that are making use of wavelets are
astronomy , acoustics , nuclear engineering, sub band
coding ,signal and image processing neurophysiology,
musi c magneti c resonance i magi ng , speech
Figure 1. Wavelet Transform
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the sampling rate compression and data reduction in
detail coefficients are achieved by discarding every
second sample resulting from convolution process. Since
half of the data is discarded (decimation by 2), there is a
possibility of losing information (aliasing); however the
wavelet and the scaling function coefficients (h (n) and
1
h (n) ) will act as digital filters that limit the band of the input
0
c andprevent aliasing.
j+1
5. Daubechies Family Wavelets
As per IEEE standards, Daubechies wavelet transform is
very accurate for analyzing Power Quality Disturbances
among all the wavelet families, for transient faults. The
names of the Daubechies family wavelets are written as
DbN, where N is the order, and db the "surname" of the
wavelet. (Figure4)
6. Circuit For Creating Power Quality Disturbance Signals
Using Simulink
Power Quality Disturbances That Are Analyzed (Figure 5)
Using DWT-MRAarelistedas follows[7-9],
domain signal f ( t ) can be mapped into the wavelet
domain and represented at different resolution levels in
terms of thefollowingexpansion coefficients,
C =[C |d | d |--- d | ] (1)
signal 0 0 1 f-n
Where, d, represent the detail coefficients at different
i
resolution levels, and C , presents the last approximate
0
coefficients. Wavelet transform can be achieved by
convolution and decimation. The detail coefficients d,
j
and the approximated coefficients c can be used to
j
reconstruct a detailed version D and an approximated
1
version A , of signal f(t ) at that scale. Effectively the
1
wavelet coefficients h(n) and the scaling function
coefficients h (n) will act as high pass and low pass digital
0
filters respectively. The frequency responses H () and
0
H () of the mother wavelet Daubechies (Db4) and its
1
scaling function are shown in Figure 2. These two functions
dividethespectrum of theinput signal f( t ) equally [ 5-6].
Decimation (or down sampling) (Figure 3) is an efficient
multi-rate digital processing technique for changing the
sampling frequency of a signal in the digital domain and
efficiently compressing the data. As indicated in Figure 2,
Figure 2. Comparison between Sinusoidal wave and a Wavelet
Figure 3. Four level multi resolution signal decomposition
Figure 4. Daubechies family wavelets
Figure 5. Simulation Diagram
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Voltagesag / under voltage/ sustainedUnder Voltage
Voltageswell/ over voltage/ sustainedOver Voltage
D.C.Offset
Power frequency variation
Interruption
Hormonics of order seven
Results
The disturbance signals (Figure 6) generated Using the
simulation diagram are as follows. The decomposed
signals areshown as follows in thenext set of figures,
Figure 7. (a sag with 30% load )
Figure 7. (b) Swell with 30% load
Figure 7. ( c) D.C. Offset
Figure 7. (d) Frequency Variation
Figure 7. (e) Interruption
Figure 7. (f) Harmonics of order 7
Figure 7. (a),(b),(c),(d),(e),(f) Wavet decomposition of Power Quality Disturbances using Db4 & level4.
(a) (b)
( c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 6. (a) Sag with 30%load, (b) Swell with 30% load,
( c) D.C Offset,(d) Frequency variation, (e) Interruption,
(f) Harmonics of order 7.
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[3]. O. Rioul and M. Vetterli, "Wavelets and Signal
Processing," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 8, pp.
14-38, Oct. 1991.
[ 4] . Jai deva C. Goswami , Andr ew K. Chan,
Fundamentals of Wavelets, Theory, Algorithms, and
Applications, 1999, IPEC, Tokyo, 1983, 1375-1382.EPE
1991, pp3-030to3-035.
[5]. M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim and J.-M Poggi,
Wavelet Toolbox For Use With Matlab: user's guide version
3., Mathworks Inc., 2006.
[6]. M. Karimi, et al, Wavelet based on-line disturbance
detection for power quality applications, lEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, 01.15, No. 4, pp.1212-1220OCT'2000.
