11.03.14 Final ISSB Wall Calculations

Grain for Gain - Grain Storage Facility By: JDS Date: 16/03/14
ISSB Wall Calculations - Long Elevation

Member/Location EFOD NW Chkd: Date:
Drawing Ref. Sheet No. 1 of 13 Revision Appd: Date
B
Long Elevation
8.000 m
2.400 m
MASONRY CHARACTERISTICS
Category: II (lower level of confidence in compressive strength)
(http://www.eurocode6.org/FAQ%203.htm)
Group: 1 (< 25% formed vertical voids by volume)
(Understanding BS EN 771-3: Aggregate Concrete Blocks, Concrete Block Association, 2006)
Class: 2 (Lower standards of execution)
(NA.2.1, NA to BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
Dimensions
Height = 0.1 m Ring Beam Height = 0.2 m
Length = 0.29 m (maximum extent)
Width = 0.14 m
(ISSB Construction Handbook, Good Earth Trust, 2010)
Strength
ISSB Mean Compressive Strength = 2.313 N/mm
2
(ISSB Compression Test Makerere University)
ISSB Normalised Mean Compressive Strength = Mean Compressive Strength x Shape Factor
(Interpolating From Table 1)
Unit Width (mm) 140
Unit
Height
(mm)
65 0.770
100 0.915
140 1.080
Output Calculation
(Reinforced Concrete Ring Beam)
ISSB Wall
B
Shape Factor = 0.915
(Normalised strength of aggregate concrete blocks, Concrete Block Association, 2011)
ISSB Normalised Mean Compressive Strength (f
b
) = 2.313 x 0.915 = 2.115 N/mm
2
Characteristic compressive strength of masonry,f
k
= Kf
b
f
m
(Equation 3.1 of Eurocode 6, Part 11)

Where:
K = 0.55 (for general purpose or lightweight mortar and Group 1 Aggregate Concrete units)
(Table 3.3 of Eurocode 6, Part 11)
= 0.7 (for general purpose or lightweight mortar)
Assumed Mortar Grade: Grade iii (m4)
f
m
= 2.5 N/mm
2
(David Almond)
f
k
= 0.55 x 2.115^0.7 x 2.5^0.3 = 1.223 N/mm
2
Flexural strength parallel to bed joints, f
kx1
0.217 N/mm
2
Flexural strength perpendicular to bed joints, f
kx2
0.357 N/mm
2
M4 M4
Unit
Width
(mm)
Unit Height
(mm)
100 0.250 100 0.400
140 0.217 140 0.357
250 0.150 250 0.250
(Assuming ISSBs approximated by aggregate concrete blocks of declared compressive strength 2.9N/mm
2
)
(How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6_Lateral Resistance, The Concrete Centre, 2007)
= f
xk1
/f
xk2
= 0.217/0.357 = 0.607
m
comp. = 3 (From Table 1 For unreinforced units of Class 2 and Category II)
m
flex. = 2.7 (From Table 1 For unreinforced units of Class 2 and Category II)
m
shear. = 2.5 (From Table 1 For unreinforced units of Class 2 and Category II)
(How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6_Introduction, The Concrete Centre, 2007)
Mortar Mortar
Calculation Output
B
ISSB Self Weight 18.5 kN/m
3
Ring Beam Self Weight 24 kN/m
3
(http://www.earth-auroville.com/compressed_stabilised_earth_block_en.php)
(ISSB self weight taken as the mid range for a Calss B 5% cement Compressed Stabilised Earth Block)
LOAD CASES
Vertical Load
Permanent Roof Load (G
kR
) = 2.2042 kN/m
Ring Beam Load (G
kRB
) = 0.672 kN/m ( 24 x 0.2 x 0.14 )
ISSB Wall Load at Base (G
kWB
) = 6.216 kN/m ( 18.5 x 2.4 x 0.14 )
ISSB Wall Load at Mid Height (G
kWM
) = 3.108 kN/m ( 18.5 x 1.2 x 0.14 )
Imposed Roof Load (Q
k
) = 1.8917 kN/m
Max Vertical Wind Load (W
kv,max
) = 1.9096 kN/m (load case 2)
Min Vertical Wind Load (W
kv,min
) = -1.5822 kN/m (load case 1)
Horizontal Load
Horizontal Wind Load on Wall (W
kh,w
) = 0.82 kN/m
2
Max Horizontal Wind Load from Roof (F
h,max
) = 1.1025 kN/m (load case 2)
Min Horizontal Wind Load from Roof (F
h,min
) = -0.9135 kN/m (load case 1)
(Roof and Wind Loads - EFOD Grain Store Roof Loads, James Edwards)
RESISTANCE TO FLEXURAL MOMENT
(Assumed to be most critical)
Slenderness Check
(Figure 1)
h/t = 2.4 / 0.14 = 17.143 < 30 OK
h/l ratio = 2.4 / 8 = 0.300 > 0.3 Two way spanning wall
(Table 2)
Slenderness Serviceability Check
h/t = 17.143 and l/t = 8 / 0.14 = 57.143 OK
(Figure 2)
Calculation Output
B
Plane of failure parallel to bed joints
Design Flexural Moment: M
Ed1
=
1
W
Ed
l
2
Where:
1
: Bending moment coefficient parallel to the bed joints
W
Ed
: Factored Horizontal Wind Load 1.5 x 0.82 = 1.23 kN/m
2
l: Height of ISSB wall = 2.400 m
1
=
2
To determine
2
, Wall condition G assumed (Table 2)
Sides assumed fully restrained
Top and bottom assumed simply supported
Interpolating values of
2
: (Table 2)
Calculated:
h/l 0.3 0.300 0.5
0.7 0.0090 0.0090 0.0170

