COMP 6350 eCommerce Systems

Alexander Nikov
3. eCommerce Infrastructure
3-2
Teaching Objectives
Discuss the origins of the Internet.
Identify the key technology concepts behind the Internet.
Describe the role of Internet protocols and utility programs.
Explain the current structure of the Internet.
Explain the limitations of todays Internet.
Describe the potential capabilities of Internet II.
Explain how the World Wide Web works.
Describe how Internet and Web features and services
support eCommerce.
Explain the impact of mCommerce applications
Augment My Reality
Class Discussion
Have you used any augmented reality
applications such as Wikitude.me? If so, has it
been useful; if not, is it a service that seems
interesting? Why or why not?
Are there any privacy issues raised by geo-
tagging?
What are the potential benefits to consumers and
firms of mobile services? Are there any
disadvantages?
What revenue models could work for providers of
mobile services such as Layar?
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Outline
1. The Internet: Technology Background
2. The Internet Today
3. Internet II: The Future Infrastructure
4. The Web
5. The Internet and the Web: Features and services
3-4
The Internet: Technology Background
Internet
Interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of
computers
Links businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and
individuals
World Wide Web (Web)
One of the Internets most popular services
Provides access to around billions, possibly trillions, of Web pages
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The eCommerce infrastructure
E-commerce application Web application
World Wide Web
Internet
Data communication network
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1.1. The Evolution of the Internet
1961The Present
Innovation Phase, 19641974
Creation of fundamental building blocks
Institutionalization Phase, 19751994
Large institutions provide funding and legitimization
Commercialization Phase,1995present
Private corporations take over, expand Internet backbone and
local service
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1.2. The Internet: Key Technology Concepts
Defined by Federal Networking Commission
as network that:
Uses IP addressing
Supports TCP/IP
Provides services to users, in manner similar to telephone system
Three important concepts:
1. Packet switching
2. TCP/IP communications protocol
3. Client/server computing
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1.2.1. Packet Switching
Slices digital messages into packets
Sends packets along different communication paths as
they become available
Reassembles packets once they arrive at destination
Uses routers
Special purpose computers that interconnect the computer networks that make
up the Internet and route packets
Routing algorithms ensure packets take the best available path toward their
destination
Less expensive, wasteful than circuit-switching
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Packet Switching
Figure 3.3, Page 127
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Packet switching
Objective:
Efficiently utilize
bandwidth
Process
Break message into
packets
Transmit packets
independently
Multiple messages
share line
Reassemble message
at receiving end
Packet A1 Packet A2 Packet A3
MessageA
Packet A1 Packet A2 Packet A3
MessageA
Packet A3 Packet Packet
Packet Packet A2 Packet
Open Packet Packet
Packet A1 Packet Open
Packet Packet Open
Packet Packet Packet
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A messages packets can follow different paths
Router 3
Router 4
Router 6
Router 7 Router 9
Router 8 Router 1
Router 2
Router 4
Router 5
Router 5
Router 5
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Packets and Internet Protocols
Protocols are pieces of software that run on every node or computer and
allow every pair of computers to communicate directly without having to
know much about each other, except for the IP address
Protocols govern communication between peer processes on different
systems
Differing client browser and Web server
Protocols used in connection with the Internet include many functions
and the TCP/IP protocol suite
1.2.2 TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
Establishes connections between sending and
receiving Web computers
Handles assembly of packets at point of
transmission, and reassembly at receiving end
Internet Protocol (IP):
Provides the Internets addressing scheme
Four TCP/IP Layers
1. Network Interface Layer
2. Internet Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer
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The TCP/IP model.
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
The top two layers work with
the message.
The bottomtwo layers work with
packets and control the network.
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The TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol Suite
Figure 3.4,
Page 129
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Application Layer
Communicates with the actual application in use
Standards at the application layer specify how two application programs
should communicate
The main standard hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
Hypertext markup language (HTML) is a standard set of codes
representing text or graphics
The application layer is where the user begins to do something useful
Simple network management protocol (SNMP) is a protocol that controls
network devices at the application layer
Domain naming service (DNS) is software that converts IP addresses
into easy-to-remember names for the user
The application layer protocols support
application programs.
