1

NSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALAKKAD 8
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING


MINI PROJECT REPORT
Report no.:minp/ece@nssce/1014/06.28

GRIDNET-POWER LINE
COMMUNICATION

Submitted by
ALEENA MARY -NSAKEEC007
ANAGHA A.V -NSAKEEC011
ASWANI V -NSAKEEC028
GEONA MARY P.D -NSAKEECO38

Guided By
Ass.Prof. Manosh P.M

2

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PALAKKAD 8
Bonafide CERTIFICATE



Certified that this is the bonafide record of the mini project work
titled GRIDNET-POWERLI NE COMMUNI CATION done by
ALEENA MARY, ANAGHA A.V, ASWANI V, GEONA MARY
P.D of sixth semester Electronics & Communication Engineering in
the academic year of 2012-2013 towards the partial fulfilment of the
requirements for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
under the University of Calicut.


Staff in charge Head of the department

Ass.Prof. Manosh P.M ,Prof: M.Abdul Kareem

Palakkad
18-03-2013

3



DECLARATION

We, the students of sixth semester B.Tech (Electronics &
Communication Engineering) N.S.S. College of Engineering,
Palakkad hereby declare that this miniproject report titled
GRI DNET-POWERLI NE COMMUNI CATI ON embodies the
report of the project work carried out independently by us, under the
guidance of Prof. Manosh P.M, as part of the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics & Communications Engineering under the University of
Calicut during the period December 2012 to April 2013.

PROJECT TEAM


4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is a testimony to the intensity, performance, motivation
and commitment of many individuals who have contributed to its successful
completion. We take this opportunity to list a few individuals who have guided
and supported us through the project work.

We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to this institution, N.S.S.
College of Engineering, Palakkad and to our honourable Head of the
Department, Prof: M.Abdul Kareem for providing us with all facilities for
making our project a successful one. We make use of this opportunity to express
our heartfelt gratitude to our guide, Ass.Prof. P.M.Manosh, without his help we
would have been far from the completion of this project. Also we would like to
thank the other staffs of the department for giving us innovative suggestions and
assisting us in times of need.

This acknowledge will stand incomplete if our friends and class mates
are not thanked whose constant encouragement and timely criticisms helped us
to a great extend and was the fuel for our determination.

PROJECT TEAM


5



ABSTRACT



A vast amount of information travels through the entire earth every day
through different medium and it creates an essential need for a transmission
medium that is not only fast, but also economically reasonable and multiple
application oriented. Since most forms of communication today require
separate hard wiring it is convenient to use PLC which can employ the pre-
existing power cables within the house. Since the power in these cables is AC
(alternating Current), it can be employed for various bidirectional modes of
communication as well.

6

CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................9
1.1 GENERAL...........................................................................................................9
1.2 APPLICATIONS OF PLC...............................................................................10
1.3 CHALLENGES OF PLC..................................................................................10
2 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................12
3 METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................15
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM...........................................................................................15
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATIONS..........................................................16
3.2.1 KEY BOARD
3.2.2 MICROCONTROLLER
3.2.3 OSCILLATOR
3.2.4 MODULATOR
3.2.5 DEMODULATOR
3.2.6 POWER LINE INTREFACE
3.2.7 RELAY AND RELAY DRIVERS
3.2.8 POWER SUPPLY
4 IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................................................18
4.1 MICROCONTROLLER.....................................................................................18
4.1.1 PORT 0
4.1.2 PORT 1
4.1.3 PORT 2
4.1.4 PORT3
4.1.5 RST
4.1.6 ALE/PROG
4.1.7 PSEN

7

4.1.8 EA/VPP
4.1.9 CLOCK INPUTS
4.1.10 RESET INPUTS
4.2 CARRIER WAVE GENERTOR........................................................................22
4.3 MODULATOR AND POWER LINE INTERFACE.......................................22
4.4 CARRIER RECEIVER.......................................................................................23
4.5 RELAY DRIVER AND RELAY........................................................................24
4.6 POWER SUPPY................................................................................................25
4.6.1 RECTIFIER OUTPUT SMOOTHING
4.7 THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR........................................27
4.7.1 FEATURES
4.8 DUAL SUPPLY ................................................................................................29
5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM......................................................................................................30
5.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION............................................................................30
5.2 RECEIVER SECTION....................................................................................31
6 TESTING...........................................................................................................................32
7 PCB DESIGN AND LAYOUT.........................................................................................34
7.1 ELECTRONICS DESIGN AUTOMATION (EDA) TOOLS......................34
7.1.1 ORCAD CAPTURE
7.1.2 ORCAD LAYOUT
7.1.3 DRAWING THE CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
7.1.4 ROUTING
7.1.5 ENABLING/DISABLING REQUIRED LAYERS
7.1.6 MANUAL ROUTING
8 SOFTWARE......................................................................................................................38
8.1 PROGRAM FOR TRANSMITTER SECTION............................................38
8.2 PROGRAM FOR RECEIVER SECTION ......................................40

8

9 IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS......................................42
10 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................43
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................44
12 APPENDICES.................................................................................................................45