Calculated: 0.607 0.0099
0.6 0.0100 0.0100 0.0190
2
= 0.0099
1
=
2
= 0.6075 x 0.0099 = 0.006
M
Ed1
=
1
W
Ed
l
2
= 0.006 x 1.23 x 2.4^2 = 0.042717 kNm/m
Design Flexural Resistance
M
Rd1
= (f
xk1
/
M
+
d
)Z (
d
<0.2f
k
/
M
) where:
f
xk1
= characteristic flexural strength of masonry bending axis parallel to bed jointsabout an axis parallel to bed joints
M
= appropriate partial factor for materials
d
= design vertical load per unit area
Calculation Output
B
Z = section modulus of the plan shape of the wall
f
k
= characteristic compressive strength (see Vertical resistance3).
f
xk1
= 0.217
M
= 2.7
d
= design vertical load per unit area at mid height:
d
= F/A
F = 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(W
k
= minimum vertical wind load)
G
k
= G
kR
+ G
kRB
+ G
kWM
= 2.204 + 0.672 + 3.108 = 5.9842 kN/m
F = 5.984 + (1.5 x -1.582) = 3.611 kN/m
d
= 3.611 / 0.14 = 25.79 kN/m
2
= 0.0258 N/mm
2
0.2f
k
/
M
= 0.2 x 1.223 / 2.7 = 0.0906 N/mm
2
>
d
OK
Z = bh
2
/6 = 1 x t
ef1
2
/6
f
k
= 1.223
For wall to pass in flexure t
ef
needs to be sufficient that M
Rd
> M
Ed
(f
xk1
/
M
+
d
)Z > M
Ed
(0.217 / 2.7 + 0.026) x (tef1^2)/6 > 0.043
t
ef1
= {(1000 x 6 x 0.043) / (0.217 / 2.7 + 0.026)}
t
ef1
= 49.163 mm
Plane of failure perpendicular to bed joints
Ed2
=
2
W
Ed
l
2
= 0.0099 x 1.23 x 8^2 = 0.7813 kNm/m
M
Rd2
= (f
xk2
/
M
)Z > M
Ed
(0.357 / 2.7) x (tef2^2)/6 > 0.781
t
ef2
= {(1000 x 6 x 0.781) / (0.357 / 2.7)}
t
ef2
= 188.38 mm
max t
ef
= tef2 = 188.4 mm
t
ef
S
Thus, required effective thickness of wall = 188.4 mm
Calculation Output
B
The effective thickness of a wall stiffensed by piers is given by: p
t
x t , where:
t = thickness of wall = 0.14 m
pt = ratio determines from table 5.1 of EC5-1-1 below;
Try pier spacing = 2.65 m
Pier width = 0.29 m Spacing / Width = 9.1379 (A in table below)
Pier depth = 0.29 m Pier / wall thickness = 2.0714 (B in table below)
Interpolating values of p
t
: (Table 5.1, EC5-1-1)
Calculated:
B 2 2.071 3
A
6 1.4000 1.4429 2.0000
10 1.2000 1.2143 1.4000 0.177<0.188
Consider
Thus, given effective thickness of wall = 1.26 x 0.14 = 0.177 mm decreasing s!
REQUIRED EFFECTIVE THICKNESS OF THE WALL IS NOT MET.
WALL MAY BE DEEMED OKAY HOWEVER; AS FLEXURAL RESISTANCE DOES NOT INCLUDE THE
INTERLOCKING EFFECT OF THE BRICKS. ENSURE MORTAR IS USED ON EVERY COURSE
RESISTANCE TO VERTICAL LOAD
Wall Effective Height and Thickness
(How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6_Vertical Resistance, The Concrete Centre, 2007)
h
ef
=
n
h where:
h = clear storey height of wall (ISSB wall height + ring beam height)
n
= reduction factor, depending on edge restraint or stiffening of wall
n
= 1 Assumes no stiffening from connections (worst case)
h
ef
= 1 x (2.4 + 0.2) = 2.600 m
t
ef
= (from above) 0.177 m
Calculation Output
B
Minimum Area Check
(Figure 1)
Area per metre length = 0.14 x 1 = 0.14 m
2
0.04 m
2
OK
Slenderness Check
(Figure 1)
= h
ef
/t
ef
= 2.6 / 0.177 = 14.698 27 OK
Load Cases
Load Case = 1.35G
k
+ 1.05Q
k
+ 1.5W
k
N
Ed
= 1.35(2.204 + 0.672 + 6.216) + 1.05(1.892) + 1.5(1.91) = 16.067 kN/m
Capacity Reduction Factor (Check to see if Simplified Version can be used)
Simplified version can only be used if: t (c
1
q
Ewd
bh
2
)/N
Ed
+c
2
h where:
(Equation 4.2, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
h: clear storey height
q
Ewd
: design wind load on the wall per unit area of wall
N
Ed
: design value of vertical load giving the least severe effect on wall at top of the storey considered
b: width over which the vertical load is effective
t: actual thickness of the wall
: Ned/tbf
d
f
d
: design compressive strength of the masonry
c
1
,c
2
: constants dervied from Table 4.1
h = 2.4 + 0.2 = 2.600 m b = 0.14 m
q
Ewd
= 1.5 x 0.82 = 1.23 kN/m
2
/m
2
t = 0.14 m
f
d
= 1223 / 3 = 407.722 kN/m
2
Calculation Output
B
To calculate N
Ed
: Load Case: 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(W
k
= minimum wind load)
G
k
= Gk
R
+ Gk
RB
= 2.204 + 0.672 = 2.8762 kN/m
W
k
= -1.582 kN/m
N
ed
= 1 x 2.876 + 1.5 x -1.582 = 0.5028 kN/m
= 0.503 / (0.14 x 0.14 x 407.722)
= 0.0629
Interpolating from Table 4.1
c1 c2
0.05 0.12 0.017
0.063 0.120 0.018
0.1 0.12 0.019
