Mubeen Presentation

Solar-Lo-Chemlcal Lnergy Converslon
Syed Mubeen
ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry/Chemlcal Lnglneerlng
unlverslLy of Callfornla, SanLa 8arbara
lLL 8esearch 8evlew
Apr 29, 2014

1
Colleagues:
ur. !oun Lee
Mr. nlrala Slngh
Mr. ueyu Llu
Mr. 1akashl Cnoe
ur. SLephan kraemer
ls:
rof. Lrlc W. Mclarland
rof. Marun MoskovlLs
rof. Calen u. SLucky
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Cur goals and approach
!"# %&#'()) *+() ls Lo esLabllsh a lnLerdlsclpllnary eorL Lo advance fundamenLal
sclence and englneerlng for developmenL of a sLable cosL eecuve way Lo produce
fuels as planLs do: Aruclal phoLosynLhesls (A)
ComblnaLorlal synLhesls and rapld screenlng
Low-cosL synLhesls of A sysLems
! LlecLrochemlcally manufacLured
mulu-[uncuon cell
! Cxlde encapsulaLed
phoLosynLheuc nanoreacLors
! novel phoLo/elecLrocaLalysLs
based on earLh abundanL
maLerlals
lasmonlc meLals as sources of carrlers
! undersLandlng fundamenLals of
hoL elecLron and hole generauon
! SynLheslze and fabrlcaLe
panchromauc plasmonlc
nanosysLems
! SLudy Lhe eecLs of nano- and
mesosLrucLure and lnLerplay
ln-slLu elecLrochemlcal and opucal probes

luels and chemlcals as sLorage opuons
3
8auerles
1. Ll-lon (130 Wh/kg)
2. nl-Cd (83 Wh/kg)
3. b acld (36 Wh/kg)
luels
1. naLural gas (13300 Wh/kg)
2. Casollne (12300 Wh/kg)
3. ulesel (12300 Wh/kg) ,
+
)
-
.
#
/
'
0
1

#
2
#
'
*
3

4
#
2
5
0
/
3

6
7
8
9
)
:

;'(&0.#/'01 #2#'*3 4#250/3 6789<*:
Chemlcal bonds are excellenL way Lo sLore energy
SunllghL " Chemlcal bonds!
2P
2
C " 2P
2
+ C
2
AL = 1.23 v
CC
2
+ 2P
2
C " 3/2C
2
+ CP
3
CP AL = 1.20 v

4
v + LlecLrolyzer sysLem
ros: MaLure Lechnology
Cons: Lxpenslve
lnLegraLed archlLecLure
ros: ln-expenslve
Cons: unproven Lechnology
Many ways Lo synLheslze solar fuels

lnLegraLed LC sysLem - Slmplled plcLure
5
8aslc ldea:
1. SemlconducLors separaLes phoLo-exclLed elecLron-hole palrs
2. e
-
reduces P
+
Lo make P
2
3. h
+
oxldlzes waLer Lo make C
2

hoLocurrenL requlremenLs
Maxlmum amounL of
phoLocurrenLs " deLermlned by
Lhe !"#$%&"' of semlconducLor.
1argeL emclencles ~10 " ~10
mA cm
-2

=>>?7@>
A+ +&#'B+/#2C()
)+5#5
=>>?7@>
DEEF GH@
MaLerlals conslderauon
L
o
(C
2
/P
2
C) 1.23 v
hoLovolLage requlremenLs
hoLovolLages requlred:
P8r spllmng: ~1.07 v
Pl spllmng: ~ 0.34 v
CC
2
Lo fuel: ~1.2 v
WaLer Spllmng: ~1.23 v
L (v vs. 8PL)
L
o
(P
+
/P
2
) 0.00 v
L
o
(8r
2
/8r-) 1.07 v
L
o
(CC
2
/CP
3
CP) 0.02 v
L
o
(CC
2
/CP
4
) 0.16 v
L
o
(l
2
/l-) 0.34 v

ls lL posslble, lf so whaL are Lhe challenges?
7
Challenges:
1. LmclenL sysLems are unsLable and expenslve ($10000/m
2
)
2. SLable sysLems are lnemclenL (wlde band gap, <4 solar
absorpuon)
2.3 v p-n CaAs Solar cell
13 solar-Lo-P
2
converslon !!
DOE target is 10% efficiency

SysLem conslderauons
8
(nano)arucle bed sysLems
Semlconducung (nano) parucles
ln a ln-expenslve baggy reacLor
roLecLed absorblng
parucle and exposed
elecLrocaLalysL surface
CosL of P
2
producuon: $1.63/kg