9

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
This project is about power-line communication over the low-voltage grid, which has
interested several researchers and utilities during the last decade, trying to achieve higher bit-
rates and more reliable communication over the power lines.
In the last decade there was a large growth in small communication networks in the
home & in the office places. Several computers & their peripherals interconnected together
resulting the network to expand globally to the state of Internet.A number of networking
technologies are invented which purely concentrates on home networks. But users are limited
due to its nature of high cost. Some are over engineered or difficult to install in pre-existing
buildings. This report is based on one such communication medium, which has a very high
potential growth. i.e, the power line, which give rise to power line carrier communication.
Power line carrier communication refers to the concept of transmitting information using the
mains as a communications channel.
Power Line Carrier communication systems consist of a high frequency signal
injection over the electrical power lines. This kind of technology has been used since the
1950 decade in order to provide signalling and ripple control in high voltage lines, at
transmission level. In the last years the interest for this technology has suffered a revival
because the impressing increase of the mobile telecommunications has brought a big
development in transmission technologies for this kind of communications. In particular, new
modulation technologies used for wireless communication are especially suitable for PLC
communication and make massive data transmissions possible. Besides, the opening of the
market, the need to integrate Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and the increase of the
power supply demand create a new scenario in which the approach of the energy distribution
system has to change.
In such a scenario, the distribution system needs to be automated in order to give a
satisfactory response to the problems that will eventually appear. The actual automation ratio
of the Spanish distribution system is of approximately a 2% or 3% and the prevision is that it
should increase to more than a 50% in the following years. Currently PLC communications
can be broadband as well as narrowband and both cases present successful transmissions. In
the case of Narrowband PLC there are the CENELEC standards EN50065 and EN50065-1,
for signals between 3 kHz and 148 kHz over low voltage public and/or private grids. For
Broadband PLC, European Commission funded OPERA IST and Opera 2 projects are
working towards the standard development currently. In this case the used signals range from
1MHz to 34MHz with a bandwidth between 10 and 30MHz and a bit rate of 200mbps. The
results of the both above mentioned projects will feed the ETSI Broadband Power line

10

Telecommunications standard. Thus, it would be possible to think of an automated
distribution scenario with PLC used as a communication link used for multiple applications.
Our project mainly aims at applicability of power line carrier communication techniques
towards home networking. Communication over the power line will have the following
advantages.
The modern electric grids are well maintained & far superior to any of the wired
communication networks.
No of electrical consumers are higher than telephone, cable or other wired
communication customers. This will give a high potential market for the investors.
The analog spread spectrum waves have much greater bandwidths or carrying
capacity than the digital switched systems.

1.2 APPLICATIONS OF PLC
Home Automation
Automatic Meter Reading
Process Control
Heating and Ventilation Control
Air Conditioning Control
Lighting Control
Status Monitoring and Control
Low Speed Data Communication Networks
Intelligent Buildings
Signs and Information Displays
Fire and Security Alarm System
Power Distribution Management


1.3 CHALLENGES OF PLC
Power lines and their associated networks are not designed for
communication use. They are hostile environments that make the accurate propagation of
communication signals difficult. Two of the biggest problems faced in using power lines for
communications are excessive noise levels and cable attenuation. Noise levels are often
excessive, and cable attenuation at the frequencies of interest is often very large. The most
common causes of excessive noise in a domestic situation are the various household devices
and office equipment connected to the network. Noise and disturbances on the power network
include over voltages, under voltages, frequency variations and so on. However, the most
harmful noise for PLC applications is that superimposed on a power line. Switching devices
such as light dimmers, induction motors in many common appliances and high-frequency
noise caused by computer monitors and televisions often causes such superimposed noise.

11

In this paper we present a simple hardware implementation for a PLC system using a
microcontroller, which provides data generation and interfacing for the status and monitoring
control for medical purposes. The system is suitable for other data communications within a
local power network area, such as remote automatic meter reading, fire and security alarm
control, etc. The system is built using on-off-keying (OOK) modulation to reduce
complexity. The PLC system is connected to power lines using proper interfacing circuits
which are used to provide electrical isolation and impedance adaptation between the
microcontroller and the power line network. This means that the system can be implemented
using the available off-the-shelf components and hence a great reduction in the cost of the
overall system. The system was tested during many hours of continuous operation, and it was
found that the transmitted signal suffered from small distortion levels.



12

Chapter 2
BACKGROUND

Communication techniques are seem to be viable to natural and cultural interferences
like climatic conditions and cultural variations. How much we could eliminate the possible
interruptions and disturbances of probabilistic nature, the better is the effectivity and
convenience of different methods. There exists various conditions across India as well as
around the globe where expertise doctors are seldom met. Especially among the tribal
populations who are being getting neglected by changing governments and economic
policies.
Tribals are a social group residing in definite area away from civilization and have
cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. India is home to 84.33 million people
classified as tribals in our total population. There are 461 groups of tribes who are spread
over 26 states and Union Territories with majority (87%) found in central belt of the country.
Included in these categories are 74 tribes who have been identified as Primitive Tribal Groups
(PTG, now called Particularly Vulnerable Group) characterized by pre-agricultural levels of
technology, extremely low level of literacy and extreme poverty. In general, they live in
isolated, scattered and difficult to reach terrain generally near hills and shrinking forests on
which they depend for their livelihood. Majority of tribal literacy is meager and exist below
poverty line making the economic, education and nutritional status worse compared to the
generalpopulation.

In most tribal communities, medical care, treatment and etiology of disease are defined
within the social context. It is important to identify processes by which tribals recognize
sickness and the ways to counteract it. The illness could well be attributed to the evil eye,
magic or offending some deity, the treatment for which could be through folk medicine or
magico-religious methods. Religious rites are used mainly to treat diseases like small pox and
propitiating the deity concerned, most of which tribals believe can cure the plagues, which
are associated with various diseases. No comprehensive strategy has been formulated to deal
with tribal health problems, as there is not enough knowledge available on their customs,
beliefs and practices, which are intimately connected with the treatment of disease.