c
1
: 0.120
c
2
: 0.0175
Therefore: (c
1
q
Ewd
bh
2
)/N
Ed
+c
2
h = (0.12 x 1.23 x 0.14 x 2.6^2) / 0.503 + 0.018 x 2.6 Cannot Use
= 0.3234 >t Simplified
Version
Capacity Reduction Factor (Top and Bottom of Wall)
i
= 1 - 2(e
i
/t)
(Equation 6.4, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
e
i
= M
id
/N
id
+ e
he
+ e
init
0.05t
(Equation 6.5, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
(6.1.2.2, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
M
id
: Design bending moment at the top or bottom of wall resulting from the eccentricity of roof load at support.
N
id
: Design value of the vertical load at the top or bottom of the wall
e
he
: is the eccentricity at the to or bottom of the wall, if any, resulting from horizontal loads
e
init
: is the initial eccentricity
t: Thickness of the wall
M
id
= 0 kNm/m(Assumed : No eccentricity of loading from roof truss, no loading at bottom of wall )
N
idbottom
= 16.067 kN/m (Taken as N
Ed
for vertical resistance)
N
idtop
= N
idbottom
- 1.35 x G
kWB
=16.067 - 1.35 x 6.216 = 7.676 kN/m
e
he
= (w
k
h
2
/12)/N
id
(assuming encastre ends which give worst case moment at top and bottom of wall)
(Example 6, www.eurocode6.org/Design%20Examples.htm)
Calculation Output
B
(DOES MOMENT FROM HORIZONTAL ROOF WIND NEED TO BE CONSIDERED?)
e
hebottom
= 1000 x (1.5 x 0.82 x 2.4^2 / 12) / 16.067 = 36.745 mm
e
hetop
= 1000 x (1.5 x 0.82 x 2.4^2 / 12) / 7.676 = 76.918 mm
e
init
= h
ef
/450 = 1000 x 2.6 / 450 = 5.778 mm
e
ibottom
= M
id
/N
idbottom
+ e
hebottom
+ e
init
= 0 + 36.745 + 5.778 = 42.523 mm > 0.05t = 7 mm
e
itop
= M
id
/N
idtop
+ e
hetop
+ e
init
= 0 + 76.918 + 5.778 = 82.695 mm > 0.05t = 7 mm
(6.1.2.2, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
ibottom
= 1-2 x (42.523 / 140) = 0.39253
itop
= 1-2 x (82.695 / 140) = -0.18136
THIS SEEMS INFEASIBLE?
Capacity Reduction Factor (Middle of Wall)
e
mk
= e
m
+ e
k
0.05t where:
(Equation 6.6, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
e
mk
= is the eccentricity at the middle height of the wall
e
m
= is the eccentricity due to loads
e
k
= is the eccentricity due to creep,
e
k
can be ignored as slenderness ration () < 27 (i.e can ignore creep)
e
m
= M
md
/N
md
+ e
hm
+ e
init
Where:
(Equation 6.7, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
N
md
= The design value of the vertical load at the middle height of the wall, including any load applied
eccentrically to the face of the wall.
M
md
= The design value of the greatest moment at the middle of the height of the wall resulting from the
moments at the top and bottom of the wall including any load applied eccentrically to the face of the wall.
e
hm
= The eccentricity at mid-height resulting from horizontal loads (for example, wind);
e
m
= The eccentricity due to loads;
Load Case: 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(W
k
Calculation Output
B
N
md
= 1 x (2.204 + 0.672 + 3.108) + 1.5 x -1.582 = 3.611 kN/m
M
md
= 0 kNm/m
(ASSUMED NO MID HEIGHT MOMENT FROM TOP AND BOTTOM MOMENTS - IS THIS CORRECT?)
e
hm
= 1.5w
k
h
2
/8 = ((1.5 x 0.82 x 2.4^2) / 8) / 3.611 = 0.245 m
= 245.263 mm
(worst case - wall assumed simply supported)
e
m
= 0 / 3.611 + 245.263 +5.778 = 251.0404 mm = 1.793 t
THIS IS OFF THE SCALE OF FIGURE 8.
WOULD BE OFF THE SCALE EVEN IF wh
2
/24 USED AS MID HEIGHT MOMENT FORMULA.
m
= ???
NRd = ??? kN/m
Calculation Output
B
Capacity Reduction Factor (Simplified Version)
(CALCULATED ANYWAY DESPITE NOT PASSING THE REQUIRED CHECK)
s
= capacity reduction factor allowing for the effects of slenderness and eccentricity in loading.
s
= lesser of
sa
,
sb
,
sc
for walls at the highest level acting as end supports to roof.
(Clause 4.2.2.3, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
sa
= 0.85 - 0.0011(h
ef
/t
ef
)
2
= 0.85 - 0.0011 x (2.6 / 0)^2 = 0.612
(Equation 4.5a, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
sb
= 1.3 - l
f,ef
/8 0.85 where l
f,ef
is the effective span of the floor = floor span (simply supported)
(Equation 4.5b, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
l
f,ef
= 6.300 m
sb
= 1.3 - 6.3 / 8 = 0.5125 < 0.85
sc
= 0.4
(Equation 4.5c, BS EN 1996-3:2006)