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
FTP
POP
telnet
SNMP
http SMTP
Other DNS
Fromapplication program
To transport layer
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Some common application layer protocols.
Acronym
FTP
HTTP
POP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet
Hypertext transfer protocol
File transfer protocol
Name
Post office protocol
Simple mail transfer
protocol
Simple network
management protocol
Terminal emulation
protocol
Send an e-mail message fromthe originator's
computer to the recipient's mail server.
Function
Download a file fromor upload a file to
another computer.
Request and download a web page. HTTP is
the standard Web surfing protocol.
Deliver accumulated mail froma mail server
to the recipient's computer.
Monitor the activity of a network's hardware
and software components.
Log into a remote computer. Systemoperators
use telnet to remotely control a server.
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The application layer FTP protocol adds a
header.
FTP request
FTP
header
FTP request
Application program
Application layer
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Presentation and Session Layers
Presentation Layer
The networks translator
Converts data into a format for network
transmission and converts incoming data into a
format the receiving application can understand
Session Layer
Facilitates a session between two parties to
communicate across a network
Keeps track of the status of the exchange and
ensures that only designated parties are allowed to
participate
Enforces security protocols
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Transport Layer
Manages the transmission or flow of data between two computers or
across a network
Manages the data flow is by segmenting data into multiple packets
Acknowledges successful transmissions and requests retransmission if
packets are damaged or arrive in error
Breaks the connection when transmission ends
Standard for the transport layer is the transmission control protocol
(TCP)
The next layer down is the transport layer.
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
TCP
Other
transport
protocol
Fromapplication layer
To Internet layer
The transport layer usually uses the TCP protocol.
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TCP adds its own header.
TCP
header
FTP request
FTP
header
FTP request
FTP
header
FTP request
Application program
Application layer
Transport layer
(each packet)
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Network (Internet) Layer
Routes messages across multiple nodes
Handles network congestion
Standard for routing packets is the Internet Protocol (IP)
Resends lost packets automatically
Defines how data are subdivided into packets
The Internet layer uses the Internet protocol (IP)
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
IP
Fromtransport layer
To network access layer
ARP
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IP adds its own header.
FTP request
FTP
header
TCP
header
IP
header
TCP
header
FTP request
FTP
header
FTP request
FTP
header
FTP request
Application program
Application layer
Transport layer
(each packet)
Internet layer
(each packet)
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Data Link Layer
The basement of the Internet
Messages at the data link layer are called data frames the
basic unit of Internet traffic
Another way of sending packets is over an Ethernet
Framing and error detection are handled automatically by
Ethernet hardware
Ethernet broadcasts a message to all the computers
linked to it, but only the computer with the right address
broadcasts an answer
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Physical Layer
Lowest layer in the journey of a message from source to
destination
Converts bits into signals for outgoing messages and
signals into bits for incoming messages
The network
access layer
adds another
header.
FTP request
FTP
header
TCP
header
IP
header
TCP
header
FTP request
FTP
header
FTP request
FTP
header
FTP request
Applicationprogram
Applicationlayer
Transport layer
(eachpacket)
Internet layer
(eachpacket)
FTP request
FTP
header
TCP
header
IP
header
Network
header
Network access
layer
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1.2.3 Internet (IP) Addresses
A Web sites address includes the name of the host computers link the
Web site resides on
Each host is identified by a unique host number (called an IP address)
and by a name that is easier to remember than the number
IPv4:
32-bit number
Expressed as series of four sets of separate numbers marked off by
periods
201.61.186.227
Class C address: Network identified by first three sets, computer
identified by last set
IPv6:
128-bit addresses, able to handle up to 1 quadrillion addresses
(IPv4 can only handle 4 billion)
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1.2.4 Domain Names, DNS, and URLs
Domain Name
IP address expressed in natural language
Domain Name System (DNS)
Allows numeric IP addresses to be expressed in natural
language
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Address used by Web browser to identify location of content on
the Web
E.g., http://www.azimuth-interactive.com/flash_test
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How to Pick a Domain Name
Pointer for picking domain names
If you sell bricks, pick a domain name containing a word like brick
Consider name length and ease of remembering the name
Hyphens to force search engines to see keywords in your domain
name
Make sure the domain name is easy for Web users to remember and
find
The domain name should suggest the nature of your product or
service
The domain name should serve as a trademark
The domain name should be free of legal conflicts
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How to Register a Domain Name
Check if the domain name you propose has been taken