13


Fig 2.1 Comparison of infection rate between tribal and non-tribal population. Coutesy: MGO

Indicators Situation in
Maharashtra
Tribal Situation
Infant mortality rate 59 110
Crude death rate 7.9 13
Maternal mortality rate 2 Not available
LBW babies 28% 40%
Family Size 3.8 4.2
Delivery by TBA 86% 12%
Table 1: Health Status Indicators in Tribes
Courtesy:AIMS Study across Maharashtra
Proper medical assistances cannot me assured to them, since the doctors cannot
promise 24 hour dedicated service due to transportation, cultural variations and other
problems. Though the tribal people or the health warden in that area can communicate with
the doctor through wireless medias , their given details may not be sufficient for the doctor to
take proper decisions. If the doctors can monitor the status of the patients in accurate

14

numerical terms continuously from any place ,then this could be a better alternative. The
doctors can evaluate blood-pressure, body temperature, heartbeat, and other physical status of
the patients through the sensors coupled to their body and hence they can suggest proper
medicines to them.
We came to know about the uncompleted project namely Lady Health warden
which was put forward by the government of Pakistan for advancements in medical field
among rural people and tribal populations. This was the first effort to provide primary health
care to the vast rural population of Pakistan which was made in 1959, when the rural health
program was launched to provide preventive and curative services by establishing 150 rural
health centres. However the project succeed in providing only one RHC, with the three sub-
health centres, to look after a population of 50,000.Primary Health Care project ,which
replace the basic health services project, was initiated by the government of Pakistan and
United States Agency For International Development (USAID)in September 1982. It was
originally a 5 year project, but has since been extended to 1990. USAID supports this effort
through its sponsorship of the 30 million dollar Primary Health Care Project, the goal of
which is to expand and improve the quality of rural health services. They tried to utilize the 3
phase power-line which is available at all the health centres to communicate with the efficient
doctors in any part of the country so that the health wardens can use the doctor's prescriptions
and give proper treatment to the patients who are admitted in the health centres. The
assignment of health warden was to provide a first-aid kit to each admitted patient and hence
help the doctors in monitoring them. Unfortunately, the project couldnt meet the target
effectively.



15


Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM


Fig 3.1 Block diagram


16

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATIONS
A basic PLC transmitter consists of five main sub-
stages: a data source, a serial to parallel converter, a carrier frequency oscillator, a digital
modulator and an interfacing circuit. The transmitter function is to modulate the data signal
using one of the digital modulation techniques and then to load it to the power-line network.
A PLC receiver is connected to the power-line network via an interfacing circuit. A
preamplifier is used to compensate for the losses in the power lines. The amplified signal is
demodulated to recover the original data, and then passed to a data sink.

3.2.1 KEY BOARD
This section is used to enter the code of the device to switch ON / OFF.
This section consists of more than one push to on switches; each of them will be allotted with
a unique number. The key board will be scanned and encoded with the help of a
microcontroller.
3.2.2 MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller controls the entire actions of both transmitter unit
and receiver unit. The microcontroller in the transmitter unit scans the key board in order to
detect the closed key and encodes the key value. The key value will be an hexadecimal code
in the parallel format. The C in the transmitter also performs the parallel to serial conversion
so that the code can be transmitted over a wireless channel.
The microcontroller in the receiver unit will perform a serial to parallel
conversion in order the retrieve the code of the closed key. Also the microcontroller in the
receiver unit analyzes the received code and switches ON/ OFF the load according to the
received code.
3.2.3 OSCILLATOR
This section generates the high frequency carrier wave which is used to
modulate with the data. The frequency is set around.
3.2.4 MODULATOR
This section modulates the serial data out of the microcontroller with the
carrier waver. The OOK modulation is usually used because it provides a reliable and yet a
simple system. OOK modulation is a special case of ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
modulation, where no carrier is present during the transmission of a zero.
3.2.5 DEMODULATOR
This section demodulates the data from power line carrier signal. A phase locked loop will be
the best choice.

17

3.2.6 POWER LINE INTERFACE
An interfacing circuit is used to isolate the 220 V/50 Hz from the low voltage environment.
3.2.7 RELAY AND RELAY DRIVERS
The relays are used to isolate both the controlling and controlled
equipments. The relay is an electromagnetic device, which consumes comparatively large
amount of power. Hence it is impossible for the interface IC to drive the relay satisfactorily.
To enable this, a driver circuitry, which will act as a buffer circuit, is to be incorporated
between of them. The Driver circuitry senses the presence of a high level at the input and
drives the relay from another Voltage source. Here the relay is used to switch the electrical
supply to the appliances.
3.2.8 POWER SUPPLY
The system requires a regulated voltage of +5V along with an unregulated 12V supply for
relay. These low voltages are obtained from the domestic supply with the help of this block.


18

Chapter 4
IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 MICROCONTROLLER
The 8-bit microcontroller AT89C51 or AT89C52 from ATMEL is selected
to control the system. This is a 40-pin chip, which contains four input /output ports, 256 bit
ram, 8Kbyte of prom. The power is applied across the Vcc (pin 40) and GND (pin 20) pins.
The external execution is eliminated by connecting the EA pin to Vcc through a resistor.

Fig4.1 Pinout dgm of AT89C52
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high density non-volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and
pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides
a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of
RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a
full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down
U3
AT89C52
9
18
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
RST
XTAL2
XTAL1
P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2-EX
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INTO
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/TO
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7

19

Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions
until the next hardware reset.
4.1.1 PORT 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output
port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be
used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has
internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs
the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.
4.1.2 PORT 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups.
The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1
pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-
ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count
input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in
the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash
programming and verification.
4.1.3 PORT 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The
Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and
during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In
this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to
external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of
the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some
control signals during Flash programming and verification.
4.1.4 PORT 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The
Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3
also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51, as shown in the
following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.

20





4.1.5 RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets
the device.
4.1.6 ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming.
In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,
however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If
desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set,
ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external
execution mode.
4.1.7 PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access
to external data memory.