s
= 0.400
0.4 SEEMS A CONSERVATIVE CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTOR
0.4 IS LESS THAN THE VALUE CALCULATED FOR
I
0.4 USED EVEN THOUGH REQUIRED CHECK NOT PASSED
Design Vertical Resistance
N
Rd
=
s
fdA
(Equation 4.4, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
N
Rd
=
s
(f
k
/
m
)t = 0.4 x (1000 x 1.223 / 3) x 0.14 = 22.832 kN/m
N
Ed
= 16.067 kN/m
Safety Margin = 1.421
NRd > NEd Wall Passes in Compression OK
Calculation Output
B
RESISTANCE TO SHEAR
Assuming wall acts as cantilever with uniformly distributed wind load and point load at top applied by roof.
F
v
F
h
G
kWB
W
kh
Applied Shear Force
Shear Load Case: 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(Load Case1)
W
kh
= 0.820 kN/m
2
G
kWB
= 6.216
kN/m
F
h
= F
h,min 0.914
kN/m
F
v
= G
kR
+ G
kRB
+ W
kv,min
V
Ed
= 1.5 x (h x W
k
+ F
h
) = 1.5 x (2.6 x 0.82 + 0.914) = 4.568
kN/m
Characteristic Shear Strength of Masonry
Perpend Joint Type: Unfilled (Worst Case)
Pier Stiffening Included: No (Worst Case)
fvk = 0.5fvk0 + 0.4d 0.045fb
Where: f
vk
= characteristic shear strength of masonry
f
vk0
= characteristic initial shear strength of masonry under zero compressive stress
f
b
= normalised compressive strength of the masonry units
d
= design compressive stress perpendicular to the shear
d
= F/A
F= 1.0 x (G
kR
+G
kRB
+G
kWB
) + 1.5 x W
k,min
F= 1.0 x (2.204 + 0.672 + 6.216) + 1.5 x -1.582
F= 6.719 kN/m
Calculation Output
B
d
= 6.719 / (1 x 0.14) = 47.992 kN/m
2
= 0.048 N/mm
2
f
vk0
= 0.15 N/mm
2
(Table 3)
(Worst case for aggregate concrete masonry unit, general purpose m4 mortar)
fvk = 0.5 x 0.15 + 0.4 x 0.048 = 0.094 N/mm
2
< 0.045 x 2.115 = 0.095 N/mm
2
OK
Design Shear Resistance
VRd = fvk/M x t = 0.095 / 2.5 x 140 = 5.330
kN/m
V
Ed
= 4.56825
kN/m
VRd > VEd Wall Passes in Shear OK
DOES WHOLE STRUCTURE STABILITY NEED TO BE CONSIDERED?
Calculation Output
ISSB Wall Calculations - Gable End
B
Long Elevation
6.300 m
2.400 m
MASONRY CHARACTERISTICS
Category: II (lower level of confidence in compressive strength)
(http://www.eurocode6.org/FAQ%203.htm)
Group: 1 (< 25% formed vertical voids by volume)
(Understanding BS EN 771-3: Aggregate Concrete Blocks, Concrete Block Association, 2006)
Class: 2 (Lower standards of execution)
(NA.2.1, NA to BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
Dimensions
Height = 0.1 m Ring Beam Height = 0.2 m
Length = 0.29 m (maximum extent)
Width = 0.14 m
(ISSB Construction Handbook, Good Earth Trust, 2010)
Strength
ISSB Mean Compressive Strength = 2.313 N/mm
2
(ISSB Compression Test Makerere University)
ISSB Normalised Mean Compressive Strength = Mean Compressive Strength x Shape Factor
Unit Width (mm) 140
Unit
Height
(mm)
Calculation Output
(Reinforced Concrete Ring Beam)
ISSB Wall
65 0.770
100 0.915
140 1.080
B
Shape Factor = 0.915
(Normalised strength of aggregate concrete blocks, Concrete Block Association, 2011)
ISSB Normalised Mean Compressive Strength (f
b
) = 2.313 x 0.915 = 2.115 N/mm
2
Characteristic compressive strength of masonry,f
k
= Kf
b
f
m