www.FasterWhois.com
One of the most popular and reliable registration sites is
www.internic.net/alpha.html
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Host Naming
A host name is an Internet address consisting of text labels
separated by dots
Host name is people friendly
Host names used instead of IP addresses or host numbers
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Networks and Numbers
Host number divided into two parts
Network part - 2 octets
Local part - 2 octets
University of Virginia host number
191 . 170 . 64 . 12
network local
part part
All UVa addresses begin with 191 . 170
64 identifies a subnet at UVa
12 is the machine on the subnet
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Networks and Sizes
Networks are classified in three sizes:
Class A (large)
Class B (medium)
Class C (small)
Class D is a multicast network
The initial bits of the IP address tells the size of the network
host
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IP Address Classes
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Zones and Domain Names
An Internet name is decoded from right to left
Zone name is the last (rightmost) part of a domain name preceded by a
dot, specifying the type of domain name
Zones are classified in two ways:
Three-letter zone names
Two-letter zone names
Domain name is a Web address that contains two or more word groups
separated by periods
www.virginia.com => domain name
.com => zone
A domain name consists of two to four words
separated by dots.
sbaserver1.sba.muohio.edu
Server within SBA sub-domain
SBA sub-domain
Miami University domain
Top-level domain
Domain: a set of nodes administered as a unit.
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The parts of a
domain name are
structured as a
hierarchy.
edu
134
com org
muohio
134.53
sba
134.53.40
cas
134.53.54
sbaserver1
134.53.40.2
sbadata
134.53.40.4
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Top-level domain names.
Domain Signifies Domain Signifies
aero Air-transport industry au Australia
biz Business organization br Brazil
com US commercial ca Canada
coop Coooeratives cn China
edu US educational de Germany
info Unrestricted fi Finland
gov US government fr France
mil US military gb Great Britian
museum Museums in India
name Individuals it Italy
net US network jp J apan
org US non-profit ru Russia
pro Professionals za South Africa

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An IP address.
134.53.40.2
Server within SBA domain
SBA domain
Miami University domain
Top-level domain
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A domain name and an IP address convey the
same information.
Physical transmission requires IP address
Domain name system converts domain name to
equivalent IP address
sbaserver1.sba.muohio.edu 134.53.40.2
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Well-known port assignments
Port Used for:
5 RJ E (Remote J ob Entry)
20 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) data
21 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) control
23 TELNET (Terminal emulator)
25 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
79 FINGER (Given e-mail address, identify user)
80 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
110 POP3 (Post Office Protocol, Version 3)
119 NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)
Port: endpoint of a logical connection
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TCP/IP address translation
DNS
Domain name to IP
ARP
IP to MAC address
Map logical domain
name to physical
device.
MAC address
Final node
Not directly on Internet
Domain Name
System(DNS)
IP address
Address
Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
MAC address
domain name
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Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP and
Packet Switching
Figure 3.5, Page 130
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1.2.5. Client/Server Computing
Powerful personal computers (clients) connected in
network with one or more servers
Servers perform common functions for the clients
Storing files
Software applications,
Access to printers, etc.
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Client/Server Network
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Pros and Cons of Client/Server Network
The New Client:
The Emerging Mobile Platform
Within a few years, primary Internet access will be
through:
Tablets
Overtaken netbook sales
Smartphones
Disruptive technology:
Processors, operating systems
25% of all cell phones
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Cloud Computing
Firms and individuals obtain computing power and
software over Internet
E.g., Google Apps
Fastest growing form of computing
Radically reduces costs of:
Building and operating Web sites
Infrastructure, IT support
Hardware, software
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1.3 Other Internet Protocols and Utility
Programs
Internet protocols
HTTP
E-mail: SMTP, POP3, IMAP
FTP, Telnet, SSL
Utility programs
Ping
Tracert
Pathping
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Outline
1. The Internet: Technology Background
2. The Internet Today
3. Internet II: The Future Infrastructure
4. The Web
5. The Internet and the Web: Features and services
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The Internet Today
Internet growth has boomed without disruption because
it is based on:
Client/server computing model
Hourglass, layered architecture
Network Technology Substrate
Transport Services and Representation Standards
Middleware Services
Applications
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The Hourglass
Model of the
Internet
Figure 3.11, Page 139
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SOURCE: Adapted fromComputer Science and
Telecommunications Board (CSTB), 2000.