21

4.1.8 EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to
enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up
to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on
reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives
the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt
programming is selected.
4.1.9 CLOCK INPUTS

Fig4.2 Clock outputs
The X1 and X2 inputs are connected to the ends of a piezo electric crystal. We can choose the
crystal frequency from 1Mhz to 24Mhz. Also both of the crystal inputs are connected to
ground through capacitors of vale 33pf. The clock pin connection is shown below.
4.1.10 RESET INPUTS

Fig4.3 Reset inputs
The figure shows the connections of the reset pin. The reset pin is connected to a power on
reset circuit. The capacitor voltage at the time of power on will be 1. This will reset
microcontroller. The voltage drops to zero shortly after some time. This will remove the reset
condition and the microcontroller will start fetching now.


22

4.2 CARRIER WAVE GENERATOR

fig4.4 Carrier wave generator
An astable multivibrator is used generate the carrier frequency. In our case we are selecting a
high frequency wave, frequency above 100hz, as the carrier wave. The carrier frequency is
generated with the help of a NAND-Gate, which is wired as a NOT-gate. Further we will
refer this gate a NOT-gate in this section.
The input voltage of the NOT gate will be at logic low level as soon
as the power is switched ON, since the capacitor voltage is zero. This logic low-level input
will make the output voltage at logic high level. Thus the capacitor charges to logic high level
through the resistor. After some time, the capacitor voltage reaches the logic high level. This
in turn makes the output of the NOT-gate as logic zero. Now the capacitor starts discharging
through the resistor. The output level of the NOT-gate will remain at logic low level until the
capacitor voltage discharges up to zero. The NOT-gate output will goes to logic high level as
soon as the capacitor voltage is at logic low level and the capacitor starts charging. This
process cycles infinitely.

4.3 MODULATOR AND POWER LINE INTERFACE

Fig4.5 Modulator And Power Line Interface
C6
104
J2
0V
1
U2B
CD4093B
5
6
4
C4
103
L1
INTERFACING CCT
VCC
TXD
R6
22
U2A
CD4093B
1
2
3
R4
5K TRIMPOT
1 3
2
R7
22
J1
230V
1
R2
330
C5
104
Q1
BC557
1
2
3

23

The carrier wave is applied to the Pin2 of the gate N2A. the other pin of this gate is
connected to the TXD pin of the microcontroller. Therefore the output of this gate remains at
logic high level as far as this TXD pin remains a logic low level. The carrier frequency can
reach the output only when the TXD pin is kept at high level.
The output of this gate is connected to the base of an amplifier transistor. The
amplified signal is applied to a tuned frequency transformer which will allow a narrow band
of frequency to pass through it. The transformer is so adjusted that we will get maximum
amplitude of voltage at the output of the transformer.
This transformer also provides isolation for between the 230V line and the 5V low
potential line. The resistors and capacitors connected in series with the input of the
transformer will limit the current flowing through the transformer. We had selected the
carrier frequency so high in order to limit the short circuit for the carrier frequency through
other electrical loads that are designed to work with 50Hz frequency.

4.4 CARRIER RECEIVER

Fig4.6 Carrier Receiver
The receiver circuit is designed with the help of a Phase Locked Loop. The carrier
frequency in the 230V line is by passed to the input of the Phase Locked Loop via a tuned
frequency transformer. The series RC network at the input of this transformer adds high
impedance to the low frequency 50Hz supply and steps up the high frequency wave.
The output of this transformer is connected to the input of the Phase Locked Loop IC that
compares the input frequency with a reference frequency. In our project we are using LM567
/ NE567 as the Phase Locked Loop. The LM567 and LM567C are general purpose tone
decoders designed to provide a saturated transistor switch to ground when an input signal is
present within the pass band. The circuit consists of I and Q detector driven by a voltage
controlled oscillator which determines the centre frequency of the decoder. External
components are used to independently set centre frequency, bandwidth and output delay.
The centre frequency of the tone decoder is equal to the free running frequency of the VCO.
C12
104
U6
LM567C
1
2
3
5
6
8
OUT FIL
L FIL
INPUT
TR
TC
OUTPUT
J5
230V
1
C13
332
R11
1K
1 3
2
C11
472
J6
0V
1
R10
22
R9
22
C10
103
L4
INTERFACING CCT
C9
104

24


This is given by The bandwidth of the filter may be found from the approximation

Where:
Vi = Input voltage (volts rms), Vi 200 mV
C2 = Capacitance at Pin 2 (F)
The output of the Phase Locked Loop goes logic low level whenever the input frequency
matches with the reference frequency. The output of the Phase Locked Loop is connected to
the RxD pin of the UART in the microcontroller.

4.5 RELAY DRIVER AND RELAY
The relay is an electromagnetic device, which consists of solenoid,
moving contacts, fixed contact and a restoring spring. The relay takes advantage of the fact
that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet.
The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the switch's
motion (ON and OFF) is controlled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively.
A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a
circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage
circuit (e.g. 100 VAC or more). The relay operates mechanically, so it cannot operate at high
speed.