[7]. S. Santoso, et al, Power quality assessment via
wavelet transform analysis, IEEE Trans. an Power Delivery,
Vol.11, No. 2, pp. 924- 930, April 1996.
[8]. M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality
Problems. Piscataway,NJ: IEEE Press, 2000.
[9]. W. A. Wilkinson and M. D. Cox, Discrete wavelet
analysis of power system transients, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 20382044, Nov. 1996.
Conclusion
Power system events may be classified by quantity and
duration of power quality disturbances in Figures
7(a),(b),(c),(d),(e)&(f). This paper has presented a method
to detect the disturbed voltage waveforms of arbitrary
sampling rate and number of cycles. Even the visual
observations can state the occurrence and the duration
of disturbancevery easily.
Hence we can conclude that the wavelet MRA can
effectively detect any typeof PQDat afaster rate.
Acknowledgements
Theauthors wouldliketothank theofficials of JNTU College
of Engg., Hyderabadfor providingthefacilities tocarry out
this work.
References
[1]. M. Sushama, Dr. G. Tulasi Ram Das, Dr. A.Jaya Laxmi
Mitigation of Voltage Sags with Dynamic Voltage
Restorer Using Wavelets Presented at the international
nd th
ConfernceRACE2007 duringMAR 22 -24 2007.
[2]. C. Sidney Bums, Ramesh A. Gopinath, Haitao Guo,
Introduction toWavelets andWaveletTransforms. 1998.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
M.Sushama is currently working as Associate Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering in the Department of EEE, JNTU
College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.She obtained her B.Tech degree in 1993 and M.Tech degree in 2003 with a
specialization in Electrical Power Systems fromJAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY , INDIA. She obtained her Ph.D.
fromJNTUH, Hyderabad, India in 2009 in the area of Power Quality using Wavelet Transforms. Joined as Assistant Professor in the
Department of EEE, JNTU College of Engg., Anantapur, in the year 1995. She had 14 years of teaching experience. During her
teaching career she taught various subjects like C language & Data Strucures, Microprocessors and Micro controllers, Artificial
Neural Networs & Fuzzy systems, etc. apart from almost all Electrical Engineering related subjects which includes Electrical
Machines, Power systems. She has published 11 international papers in various IEEE sponsored conferences, 8 International
journal papers and one article in Electrical INDIA. Her research interests include Power Quality, Wavelet Transforms, Neural &
Fuzzy expert Systems.
G.Tulasi RamDas is currently working as a Professor at J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Hyderabad India. He received his B.Tech
degree is in Electrical Electronics Engineering from J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India in 1983 and M.E with
Industrial Drives & Control fromO.U College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India in 1986. He received the PhD, degree fromthe
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India in 1996. He is having 21 years of teaching and research experience. He held
positions of Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg., Vice-Principal and Principal of JNTU College of Engineering,
Hyderabad. His Research interests are Power Electronics, Industrial Drives & FACTS Devices. He has supervised 5 Ph.D. theses and
6 Ph.D. theses are under progress. He has published/presented 40 technical research papers in national and international
conferences and journals. Hehas visited countries namely, Singapore, Malaysia and Eastern States of US.
A. Jaya laxmi is presently working as Associate Professor, JNTU College of Engineering, Hyderabad. She completed her B.Tech.
(EEE) fromOsmania University College of Engineering, Hyderabad in 1991, M. Tech.(Power Systems) fromREC Warangal, Andhra
Pradesh in 1996 and completed Ph.D.(Power Quality) fromJawaharlal Nehru Technological University College of Engineering,
Hyderabad in 2007. She has five years of Industrial experience and 8 years of teaching experience. She has worked as Visiting
Faculty at Osmania University College of Engineering, Hyderabad. She has one International Journal to her credit. She has 18
International and 5 National papers published in various conferences held at India and also abroad. She has 5 international
journal papers to her credit. Her research interests are Neural Networks, Power Systems & Power Quality. She was awarded Best
Technical Paper Award for Electrical Engineering in Institution of Electrical Engineers in the year 2006. Dr. A. Jaya laxmi is a
Member of Institution of Electrical Engineers Calcutta (M.I.E) and also Member of Indian Society of Technical Education
(M.I.S.T.E).
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