=>>?7@>
/"(/ ( 5/(I)# 6JDEK:L
#MDEF N@O .(/#'0() #P05/5
CosL compeuuve fuel producuon ls posslble "# we can develop/demonsLraLe hlgh
capLure area ()"!*+ #"#-.'"/01*+(2 34)5 /+674(4)+ '5-)-8-*)"&+
2009 1echnoeconomlc Analysls of hoLoelecLrochemlcal P
2

roducuon (8. u. !ames, C.n. 8aum, !. erez, k.n. 8aum, uCL 8eporL,
ConLracL # CS-10l0009!)
$%& '( )*%+","-( ."/. 0.1*1& 21&3(4)"1& (52"(&26 7%*(4"%,) %&8 01))"+,6 )6&*.()"-(
*.(7 9)"&/ ,1':21)* 7%&9#%2*94"&/ ;


92 :$+#0;< *-3%1-() (<#)5+01 /-7)+( Lo
synLheslze opumal solar absorblng
semlconducung nanoparucle sysLems
(L
gap
~ 1 Lo 1.3 ev)
2) ueLermlne =+"#( ;-/ ()"!4*4>4#& Lhe
maLerlal ln Lhe redox sysLem
2P
+
" P
2

0.00
0.34
Cu
2+
" Cu
o
28r
-1
"8r
2
1.07
(C
n
P
m
)CP "(C
n
P
m
)C

0.6
9
arucle deslgn
Colloldal suspenslon of parucle" bed sysLem

PosL: CuesL sLrucLures : 1unable, llghL welghL, ln-expenslve, hlgh uullLy
PosL: Mesoporous slllca
CuesL: le
2
C
3

O()102(C+2
PosL: porous alumlnum oxlde
O"#.01()
@)#1/'+1"#.01()
MeLal oxldes MeLals SemlconducLors
rof. Marun
MoskovlLs
rof. Calen
SLucky
Low-cosL nanofabrlcauon approach

8oll Lo roll processlng already demonsLraLed
LlecLrodeposluon -lndusLrlal well-esLabllshed process
AdvanLages of elecLrochemlcal fabrlcauon

7-I##2L 71Q(')(24R ?"#- @+A+/( 6SEDT:
hoLovolLages close Lo 0.6 v achleved " Pl spllmng
G
S

U
S

7-I##2L 71Q(')(24R B#+/&< C B#84/-#=+#)"* D14+#1+ 6SEDT:
A slmple LhoughL experlmenL
CdSe based mulu-componenL LC

hoLoelecLrochemlcal characLerlzauon
7-I##2L 71Q(')(24R ?"#- @+A+/( 6SEDT:
We can creaLe semlconducung (nano)parucle bed sysLem as envlsloned
by uCL
Achleved sLable operauon for more Lhan 36 hours ln acldled Pl
N#'505C2* 1"())#2*#5V lmprovlng open clrculL volLages
CdSe 1
[n
nanoparucle bed sysLem

Summary
14
1here ls no fundamenLal reason LhaL solar-Lo-chemlcal converslon can noL
exceed 10, lndeed sysLems have been demonsLraLed wlLh slgnlcanLly hlgher
emclencles.
LorLs Lo daLe have noL been adopLed by socleLy because Lhe cosLs of all exlsung
hlgh emclency sysLems are far Loo hlgh.
A crlucal elemenL ln Lhls sLudy was developmenL of low-cosL synLheuc rouLes Lo
fabrlcaLe mulu-componenL phoLocaLalyuc (nano)parucle sysLems.
A aruclal phoLosynLheuc devlce was fabrlcaLed wlLh phoLovolLages exceedlng
0.3 v and showed robusL LC operauon Lowards Pl spllmng by encapsulaung
Lhem ln LransparenL alumlnum oxlde membrane.
luLure work lles ln lmprovlng phoLovolLages: CurrenL resulLs are promlslng. So
Lhere ls hope...
1hanks Lo you, and our funders!!- CLLM, PyperSolar

15

C
d
T
e

A
u

A
A
O

A
A
O

orous alumlnum oxlde
ueposluon of conducung
backlng layer
LlecLrodeposluon of
phoLocaLalyuc unlL
Measure v parameLers
lf phoLovolLages
ls >= DRS ,
?es
N'+1##4 /+ N@O
1"('(1/#'0W(C+2
no
labrlcauon rocess
Mulu !uncuon nanoparucle bed sysLem