Fig4.7 Relay driver and relay
There is much kind of relays. You can select one according to your needs. The
various things to consider when selecting a relay are its size, voltage and current capacity of

25

the contact points, drive voltage, impedance, number of contacts, resistance of the contacts,
etc.
The resistance voltage of the contacts is the maximum voltage that can be conducted at the
point of contact in the switch. When the maximum is exceeded, the contacts will spark and
melt, sometimes fusing together. The relay will fail. The value is printed on the relay.
Depending on the output connectivity the relays are classified into two.
Single pole double throw relay (SPDT)
Double pole double throw relay (DPDT)
The specification of the relay will contain the working voltage, solenoid impedance current
and voltage rating of the contacts. Here we are using 12V, 100-ohm 6Amp Relays.
When we connect the rated voltage across the coil the back Emf opposes the current
flow but after a short time the supply voltage will overcome the back emf and the current
flow through the coil increase. When this current is equal to the activating current of the relay
the core is magnetized and it attracts the moving contact. Now the moving contact leaves
from its initial position where it makes a contact with a fixed terminal known as normally
closed terminal (N/c).
Now the common contact or moving contact establishes a connection with a new
terminal, which is indicated as normally open terminal (N/O). Whenever the supply to the
coil is withdrawn the magnetizing force is vanished. Now the restoring spring pulls the
moving contact back to initial position, where it makes a connection with N/C terminal.
However it is also to be noted that at this time also a back Emf produced. The withdrawal
time may be in microseconds, the back emf may be in the range of few kilovolts and in
opposite polarity with the supply terminals. This voltage is known as surge voltage. It must
be neutralized or else it may damage the system. A diode across the relay coil in reverse bias,
will act as a short circuit for this surge voltage and it will neutralize here itself.

Fig4.8 ULN2803
In order meet the current and voltage requirement, we are using a dedicated relay driver IC
ULN2803. The relay driver circuitry using this IC is very simple. The circuit is self
explanatory.
4.6 POWER SUPPLY
The system requires a regulated +5v supply for the semiconductors and a +12V unregulated
supply for the relay. These can be delivered from the 230V domestic supply. Before applying
+12V
K3
CUBE RELAY
4
3
5
1
2
U6C
ULN2803
3 16
IN OUT

26

this to the system we must step down this high voltage to an appropriate value. After that it
should be rectified. This will provide a unidirectional current. To achieve a +5V DC we
should regulate this. All these are done in the power supply circuitry, which is explained
below.
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC, and is more
efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-centre tapped transformer, four rectifiers are
required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. This is due to each output
polarity requiring two rectifiers each, for example, one for when AC terminal 'X' is positive
and one for when AC terminal 'Y' is positive. The other DC output requires exactly the same,
resulting in four individual junctions (See semiconductors/diode). Four rectifiers arranged
this way are called a bridge rectifier:

A full wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or positive) portions of the
alternating current waveform. The positive (negative) portions thus combine with the
reversed negative (positive) portions to produce an entirely positive (negative)
voltage/current waveform

Fig4.9 Powersupply
4.6.1 RECTIFIER OUTPUT SMOOTHING
While half- and full-wave rectification suffices to deliver a form of DC output, neither
produces constant voltage DC. In order to produce steady DC from a rectified AC supply, a
smoothing circuit, sometimes called a filter, is required. In its simplest form this can be what
is known as a reservoir capacitor, Filter capacitor or smoothing capacitor, placed at the DC
output of the rectifier. There will still remain an amount of AC ripple voltage where the
voltage is not completely smoothed.
Sizing of the capacitor represents a trade-off. For a given load, a larger capacitor will
reduce ripple but will cost more and will create higher peak currents in the transformer

27

secondary and in the supply feeding it. In extreme cases where many rectifiers are loaded
onto a power distribution circuit, it may prove difficult for the power distribution authority to
maintain a correctly shaped sinusoidal voltage curve.
For a given tolerable ripple the required capacitor size is proportional to the load
current and inversely proportional to the supply frequency and the number of output peaks of
the rectifier per input cycle. The load current and the supply frequency are generally outside
the control of the designer of the rectifier system but the number of peaks per input cycle can
be effected by the choice of rectifier design.
A half wave rectifier will only give one peak per cycle and for this and other reasons
is only used in very small power supplies. A full wave rectifier achieves two peaks per cycle
and this is the best that can be done with single phase input. For three phase inputs a three
phase bridge will give six peaks per cycle and even higher numbers of peaks can be achieved
by using transformer networks placed before the rectifier to convert to a higher phase order.
To further reduce this ripple, a capacitor-input filter can be used. This complements the
reservoir capacitor with a choke and a second filter capacitor, so that a steadier DC output
can be obtained across the terminals of the filter capacitor. The choke presents high
impedance to the ripple current. If the DC load is very demanding of a smooth supply
voltage, a voltage regulator will be used either instead of or in addition to the capacitor-input
filter, both to remove the last of the ripple and to deal with variations in supply and load
characteristics.
4.7 THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR
FOR 5V

fig4.10 Three Terminal Voltage Regulator
The L7800 series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220 ISOWATT220
TO-3 and D2PAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide
range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially

28

indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Three-terminal IC power regulators include on-chip overload protection against virtually any
normal fault condition. Current limiting protects against short circuits fusing the aluminum
interconnects on the chip. Safe-area protection decreases the available output current at high
input voltages to insure that the internal power transistor operates within its safe area. Finally,
thermal overload protection turns off the regulator at chip temperatures of about 170C,
preventing destruction due to excessive heating. Even though the IC is fully protected against
normal overloads, careful design must be used to insure reliable operation in the system.
4.7.1 FEATURES
1. Output current up to 1.5 A
2. Output voltages of 5; 4.2; 6; 8; 8.5; 9;12; 15; 18; 24V
3. Thermal overload protection
4. Short circuit protection
4. Output transition safe operating area protection
A 12-0-12V step down transformer is connected to provide the necessary low voltage. The
transformer also works as an isolator between the hot and cold end. The hot end refers to the
230V supply, which is a hazardous one, and the cold one refers to the low, safe voltage. Now
the hot portion appears only at the primary of the transformer. The secondary of the
transformer deliver 12V ac pulses along with a ground.