2.1 Internet Network Architecture
Backbone:
High-bandwidth fiber-optic cable networks
Private networks owned by a variety of NSPs
Bandwidth: 155 Mbps2.5 Gbps
Built-in redundancy
IXPs: Hubs where backbones intersect with regional and
local networks, and backbone owners connect with one
another
CANs: LANs operating within a single organization that
leases Internet access directly from regional or national
carrier
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Internet Network Architecture
Figure 3.12, Page 145
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Internet Basics
The Internet is a network of networks
Network is any-to-any communications
Each station on the network has a unique address (much like a phone
number) called an IP address
Routers and switches forward traffic between network segments
Protocols are rules that govern the way a network operates:
How data travel in packets
How electrical signals represent data on a network cable
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Network Components
Network Interface Card
A card installed in a slot in the PC to allow communication between
the PC and other PCs in the LAN and beyond
To communicate over a telephone line the PC needs a modem, a
device that converts digital signals into analog format for outgoing
transmission and converts incoming messages from analog to digital
format for computer processing
Hubs and Switches
Hub is a piece of hardware that operates at the OSI physical layer
and acts as a connecting point
Switch is a piece of hardware that offers a direct connection to a
particular PC
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Network Components (cont'd)
Routers
A piece of hardware that operates at the OSI Internet layer, linking
the network into little chunks called network segments
Usually intelligent and evaluate the network traffic and can stop
local traffic from entering and causing congestion
Make intelligent path choices
Filter out packets that need not be received
Expensive and difficult to operate
Gateways
A special-purpose computer that allows communication between
dissimilar systems on the network
2.2 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Provide lowest level of service to individuals,
small businesses, some institutions
Types of service
Narrowband (dial-up)
Broadband
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Cable modem
T1 and T3
Satellite
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2.3 Intranets and Extranets
Intranet
TCP/IP network located within a single organization for
communications and processing
Extranet
Formed when firms permit outsiders to access their
internal TCP/IP networks
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Basic Extranet Layout
Outline
1. The Internet: Technology Background
2. The Internet Today
3. Internet II: The Future Infrastructure
4. The Web
5. The Internet and the Web: Features and services
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Internet II: The Future Infrastructure
Limitations of current Internet
Bandwidth limitations
Quality of service limitations
Latency
Best effort QOS
Network architecture limitations
Language development limitations
HTML
Wired Internet limitations
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The Last Mile: Mobile Wireless Internet
Access
Last mile: From Internet backbone to users
computer, cell phone, PDA, etc.
Two different basic types of wireless Internet access:
1. Telephone-based (mobile phones, smartphones)
2. Computer network-based
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Wireless Technology
Data communication without physical attachments
Three types of wireless data transmission technology:
Mi c r ow ave transmission is used to connect LANs in separate
buildings that must be within the line of sight of each other
Radi o technology by radio frequency with no distance limitations
I nf r ar ed transmission operates at frequencies approaching the
speed of light
Wireless communication.
Both POTS and
wireless use the
same long distance
infrastructure.