C
d
T
e

A
u

A
A
O

A
A
O

orous alumlnum oxlde
ueposluon of conducung
backlng layer
LlecLrodeposluon of
phoLocaLalyuc unlL
Measure v parameLers
lf phoLovolLages
ls >= DRS ,
?es
N'+1##4 /+ N@O
1"('(1/#'0W(C+2
no
labrlcauon rocess
Mulu !uncuon nanoparucle bed sysLem

CuLllne
18
1. Can we identify novel materials that absorb
visible portion of the solar spectrum and are
stable?
- Nanostructured metals as sources of
electrons and holes
PIs: Prof. Martin Moskovits, Prof. Galen Stucky, Prof. Alan Heeger
<= $%& '( )*%+","-( ."/. 0.1*1& 21&3(4)"1& (52"(&26
7%*(4"%,) %&8 01))"+,6 )6&*.()"-( *.(7 9)"&/ ,1':
21)* 7%&9#%2*94"&/ ;
: >*%+,( *4%&)0%4(&* 2%*%,6?2 21%?&/) %&8
(,(2*412.(7"2%, )6&*.()")
@A)B @41#= C4"2 D= E2F%4,%&8G @41#= E%4?& E1)H13"*)G @41#= I%,(& >*92H6G
@41#= J14"% E(?9


*Statistical Review of World Energy, BP; Nature Climate Change 3, 1013-1014 (2013)
Lnergy demand Challenge
Lnergy consumpuon ~ 13 1W (2010)
(83 fossll resources)
Lnergy gap ~ 13 1W by 2030
19
uevelop cosL-emclenL, susLalnable,
carbon neuLral energy sysLems
World energy ouLlook and susLalnablllLy
Concern abouL !1 and CC
2
levels
SunllghL oers speclal opporLunlues
Solar energy ln 1 hr = World energy
demand for a year
Sun provldes 89000 1W of energy Lo
surface of Lhe earLh
O"())#2*#V SunllghL ls an lnLermluenL
source

Solar fuel research aL uCS8
20
sclence and englneerlng for developmenL of a sLable cosL eecuve solar energy
converslon sysLem Lo make Lhem Lhe Lechnologles of cholce for clean energy
generauon.
Lxplorauon and performance evaluauon
ln-slLu probes
ulscovery of new maLerlals and sysLems
Low-cosL synLhesls and sLablllzauon sLraLegles
(ls: L.W. Mclarland, M. MoskovlLs, C.u. SLucky)
lasmonlc meLals as novel sources of carrlers
(ls: M. MoskovlLs, C.u. SLucky)
LlecLrochemlcal synLhesls of
lnLegraLed LC archlLecLure
Cxlde/polymer encapsulaLed
phoLoreacLors
lasmon generaLed hoL-
elecLron capLure and
separauon

Solar energy ln 1 hr = World energy
demand for a year
lor large scale solar energy deploymenL
emclenL sLorage mechanlsm
21
Sun provldes 89000 1W of energy Lo
surface of Lhe earLh
O"())#2*#V SunllghL ls an lnLermluenL
source
SunllghL oers speclal opporLunlues

Solar fuel research aL uCS8
22
sclence and englneerlng for developmenL of a sLable cosL eecuve solar energy
converslon sysLem Lo make Lhem Lhe Lechnologles of cholce for clean energy
generauon.
K= $%& '( )*%+","-( ."/. 0.1*1& 21&3(4)"1& (52"(&26 7%*(4"%,)
%&8 01))"+,6 )6&*.()"-( *.(7 9)"&/ ,1':21)* 7%&9#%2*94"&/ ;
: >*%+,( *4%&)0%4(&* 2%*%,6?2 21%?&/) %&8 (,(2*412.(7"2%,
)6&*.()")
@A)B @41#= C4"2 D= E2F%4,%&8G @41#= E%4?& E1)H13"*)G @41#= I%,(& >*92H6
<= $%& '( "8(&?#6 &13(, 7%*(4"%,) *.%* %+)14+ 3")"+,( 014?1& 1#
*.( )1,%4 )0(2*497 %&8 %4( )*%+,(;
% L%&1)*492*94(8 7(*%,) %) )1942() 1# (,(2*41&) %&8 .1,()
@A)B @41#= E%4?& E1)H13"*)G @41#= I%,(& >*92H9

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Solar-Lo-Chemlcal Lnergy Converslon

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