Fig 4.11 circuit diagram
This ac supply goes to a center tap rectifier, which converts the ac into a unidirectional
voltage. The ripples in the resulting supply is filtered and smoothed by a 2200FD/25V
capacitor. The 0.1F capacitor bypasses any high frequency noises. The resulting supply has
the magnitude above 17V. This voltage is fed to the regulator IC 7804. This IC provides a
R1
1K U1
L7805/TO220
1
3
2
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
C3
CAP NP
D2
LED
GND
+ C1
2200MFD
230V
D1
1n4007
1 2
+12V VCC
230V
+ C2
10MFD
T1
12 - 0-12V / 1A
D3
1n4007
1 2

29

regulated 5V positive supply at its 3rd pin. The required input for this is more than 7.5V.
Also there is an LED in series with a 1K resistor. This will act as a power ON indicator.
4.8 DUAL SUPPLY


Fig4.12 Dual Supply
The unit requires a dual supply since operational amplifiers are employed in it. The dual
supply can be obtained by utilizing center tapped bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier
provides +ve and ve outputs with reference to the centre tap of the transformer. This can be
filtered with capacitors and regulated with L7805 positive regulator and L7905 negative
regulator. The LEDs provided at the output of the regulator IC s indicates power ON status.


~230V
0V
+
C
2
5
1
0
M
F
D
R20
470
U9 L7805
1
2
3
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
R17
470
D6
1
N
4
0
0
7
+
C
1
7
1
0
M
F
D
+
C
2
6
2
2
0
0
M
F
D
C24
104
D5
LED
+
C
1
8
2
2
0
0
M
F
D
D11
LED
D7
1
N
4
0
0
7
C23
104
-V
VCC
D10
1
N
4
0
0
7
C19
104
U11 L7905
2
1
3
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
C20
104
D9
1
N
4
0
0
7
T2
12-0-12V / 1A

30

Chapter 5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION




Fig5.1 Circuit diagram of Transmission Section


C6
104
J2
0V
1
U2B
CD4093B
5
6
4
SW2
1 2
C4
103
R8
1K
U1
AT89C51 9
18
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
21
R
S
T
XTAL2
XTAL1
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
P2.1
P2.2
P2.3
P2.4
P2.5
P2.6
P2.7
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INTO
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/TO
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
P0.0
P0.1
P0.2
P0.3
P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
P2.0
L1
INTERFACING CCT
J4
0V
1
U3
L7805
1
3
2
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
+ C3
10MFD
VCC
SW6
1 2
+12V
VCC
C2
33Pf
J3
230V
1
VCC
TXD
R6
22
SW9
RESET
U2A
CD4093B
1
2
3
R4
5K TRIMPOT
1 3
2
+ C7
2200MFD
R7
22
Y1
11.59Mhz
SW8
1 2
T1
12-0-12V /1A
D3
1N4007
1 2
SW3
1 2
SW5
1 2
D2
LED
1 2
J1
230V
1
R5
10K
SW7
1 2
R2
330
C
R1
4K7 X 8
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SW4
1 2
C5
104
D1
1N4007
1 2
SW1
1 2
+ C8
10MFD
C1
33Pf
VCC
Q1
BC557
1
2
3

31

5.2 RECEIVER SECTION

Fig5.2 Circuit diagram of Receiver section





J19
PHASE
1
J23
PHASE
1
J18
NEUTRAL
1
C10
103
J15
LOAD2
1
D6
1N4007
1 2
C11
472
J11
LOAD1
1
J14
LOAD2
1
J24
NEUTRAL
1
D9 LED
J5
230V
1
R12 470
D4
1N4007
1 2 T2
12-0-12V /1A U7
L7805
1
3
2
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
SW14
1
2
J6
0V
1
K1
CUBE RELAY
4
3 5
1 2
+ C17
10MFD D7 LED
R15 470
D10 LED
D5
LED
1 2
C14
33Pf
SW11
1
2
VCC
J8
0V
1
SW12
1
2
U5A
ULN2803
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
11
IN1
IN2
IN3
IN4
IN5
IN6
IN7
IN8
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
J20
NEUTRAL
1
Y2
11.59Mhz
J10
LOAD1
1
VCC
R8
22
R16 470
C15
33Pf
SW10
RESET
C13
332
R10
1K
1 3
2
J7
230V
1
L4
INTERFACING CCT
K3
CUBE RELAY
4
3 5
1 2
J17
PHASE
1
R13 470
C12
104
J9
LOAD1
1
J16
LOAD2
1
VCC
K2
CUBE RELAY
4
3 5
1 2
R14
10K
J21
PHASE
1
J12
LOAD1
1
C9
104
D8 LED
J22
NEUTRAL
1
+ C18
10MFD
U6
LM567C
1
2
3
5
6
8
OUT FIL
L FIL
INPUT
TR
TC
OUTPUT
J13
LOAD2
1
R9
22
+12V
SW13
1
2
U4
AT89C51 9
18
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
22
23
24
25
26
27
28 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
21
R
S
T
XTAL2
XTAL1
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
P2.1
P2.2
P2.3
P2.4
P2.5
P2.6
P2.7 P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INTO
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/TO
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
P0.0
P0.1
P0.2
P0.3
P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
P2.0
C
R17
4K7 X 8
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
+ C16
2200MFD
K4
CUBE RELAY
4
3 5
1 2
R11
1K

32

Chapter 6
TESTING


Fig6.1 Checking of output in CRO


Fig6.2 Transmitter circuit on bread board

33


Fig6.3 Receiver circuit on bread board


34

Chapter 7
PCB DESIGN AND LAYOUT

The first step of assembling is to procure a printed circuit board. The
fabrication of the program counter plays a crucial role in the electronic field. The success of
a circuit is also depends on the PCB. As far as the cost is concerned the more than 25% of the
total cost is gone for the PCB design and fabrication.
We are using a micro controller-based system that handles high frequencies. In the
high frequency circuit the data may easily be violated in the PCB due to the physical
parameters. That is the track capacitance and inductance can cause the cross talk in the buses.
Also unwanted noise can be induced to supply rails and from there it can affect the total
response. Hence the PCB design has a major role in the system performance.
Design of a PCB is consider as the last step in electronics circuit design as well as the first
step in the production of the PCBs. It forms a distant factor in electronics circuits
performance and reliability. The productivity of the PCB and its assembly and service ability
also depends on the design. The designing of the PCB consist of the designing of the layout
followed by the generation of the artwork. Orcad is a low cost feature rich software package
for designing electronics circuit diagrams. The various tools in Orcad and their
implementation and designing the PCB are discussed below.