Telephone
A lice
Mobileswitchingcenter
M obile switching center
Longdistance
network
Trunk
Trunk
Radio tower
Hub
Basestation
Telephone
Bob
Radio tower
Hub
Basestation
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Telephone-based Wireless
Internet Access
Competing 3G standards
GSM: Used primarily in Europe
CDMA: Used primarily in the United States
Evolution:
2G cellular networks: relatively slow, circuit-switched
2.5G cellular networks: interim networks
3G cellular networks: next generation, packet-switched
3.5G (3G+)
4G (WiMax, LTE)
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Wireless Internet Access Networks
Wi-Fi
High-speed, fixed broadband wireless technologies (WLANs), different
versions for home and business market, limited range
WiMax
High-speed, medium range broadband wireless metropolitan area
network
Bluetooth
Low-speed, short range connection
Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
Low power, short-range high bandwidth network
Zigbee
Short-range, low-power wireless network technology for remotely
controlling digital devices
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Wi-Fi Networks
Figure 3.16, Page 158
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Outline
1. The Internet: Technology Background
2. The Internet Today
3. Internet II: The Future Infrastructure
4. The Web
5. The Internet and the Web: Features and services
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Development of the Web
19891991: Web invented
Tim Berners-Lee at CERN
HTML, HTTP, Web server, Web browser
1993: Mosaic Web browser w/GUI
Andreesen and others at NCSA
Runs on Windows, Macintosh, or Unix
1994: Netscape Navigator, first commercial Web
browser
Andreessen, J im Clark
1995: Microsoft Internet Explorer
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4.1 Hypertext
Text formatted with embedded links
Links connect documents to one another, and to other
objects such as sound, video, or animation files
Uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and URLs to
locate resources on the Web
Example URL
http://megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html
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4.2 Markup Languages
Generalized Markup Language (GML)1960s
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)early
GML,1986
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Fixed set of predefined markup tags used to format text
Controls look and feel of Web pages
HTML5 the newest version
eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
New markup language specification developed by W3C
Designed to describe data and information
Tags used are defined by user
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4.3 Web Servers and Web Clients
Web server software:
Enables a computer to deliver Web pages to clients on networks that request this
service by sending an HTTP request
Apache and Microsoft IIS
Basic capabilities: security services, FTP, search engine, data capture
Web server
Can refer to Web server software or physical server
Specialized servers: database servers, ad servers, etc.
Web client:
Any computing device attached to the Internet that is capable of making HTTP
requests and displaying HTML pages
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4.4 Web Browsers
Primary purpose to display Web pages
Firefox (38%), Googles Chrome (35%) and Internet
Explorer (20%) dominate the market
Other browsers include:
Safari (for Apple) 4%
Opera 3%
Source: http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_stats.asp, 5 Feb 2012
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Top Worldwide Browsers
Source: http://gs.statcounter.com/#browser-ww-monthly-201108-201208 5-Sep-2012
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Top North America Browsers
Source: http://gs.statcounter.com/#browser-na-monthly-201108-201208 5-Sep-2012
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Top European Browsers
Source: http://gs.statcounter.com/#browser-eu-monthly-201108-201208 5-Sep-2012
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Top South America Browsers
Source: http://gs.statcounter.com/#browser-sa-monthly-201108-201208 5-Sep-2012
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Top TT Browsers
Source: http://gs.statcounter.com/#browser-TT-monthly-201108-201208 / 25-Sep-2012
Outline
1. The Internet: Technology Background
2. The Internet Today
3. Internet II: The Future Infrastructure
4. The Web
5. The Internet and the Web: Features and
services
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The Internet and Web: Features
Internet and Web features on which the foundations of e-
commerce are built include:
E-mail
Instant messaging
Search engines
Intelligent agents (bots)
Online forums and chat
Streaming media
Cookies
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5.1 E-mail
Most used application of the Internet
Uses series of protocols for transferring messages
with text and attachments (images, sound, video
clips, etc.,) from one Internet user to another
Instant Messaging
Displays words typed on a computer almost
instantly, and recipients can then respond
immediately in the same way
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E-mail and the Intranet
E-mail is what intranets are best known for
3.4 billion email accounts worldwide
(Source: 25-Sep-2012
technology market research firm The Radicati Group
E-mail is becoming smarter: It now can direct specific messages to defined
folders and be a place to check voice, text, and fax messages
Intranets inherit Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) from the TCP/IP
suite to operate e-mail
E-mail is a potential threat for employers
Confidentiality breaches
Legal liability
Lost productivity
Damage to company reputation
Important for a firm to create an e-mail usage policy and make sure the
policy is actually implemented
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Spamming and Appropriate E-mail Use
Spamming is sending unwanted advertisements or literature
through e-mail or the Internet