Where:
K = 0.55 (for general purpose or lightweight mortar and Group 1 Aggregate Concrete units)
(Table 3.3 of Eurocode 6, Part 11)
Assumed Mortar Grade: Grade iii (m4)
f
m
= 2.5 N/mm
2
(David Almond)
f
k
= 0.55 x 2.115^0.7 x 2.5^0.3 = 1.223 N/mm
2
Flexural strength parallel to bed joints, f
kx1
0.217 N/mm
2
Flexural strength perpendicular to bed joints, f
kx2
0.357 N/mm
2
M4 M4
Unit
Width
(mm)
Unit Height
(mm)
100 0.250 100 0.400
140 0.217 140 0.357
250 0.150 250 0.250
(Assuming ISSBs approximated by aggregate concrete blocks of declared compressive strength 2.9N/mm
2
)
= f
xk1
/f
xk2
= 0.217/0.357 = 0.607
m
comp. = 3 (From Table 1 For unreinforced units of Class 2 and Category II)
Calculation Output
Mortar Mortar
m
flex. = 2.7 (From Table 1 For unreinforced units of Class 2 and Category II)
m
shear. = 2.5 (From Table 1 For unreinforced units of Class 2 and Category II)
(How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6_Introduction, The Concrete Centre, 2007)
B
ISSB Self Weight 18.5 kN/m
3
Ring Beam Self Weight 24 kN/m
3
(http://www.earth-auroville.com/compressed_stabilised_earth_block_en.php)
(ISSB self weight taken as the mid range for a Calss B 5% cement Compressed Stabilised Earth Block)
LOAD CASES
Vertical Load
Permanent Roof Load (G
kR
) = 0 kN/m
Ring Beam Load (G
kRB
) = 0.672 kN/m ( 24 x 0.2 x 0.14 )
ISSB Wall Load at Base (G
kWB
) = 6.216 kN/m ( 18.5 x 2.4 x 0.14 )
ISSB Wall Load at Mid Height (G
kWM
) = 3.108 kN/m ( 18.5 x 1.2 x 0.14 )
Imposed Roof Load (Q
k
) = 0 kN/m
Max Vertical Wind Load (W
kv,max
) = 0 kN/m (load case 2)
Min Vertical Wind Load (W
kv,min
Horizontal Load
Horizontal Wind Load on Wall (W
kh,w
) = 0.82 kN/m
2
Max Horizontal Wind Load from Roof (F
h,max
Min Horizontal Wind Load from Roof (F
h,min
(Roof and Wind Loads - EFOD Grain Store Roof Loads, James Edwards)
RESISTANCE TO FLEXURAL MOMENT
(Assumed to be most critical)
Slenderness Check
(Figure 1)
h/t = 2.4 / 0.14 = 17.143 < 30 OK
h/l ratio = 2.4 / 6.3 = 0.381 > 0.3 Two way spanning wall
(Table 2)
Slenderness Serviceability Check
h/t = 17.143 and l/t = 6.3 / 0.14 = 45 OK
(Figure 2)
Calculation Output
B
Plane of failure parallel to bed joints
Ed1
=
1
W
Ed
l
2
Where:
1
: Bending moment coefficient parallel to the bed joints
W
Ed
: Factored Horizontal Wind Load 1.5 x 0.82 = 1.23 kN/m
2
l: Height of ISSB wall = 2.400 m
1
=
2
To determine
2
, Wall condition G assumed (Table 2)
Sides assumed fully restrained
Top and bottom assumed simply supported
Interpolating values of
2
: (Table 2)
Calculated:
h/l 0.3 0.381 0.5
0.7 0.0090 0.0122 0.0170