7.1 ELECTRONICS DESIGN AUTOMATION (EDA) TOOLS
With the advent of powerful computing system and interactive software, several
stages in the design and development of an electronic circuit has undergone automation. The
software and this hardware tool, which enable this automation, are called EDA tools. This
tool helps us in such a way that we can draw that circuit; list the functioning of the circuit in
response to the best inputs in assimilation software after successful simulating the circuit. The
placing and routing software does the PCB artwork in the project the design automation tool
used in Orcad, which includes.
7.1.1 ORCAD CAPTURE
For circuiting the circuit diagram, create schematic and net list.
7.1.2 ORCAD LAYOUT
For creating the PCB artwork the design process is of the following steps.
7.1.3 DRAWING THE CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

35

This is done in Orcad schematic capture. It includes many libraries with thousands of
component symbol. We can select the required symbol from library and place it on the
schematic page. After placing the component symbol, the interconnection is completing using
bus tool. After drawing the schematic, the following operations are performed.
7.1.4 ROUTING
Routing is the interconnection of component using upper tracks of required width.
Before starting routing the following thinks are done.
7.1.5 ENABLING/DISABLING REQUIRED LAYERS
The number of layers used and enabling the artwork depends upon the complexity of
the circuit, and fabrication technology available. If the board is single sided, enable only
bottom or solder side layer, so that track will come only on one side of the PCB. If the circuit
is much more complex the enable the required number of inner layer consider the fabrication
technique and cost.
7.1.6 MANUAL ROUTING
In this, the PCB design has to manually connect each track. This is time consuming process,
but is required some cases. On this also the software checks for errors and reports.


36


Fig7.1 Layout of Transmitter Circuit

37


Fig7.2 Layout of Receiver Circuit



38


Chapter 8
SOFTWARE
8.1 PROGRAM FOR TRANSMITTER SECTION

SW1 EQU P0.0
SW2 EQU P0.1
SW3 EQU P0.2
SW4 EQU P0.3
SW5 EQU P0.4
SW6 EQU P0.5
SW7 EQU P0.6
SW8 EQU P0.7


ORG 0000H

MOV SP,#50H ; SP =50
MOV TMOD,#20H ; TR0,TR1 IN AUTO RELOAD
MOV TH1,#E8H ; TH1 = BAUD RATE, 6 A0 4 300
SETB TR1 ; TIMER RUNS AT 11059200/6*12*16 = 153600
MOV SCON,#40H ; SCON = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0


START: JNB SW1,LOAD1
JNB SW1,LOAD2
JNB SW1,LOAD3
JNB SW1,LOAD4
JNB SW1,LOAD5
JNB SW1,LOAD6
JNB SW1,LOAD7
JNB SW1,LOAD8
JNB SW1,LOAD9
JNB SW1,LOAD10
SJMP START
;.................................................................

LOAD1: MOV SBUF,#01H
SEND: JNB TI,SEND
ACALL DLY
SJMP START

39


;.................................................................
LOAD2: MOV SBUF,#02H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD3: MOV SBUF,#03H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD4: MOV SBUF,#04H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD5: MOV SBUF,#05H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD6: MOV SBUF,#06H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD7: MOV SBUF,#07H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD8: MOV SBUF,#08H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD9: MOV SBUF,#09H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................
LOAD10: MOV SBUF,#10H
SJMP SEND
;.................................................................

; delay subroutine for 0.5 Sec
DLY: MOV R0,#10 ; R0 =10
DL1: MOV R1,#200 ; R1=200
DL2: MOV R2,#250 ; R2=250
DL3: DJNZ R2,DL3 ; R2=R2-1 UP TO R2 =00, Delay for 250 Sec
DJNZ R1,DL2 ; t = 250 x 200 = 50000 Sec
DJNZ R0,DL1 ; t = 10x250x200 = 0.5 Sec
RET ; RETURN
;.................................................................
END



40

8.2 PROGRAM FOR RECEIVER SECTION
SW1 EQU P0.0
SW2 EQU P0.1
SW3 EQU P0.2
SW4 EQU P0.3
SW5 EQU P0.4

RL1 EQU P2.0
RL2 EQU P2.1
RL3 EQU P2.2
RL4 EQU P2.3
RL5 EQU P2.4

;.................................................................

ORG 0000H

MOV TMOD,#20H ; TR0,TR1 IN AUTO RELOAD
MOV TH1,#E8H ; TH1 = BAUD RATE, 6 A0 4 300
SETB TR1 ; TIMER RUNS AT 11059200/6*12*16 = 153600
MOV SCON,#50H ; SCON = 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

;.................................................................