Companies have been overwhelmed by e-mail traffic, and
spam is out of control
Spot checks are no longer adequate
Trend is more toward systematic monitoring of e-mail traffic
using content-monitoring software
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Spamming and Appropriate E-mail Use (Contd)
Spamming is nearly impossible to eliminate, but solutions
exist:
Blacklist the sender; obtain a spammers address and
block any e-mail from that address
Accept e-mail only from a list of approved addresses
Look for signs of spam
Use anti-spam software
5.2 Instant Messaging
Sometimes the rapid response of e-mail is not fast enough
Instant messaging is one alternative medium
IM is an electronic communication system that involves immediate
correspondence between two or more users who are all online
simultaneously
Displays words typed on a computer almost instantly, and recipients
can then respond immediately in the same way
Different proprietary systems offered by AOL, MSN, Yahoo, and
Google
Meebo, Digsby: allow users to communicate across platforms
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5.3 Search Engines
Identify Web pages that match queries based on one or
more techniques
Keyword indexes, page ranking
Also serve as:
Shopping tools
Advertising vehicles (search engine marketing)
Tool within e-commerce sites
Outside of e-mail, most commonly used Internet activity
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Top Worldwide Search Engines
Source: http://gs.statcounter.com/#search_engine-ww-monthly-201208-201208-bar 5-Sep-2012
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Top TT Search Engines
Source: http://gs.statcounter.com/#search_engine-ww-monthly-201208-201208-bar 5-Sep-2012
How Google Works
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Figure 3.22, Page 180
5.4 Intelligent Agents (Bots)
Software programs that gather and/or filter information
on a specific topic and then provide a list of results
Search bot
Shopping bot
Web monitoring bot
News bot
Chatter bot
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5.5 Online Forums and Chat
Online forum:
AKA message board, bulletin board, discussion group,
board, or forum
Web application that enables Internet users to
communicate with each other, although not in real time
Members visit online forum to check for new posts
Online chat:
Similar to IM, but for multiple users
Typically, users log into chat room
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5.6 Streaming Media
Enables music, video, and other large files to be sent to
users in chunks so that when received and played, file
comes through uninterrupted
Allows users to begin playing media files before file is
fully downloaded
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5.7 Cookies
Small text files deposited by Web site on users
computer to store information about user, accessed
when user next visits Web site
Can help personalize Web site experience
Can pose privacy threat
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5.8 Web 2.0 Features and Services
Blogs
Personal Web page that typically contains a series of
chronological entries by its author, and links to related
Web pages
Really Simple Syndication (RSS)
Program that allows users to have digital content
automatically sent to their computers over the Internet
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Web 2.0 Features and Services
Podcasting
Audio presentation stored as an audio file and available
for download from Web
Wikis
Allows user to easily add and edit content on Web page
New music and video services
Videocasts
Digital video on demand
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Web 2.0 Features and Services
Internet telephony (VOIP)
Uses Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) and
Internets packet-switched network to transmit voice
and other forms of audio communication over the
Internet
Internet television (IPTV)
Telepresence and video conferencing
Online software and Web services
Web apps, widgets, and gadgets
Digital software libraries, distributed storage
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Mobile Apps
Use of mobile apps has exploded in 2011
48% of U.S. consumers use mobile devices to
research products and services
30% have made purchase using mobile devices
Platforms: iPhone/iPad, Android, Blackberry
App marketplaces: Android Market, Apples App Store,
RIMs App World
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Questions?
?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What are the three basic building blocks of the Internet?
2. Explain how packet switching works.
3. How is the TCP/IP protocol related to information transfer on the
Internet?
4. Why isnt the Internet overloaded? Will it ever be at capacity?
5. What are some of the major technological advancements that are
anticipated will accompany Internet II? Define and discuss the
importance of each.
6. Distinguish between:
a) Packets and IP addresses
b) Protocols and TCP/IP
c) routers and hubs
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1. What are the three basic building blocks of the
Internet?
The three basic building blocks are packet switching, the Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) communications protocol,
and client/server computing.
Packet switching is a method of splitting messages up into parcels,
routing them along available communications paths, and reassembling
them at the destination point.
The TCP protocol is the set of rules that specifies how these messages
should be formatted, ordered, compressed, and error-checked. The IP
protocol provides the addressing scheme for the Internet.
Client/server computing refers to networks of powerful client computers
that are connected to one or more server computers. The clients are
powerful enough to display, process, and store very large files including
graphics and sound files. The servers are dedicated to common
functions that all of the clients need including file storage, and they also
house many software applications and utility programs that the clients
frequently use.