0.6 0.0100 0.0136 0.0190
2
= 0.0132
1
=
2
= 0.6075 x 0.0132 = 0.008
M
Ed1
=
1
W
Ed
l
2
= 0.008 x 1.23 x 2.4^2 = 0.056653 kNm/m
M
Rd1
= (f
xk1
/
M
+
d
)Z (
d
<0.2f
k
/
M
) where:
Calculation Output
f
xk1
= characteristic flexural strength of masonry bending axis parallel to bed jointsabout an axis parallel to bed joints
M
= appropriate partial factor for materials
d
= design vertical load per unit area
B
Z = section modulus of the plan shape of the wall
f
k
= characteristic compressive strength (see Vertical resistance3).
f
xk1
= 0.217
M
= 2.7
d
= design vertical load per unit area at mid height:
d
= F/A
F = 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(W
k
= minimum vertical wind load)
G
k
= G
kRB
+ G
kWM
= 0.672 + 3.108 = 3.78 kN/m
F = 3.78 + (1.5 x 0) = 3.780 kN/m
d
= 3.78 / 0.14 = 27 kN/m
2
= 0.027 N/mm
2
0.2f
k
/
M
= 0.2 x 1.223 / 2.7 = 0.0906 N/mm
2
>
d
OK
Z = bh
2
/6 = 1 x t
ef1
2
/6
f
k
= 1.223
For wall to pass in flexure t
ef
needs to be sufficient that M
Rd
> M
Ed
(f
xk1
/
M
+
d
)Z > M
Ed
(0.217 / 2.7 + 0.027) x (tef1^2)/6 > 0.057
t
ef1
= {(1000 x 6 x 0.057) / (0.217 / 2.7 + 0.027)}
t
ef1
= 56.298 mm
Plane of failure perpendicular to bed joints
Ed2
=
2
W
Ed
l
2
= 0.0132 x 1.23 x 6.3^2 = 0.6426 kNm/m
M
Rd2
= (f
xk2
/
M
)Z > M
Ed
(0.357 / 2.7) x (tef2^2)/6 > 0.643
t
ef2
= {(1000 x 6 x 0.643) / (0.357 / 2.7)}
t
ef2
= 170.84 mm
max t
ef
= tef2 = 170.8 mm
t
ef
S
Calculation Output
Thus, required effective thickness of wall = 170.8 mm
B
The effective thickness of a wall stiffensed by piers is given by: p
t
x t , where:
t = thickness of wall = 0.14 m
pt = ratio determines from table 5.1 of EC5-1-1 below;
Try pier spacing = 3.15 m
Pier width = 0.29 m Spacing / Width = 10.862 (A in table below)
Pier depth = 0.29 m Pier / wall thickness = 2.0714 (B in table below)
Interpolating values of p
t
: (Table 5.1, EC5-1-1)
Calculated:
B 2 2.071 3
A
6 1.4000 1.4429 2.0000
10 1.2000 1.2143 1.4000 0.163<0.171
Consider
Thus, given effective thickness of wall = 1.17 x 0.14 = 0.163 mm decreasing s!
Wall Effective Height and Thickness
h
ef
=
n
h where:
h = clear storey height of wall (ISSB wall height + ring beam height)
n
= reduction factor, depending on edge restraint or stiffening of wall
n
= 1 Assumes no stiffening from connections (worst case)
h
ef
= 1 x (2.4 + 0.2) = 2.600 m
t
ef
= (from above) 0.163 m
Calculation Output
B
Minimum Area Check
(Figure 1)
Area per metre length = 0.14 x 1 = 0.14 m
2
0.04 m
2
OK
Slenderness Check
(Figure 1)
= h
ef
/t
ef
= 2.6 / 0.163 = 15.9408 27 OK
Load Cases
Load Case = 1.35G
k
N
Ed
= 1.35(0.672 + 6.216) = 9.2988 kN/m
Capacity Reduction Factor (Check to see if Simplified Version can be used)
Simplified version can only be used if: t (c
1
q
Ewd
bh
2
)/N
Ed
+c
2
h where:
(Equation 4.2, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
h: clear storey height
q
Ewd
: design wind load on the wall per unit area of wall
N
Ed
: design value of vertical load giving the least severe effect on wall at top of the storey considered
b: width over which the vertical load is effective
t: actual thickness of the wall
: Ned/tbf
d
f
d
: design compressive strength of the masonry
c
1
,c
2
: constants dervied from Table 4.1
Calculation Output
h = 2.4 + 0.2 = 2.600 m b = 0.14 m
q
Ewd
= 1.5 x 0.82 = 1.23 kN/m
2
/m
2
t = 0.14 m
f
d
= 1223 / 3 = 407.722 kN/m
2
B
To calculate N
Ed
: Load Case: 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(W
k
G
k
= Gk
RB
= 0.672 kN/m
W
k
= 0 kN/m
N
ed
= 1 x 0.672 = 0.672 kN/m
= 0.672 / (0.14 x 0.14 x 407.722)
= 0.0841
Interpolating from Table 4.1
c1 c2
0.05 0.12 0.017
0.084 0.120 0.018
0.1 0.12 0.019
c
1
: 0.120
c
2
: 0.0184
Therefore: (c
1
q
Ewd
bh
2
)/N
Ed
+c
2
h = (0.12 x 1.23 x 0.14 x 2.6^2) / 0.672 + 0.018 x 2.6 Cannot Use
= 0.25562 >t Simplified
Version
Capacity Reduction Factor (Top and Bottom of Wall)
i
= 1 - 2(e
i
/t)
