Important Questions:

1: What quantities define the state of gases?

2: What is the equation of state for an ideal gas?

3: How does water influx affect the p/z versus GP plot?

4: Which is the most efficient recovery mechanism for a gas reservoir? Why?

5: Why is it important to maintain the reservoir pressure of gas condensate reservoirs above the dew-point?

6: What is the basic difference between the hydrocarbon in place on one hand, and reserves and rate on the
other?

7: State the two methods for determining the hydrocarbon in place. What is the fundamental difference
between the two methods?

8: What are the main drive mechanisms?

9: State two factors on which rate of production depends.

10: What two reservoir engineering models are normally used to predict reservoir performance?

11: What are the main sources of reservoir engineering data?

12: How does a reservoir simulator resemble the tank-type model? How does it differ from it?

13: Why is it important to obtain accurate pressure values on wells? What is the difference between the
pressure value required by the tank-type model and the values required by the simulator?

14: When does hydrocarbon recovery become a non-isothermal process?

15: What equation is considered the equation of motion in reservoir engineering?

16: What are the limitations of Darcy's law?

17: What are the elements of the GOR equation?

18: Give a statement of the MBE.

19: Identify the various expansion terms in the MBE and their sources.

20: Wettability is an important factor in determining the response of an oil reservoir to waterflooding. What
is the difference between an oil-wet and a water-wet rock?

21: What two factors effect the rate of flow of a fluid through a rock?

22: What effect does grain size have on permeability?

23: What effect does sorting have on permeability? porosity?

24: In which way(s) can basement rocks become reservoirs?

25: Why do carbonate reservoirs frequently present more development problems than do sandstone ones?

26: List the five factors needed for commercial accumulations of petroleum to occur.

27: When commercially important natural gas is found, its generation can usually be related to either one of
two factors. What are they?

28: List three of the four common rock types that can be source rocks for petroleum.

29: What factors lead to a high degree of primary porosity and permeability of a sandstone reservoir?

30: When reservoirs are found in rock types other than sandstone or carbonate, where is the oil usually
contained?

31: List the three major categories of petroleum traps. What trap type overwhelmingly accounts for most of
the world's known reserves?

32: What two rock types are most important in forming caprocks or seals?

33: Fill in the following blanks using one (or more) of the gas categories:
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Hydrogen sulfide
C. Inert gases.
_____ can form both inorganically and organically.
_____ is poisonous and highly corrosive.
_____ can usually be found in trace amounts in hydrocarbons, but not often is there more than a trace.
_____ forms during the oxidation of organic material.
_____ is the controlling factor in classifying gas or oil as sweet or sour.
_____ is often associated with evaporites within a hydrocarbon province.
_____ can only form inorganically (for example near volcanic plugs).
34: A) What are the conditions under which gas hydrates form?
B) What are the two known environments of deposition of hydrates?
C) Do clathrates contain more or less gas than a free-gas-filled pore system?
D) What are the two major problems in producing natural gas from gas hydrates?
E) What is the present (indirect) economic significance of clathrates?

35: How does API gravity (in degrees) relate to density (as measured by specific gravity)? to viscosity?

36: In addition to the four major constituents of crude oil (paraffins, resins/asphaltenes, aromatics and
naphthenes), there are three major elements and one group of compounds which are also found as trace
amounts within hydrocarbons. What are they?

37: What are the four major causes for alteration of crude oil?

38: List the four types of subsurface waters, and give a one sentence definition for each.

39: a.) How does salinity vary with depth?
b.) What causes reversals of this vertical salinity trend?

40: There are two basic types of subsurface pressures which together constitute the total overburden
pressure. What are they?

41: Below is a listing of causes of subnormal (under) or supernormal (over) pressures. Label each with
either the "underpressure" or overpressure" which they would cause.
_______ is caused by an artesian water system.
_______ is caused by diagenesis, where water is expelled.
_______ is caused by thermal expansion of water.
_______ is caused by an increase in pore volume by decompression or fracturing.
_______ is caused by under compaction of shale.
_______ is caused by an increase in pore volume due to dissolution of mineral cements.
_______ is caused by a lowering of reservoir temperature.

42: What is the difference between gross pay and net pay, and why is it important?

43: Why are many more giant oil fields known in anticlines than in all other trap types?

44: Why are stratigraphic traps generally smaller than structural traps?

45: Why do carbonate reservoirs frequently present more development problems than do sandstone ones?

46: What three factors are mainly involved in secondary migration?

47: Describe the functions of the drilling fluid.

48: List the basic completion configurations.

49: Describe the major differences between an acid stimulation and a hydraulic fracturing treatment

50: Briefly describe the type of laboratory test(s) commonly conducted on core samples to measure the
following petrophysical properties of interest in Reservoir characterization studies.
Properties
Porosity
Permeability
Pore size distribution
Capillary pressure
Relative permeability
Briefly describe the type of laboratory test(s) commonly conducted on core samples to measure the
following petrophysical properties of interest in Reservoir characterization studies.

51: How can all of the individual petrophysical measurements be organized to define their distribution in
the reservoir?

52: Briefly summarize the major steps in a reservoir characterization study.

53: List some of the various petrophysical and production data maps and other engineering tools or data
that can provide additional in formation for a reservoir characterization study.

54: What are some of the major uses for a reservoir characterization study?

55: What are the Basic Steps of a Simulation Study?