START: JB RI,SWITCH ; GOTO SWITCH IF ANY DATA RECEIVED
JB SW1,START1 ; GO TO START1 IS SWITCH OPEN
CPL RL1 ; COMPLIMENT RELAY1 IF SWITCH CLOSED
SJMP DLY

START1: JB SW2,START2 ; CHECK SWITCH 2
CPL RL2 ; COMPLIMENT RELAY2 IF SWITCH CLOSED
SJMP DLY

START2: JB SW3,START3 ; CHECK SWITCH 3
CPL RL3 ; COMPLIMENT RELAY3 IF SWITCH CLOSED
SJMP DLY

START3: JB SW4,START ; CHECK SWITCH 4
CPL RL4 ; COMPLIMENT RELAY4 IF SWITCH CLOSED
SJMP DLY

;.................................................................
; delay subroutine for 0.5 Sec
DLY: MOV R0,#10 ; R0 =10

41

DL1: MOV R1,#200 ; R1=200
DL2: MOV R2,#250 ; R2=250
DL3: DJNZ R2,DL3 ; R2=R2-1 UP TO R2 =00, Delay for 250 Sec
DJNZ R1,DL2 ; t = 250 x 200 = 50000 Sec
DJNZ R0,DL1 ; t = 10x250x200 = 0.5 Sec
SJMP START ; RETURN
;.................................................................

SWITCH: MOV A,SBUF ; COPY RECEIVED DATA TO ACCUMULATOR

CJNE A,#01H,SWR1 ; CHECK WHETEHER THE RECEIVED DATA =1
SETB RL1 ; SWITCH ON RELAY 1
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT

WR1: CJNE A,#02H,SWR2
SETB RL2 ; SWITCH ON RELAY 2
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT

SWR2: CJNE A,#03H,SWR3
SETB RL3 ; SWITCH ON RELAY 3
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT

SWR3: CJNE A,#04H,SWR4
SETB RL4 ; SWITCH ON RELAY 4
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT

SWR4: CJNE A,#05H,SWR5
CLR RL1 ; SWITCH OFF RELAY 1
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT

SWR5: CJNE A,#06H,SWR6
CLR RL2 ; SWITCH OFF RELAY 2
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT

SWR6: CJNE A,#07H,SWR7
CLR RL3 ; SWITCH OFF RELAY 3
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT

SWR7: CJNE A,#08H, START
CLR RL5 ; SWITCH OFF RELAY 4
SJMP START ; GO TO EXIT
;.................................................................
END


42

Chapter 9
IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS

The power supply unit employed in both transmitter and receiver delivers required
power to the circuits as soon as the 230V supply is applied to the input of the step down
power transformer. The power O reset circuit fitted to the reset pin of the microcontrollers
will reset them thereby clearing the program counter as 0000h. The microcontroller will start
fetching the codes as soon as the reset pin voltage falls to logic low level.
The program in the transmitter units microcontroller will always watch the logic
level of the ports to which the switches are connected. The logic level at these ports will be at
logic high level as far as the switches are kept open. The port pin will be connected to GND
whenever the switch connected to that pin is closed, thereby making the voltage at this pin as
logic low level.
The microcontroller will determine the code for the closed switch and this code will
be transferred to the serial buffer of the transmitter unit in the UART. The UART will be pre-
initialized with 1200 bps baud rate and 8-bit, no parity, 1-stop bit mode. The program further
returns to algorithm where it looks the status of the switch.
The transmitter unit in the UART will shift out the code written to its serial buffer.
The output of the uart is connected to the modulator gate, which will generate carrier for
logic high level input and no carrier for logic low level input.
The carrier is transmitted over the 230V line to the receiver unit. The Phase Locked
Loop in the receiver unit will demodulate this carrier frequency and give logic high level to
the input of the RxD pin of the uart in the receivers microcontroller. The UART in the
receiver unit will convert the serial data into parallel format and intimate the microcontroller
by setting the RI pin.
The program in the receivers microcontroller will also scan the switches connected to
it. The program will toggle the status of the relay; whenever the program detects the switch
corresponding to that relay is closed. The program will also check the status of the RI flag
and is reads the received data from the serial buffer of the receiver section of the UART. The
received data will be compared with the codes assigned to each of the relay and the relay will
be switched ON / off according the received data. The process will be executed until the
systems are switched off.


43

Chapter 10
CONCLUSION
As per indicated in application, the power line provides wide areas of communication
through all the channels, with this power line provides mobility, flexibility & stability
because of its small size & portable size, internet accessibility & ease of installation. Power
line communication is not so powered because of less inventions due to that cost required to
design transceiver at each station is very high. So, todays point of view the first challenge is
to reduce the cost. So, in future we definitely proved that power line communication is the
most efficient, powerful & cheapest media of communication.
Addressing the individual project goals, a number of conclusions can be made. After
detailed studies, we have gained an in-depth knowledge of the issues faced with power line
carrier communications. The PLC system we designed is a primary stage of a home
networking system in which we tried to send a data from one computer to another which is
installed in the same building. A successful power line carrier communication link could be
created by the addition of frequency hopping, variable gain stage and error correction
techniques.



44

Chapter 11
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.powerlineworld.com
2. Designing Systems with the IC/SS Power Line Carrier Chipset, National
Semiconductor Application Note 919, January 1994.
3. G Kelly, Home Automation: Past, Present &Future, Electronics Australia, February
1997
4. The 8051 Microcontroller Kenneth J Ayala
5. Microprocessor Architecture Ramesh S Gaonkar
6. Advanced Microprocessors & Peripherals A K Ray & K M Bhurchandi
7. Digital Fundamentals Thomas L Floyd
8. Digital Systems Ronald J Tocci
9. Opamps and linear integrated circuits Gayakwad



45

Chapter 12
APPENDICES

12.1 DATASHEETS

A. AT89C52
B. LM567C
C. CD4093B
D. BC557
E. IN4007
F. ULN2803
G. 78L09
H. L7905
I. L7800
J. IN4148