(Equation 6.4, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
e
i
= M
id
/N
id
+ e
he
+ e
init
0.05t
(Equation 6.5, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
(6.1.2.2, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
M
id
: Design bending moment at the top or bottom of wall resulting from the eccentricity of roof load at support.
N
id
: Design value of the vertical load at the top or bottom of the wall
e
he
: is the eccentricity at the to or bottom of the wall, if any, resulting from horizontal loads
e
init
: is the initial eccentricity
t: Thickness of the wall
M
id
= 0 kNm/m(Assumed : No eccentricity of loading from roof truss, no loading at bottom of wall )
N
idbottom
= 9.2988 kN/m (Taken as N
Ed
for vertical resistance)
N
idtop
= N
idbottom
- 1.35 x G
kWB
=9.299 - 1.35 x 6.216 = 0.907 kN/m
Calculation Output
e
he
= (w
k
h
2
/12)/N
id
(assuming encastre ends which give worst case moment at top and bottom of wall)
B
(DOES MOMENT FROM HORIZONTAL ROOF WIND NEED TO BE CONSIDERED?)
e
hebottom
= 1000 x (1.5 x 0.82 x 2.4^2 / 12) / 9.299 = 63.492 mm
e
hetop
= 1000 x (1.5 x 0.82 x 2.4^2 / 12) / 0.907 = 650.794 mm
e
init
= h
ef
/450 = 1000 x 2.6 / 450 = 5.778 mm
e
ibottom
= M
id
/N
idbottom
+ e
hebottom
+ e
init
= 0 + 63.492 + 5.778 = 69.270 mm > 0.05t = 7 mm
e
itop
= M
id
/N
idtop
+ e
hetop
+ e
init
= 0 + 650.794 + 5.778 = 656.571 mm > 0.05t = 7 mm
(6.1.2.2, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
ibottom
= 1-2 x (69.27 / 140) = 0.01043
itop
= 1-2 x (656.571 / 140) = -8.37959
THIS IS IMPOSSBLE?
Capacity Reduction Factor (Middle of Wall)
e
mk
= e
m
+ e
k
0.05t where:
(Equation 6.6, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
e
mk
= is the eccentricity at the middle height of the wall
e
m
= is the eccentricity due to loads
e
k
= is the eccentricity due to creep,
e
k
can be ignored as slenderness ration () < 27 (i.e can ignore creep)
e
m
= M
md
/N
md
+ e
hm
+ e
init
Where:
(Equation 6.7, BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012)
N
md
= The design value of the vertical load at the middle height of the wall, including any load applied
eccentrically to the face of the wall.
M
md
= The design value of the greatest moment at the middle of the height of the wall resulting from the
moments at the top and bottom of the wall including any load applied eccentrically to the face of the wall.
e
hm
= The eccentricity at mid-height resulting from horizontal loads (for example, wind);
e
m
= The eccentricity due to loads;
Calculation Output
Load Case: 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(W
k
B
N
md
= 1 x (0 + 0.672 + 3.108) + 1.5 x 0 = 3.780 kN/m
M
md
= 0 kNm/m
(ASSUMED NO MID HEIGHT MOMENT FROM TOP AND BOTTOM MOMENTS - IS THIS CORRECT?)
e
hm
= 1.5w
k
h
2
/8 = ((1.5 x 0.82 x 2.4^2) / 8) / 3.78 = 0.234 m
= 234.286 mm
(worst case - wall assumed simply supported)
e
m
= 0 / 3.78 + 234.286 +5.778 = 240.0635 mm = 1.715 t
THIS IS OFF THE SCALE OF FIGURE 8.
WOULD BE OFF THE SCALE EVEN IF wh
2
/24 USED AS MID HEIGHT MOMENT FORMULA.
m
= ???
NRd = ??? kN/m
Calculation Output
B
Capacity Reduction Factor (Simplified Version)
(CALCULATED ANYWAY DESPITE NOT PASSING THE REQUIRED CHECK)
s
= capacity reduction factor allowing for the effects of slenderness and eccentricity in loading.
s
= lesser of
sa
,
sb
,
sc
for walls at the highest level acting as end supports to roof.
(Clause 4.2.2.3, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
sa
= 0.85 - 0.0011(h
ef
/t
ef
)
2
= 0.85 - 0.0011 x (2.6 / 0)^2 = 0.570
(Equation 4.5a, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
sb
= 1.3 - l
f,ef
/8 0.85 where l
f,ef
is the effective span of the floor = floor span (simply supported)
(Equation 4.5b, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
l
f,ef
= 6.300 m
sb
= 1.3 - 6.3 / 8 = 0.5125 < 0.85
sc
= 0.4
(Equation 4.5c, BS EN 1996-3:2006)