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2. Explain how packet switching works.
In packet-switched networks, messages are broken up into
fragments (packets) and a digital code with the source address is
attached. Sequencing and error-control instructions are also
added.
Instead of being sent directly to their destination, the packets
travel between router computers that interconnect the thousands
of networks that make up the Internet.
The routers use programs called routing algorithms to ensure that
each packet takes the best available communication path toward
its destination. If some lines are disabled or busy, the packets can
be sent along any available line. At the destination point, the
packets are reassembled and delivered. This method enables
nearly full use of all of the available communication lines and
capacity.
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3. How is the TCP/IP protocol related to
information transfer on the Internet?
The TCP/IP protocol determines how messages are
formatted, compressed, and error-checked and how they
are addressed so that they reach the correct destination in
the correct order and format.
TCP establishes the connections between sending and
receiving computers, and it handles the assembly of packets
at the point of transmission and their reassembly at the
receiving end.
IP provides the Internets addressing scheme, and is
responsible for the actual delivery of the packets.
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4. Why isnt the Internet overloaded? Will it
ever be at capacity?
The Internet is not overloaded and will most likely not hit a
capacity ceiling because client/server computing is highly
extensible.
Capacity can be continually expanded by adding client
computers and server computers to the network. In this way,
the population of Internet users can continue to grow
indefinitely.
It is also not overloaded because the Internet architecture is
built in layers so that each layer can change without
disturbing developments in other layers. On the other hand,
network connections can reach a saturation point and slow
down Internet traffic.
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5. What are some of the major technological advancements
that are anticipated will accompany Internet II? Define and
discuss the importance of each.
First, a bandwidth explosion fueled by fiber optic technology, will allow
the Internet to move from narrowband to broadband digital service.
Second, wireless Web and 3G/4G technologies, will allow the Internet to
move from cable-based stationary service to mobile service.
Third, wireless LANS will allow laptop computers to be connected to
other computers, as well as to other digital devices including: home
appliances, vending machines, and remote sensors.
Fourth, new Internet appliances will make it possible to connect nearly
all the electronic devices in our lives to the Internet and to private
intranets. These new Internet appliances will include thin client
computing devices (PCs without hard drives), which rely totally on the
Internet server to handle all information processing. Lightweight,
portable, full-function tablet PCs (similar to the iPad) and handheld
devices will be able to activate and deactivate virtually any device that
can be connected to the Internet. This is expected to include home
appliancesTVs, stereos, telephones, games, security systems, cars,
and netbookswhich will be interconnected so that they can all be
controlled from one source.
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a)
A packet is the grouping of data for transmission on a network. In technical terms; it is a
sequence of bits that carries identifying information for transmitting the data as well as the data
itself. A single packet contains a header to keep track of the actual data it carries.
An IP address is a host number that identifies a node or a server on a network. It is comprised
of a 32-bit string that is broken down into four octets (each octet contains 8 bits).
b)
A protocol (in the IT arena) is a rule that governs how communication should be conducted
between two parties, two computers, or a source and a destination.
They are pieces of software that run on every node or computer and allow every pair of
computers to communicate without having to know much about each other, except for the IP
address.
TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. This is the most widely used
protocols suite used on the Internet. TCP/IP is not restricted to the Internet; it has quickly
become one of the most common protocol suites on networks.
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6. Distinguish between:
a) Packets and IP addresses
b) Protocols and TCP/IP
A router is a piece of network hardware that operates at the Internet layer of
the OSI model.
This piece of hardware allows you to connect network segments (or
subnets), so that the different LAN segments can talk to each other. Routers
are intelligent devices, in that they can evaluate the network traffic and can
stop local traffic from entering and causing congestion on other local area
networks. Routers are more expensive and difficult to operate than hubs.
They may be slower than hubs, since they must perform additional
processing on the data packet.
Hubs operate on the OSI physical layer. They act as a connecting point for
network devices. They are not intelligent devices, when compared to
routers, and cannot perform processing on packets as they pass through the
device. They are less expensive and easier to maintain than routers.
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6. Distinguish between:
c) routers and hubs