s
= 0.400
0.4 SEEMS A CONSERVATIVE CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTOR
0.4 USED EVEN THOUGH REQUIRED CHECK NOT PASSED
Design Vertical Resistance
N
Rd
=
s
fdA
(Equation 4.4, BS EN 1996-3:2006)
N
Rd
=
s
(f
k
/
m
)t = 0.4 x (1000 x 1.223 / 3) x 0.14 = 22.832 kN/m
N
Ed
= 9.299 kN/m
NRd > NEd Wall Passes in Compression OK
Calculation Output
B
RESISTANCE TO SHEAR
Assuming wall acts as cantilever with uniformly distributed wind load and point load at top applied by roof.
F
v
F
h
G
kWB
W
kh
Applied Shear Force
Shear Load Case: 1.0G
k
+ 1.5W
k
(Load Case1)
W
kh
= 0.820 kN/m
2
G
kWB
= 6.216
kN/m
F
h
= F
h,min
0.000
kN/m
F
v
= G
kR
+ G
kRB
+ W
kv,min
V
Ed
= 1.5 x (h x W
k
+ F
h
) = 1.5 x (2.6 x 0.82 + 0) = 3.198
kN/m
Characteristic Shear Strength of Masonry
Perpend Joint Type: Unfilled (Worst Case)
Pier Stiffening Included: No (Worst Case)
fvk = 0.5fvk0 + 0.4d 0.045fb
Where: f
vk
= characteristic shear strength of masonry
f
vk0
= characteristic initial shear strength of masonry under zero compressive stress
f
b
= normalised compressive strength of the masonry units
d
= design compressive stress perpendicular to the shear
d
= F/A
Calculation Output
F= 1.0 x (G
kR
+G
kRB
+G
kWB
) + 1.5 x W
k,min
F= 1.0 x (0 + 0.672 + 6.216) + 1.5 x 0
F= 6.888 kN/m
B
d
= 6.888 / (1 x 0.14) = 49.2 kN/m
2
= 0.0492 N/mm
2
f
vk0
= 0.15 N/mm
2
(Table 3)
(Worst case for aggregate concrete masonry unit, general purpose m4 mortar)
fvk = 0.5 x 0.15 + 0.4 x 0.049 = 0.095 N/mm
2
< 0.045 x 2.115 = 0.095 N/mm
2
OK
Design Shear Resistance
VRd = fvk/M x t = 0.095 / 2.5 x 140 = 5.330
kN/m
V
Ed
= 3.198
kN/m
VRd > VEd Wall Passes in Shear OK
DOES WHOLE STRUCTURE STABILITY NEED TO BE CONSIDERED?
Calculation Output

11.03.14 Final ISSB Wall Calculations

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11.03.14 Final ISSB Wall Calculations

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Grain for Gain - Grain Storage Facility By: JDS Date: 16/03/14

ISSB Wall Calculations - Long Elevation

(Equation 3.1 of Eurocode 6, Part 11)

0.7 0.0090 0.0090 0.0170

(Equation 3.1 of Eurocode 6, Part 11)

0.7 0.0090 0.0122 0.0170

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