Annual Facility Costs

Benchmarks V Survey Committee Members
Matt Anderson, CFM, Millipore Corporation

Frederick J. Berl, CFM, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Doug Burns, ICOS Corporation
Sheryl Callahan, CFM, DonTech
Randy W. Dinnison, CFM, LexisNexis
George Gogola, CFM, CAE, College of American Pathologists
Michael F. Guerin, PE, AIA, Guerin Associates Inc.
Al Q. Kinisky, CFM, PMP, SAPM, Concur Technologies
Phyllis Meng, CFM, IFMA Fellow, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Authority
Steven R. Pons, CFM, Perdue Farms Inc.
John Davis Secor, CFM, AIA, Archetype International
John A. Sorich, CFM, Fluor Corporation
Rick Wilkerson, Philips Medical Systems
Associate Director of Research
Shari F. Epstein
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A CREDITS
BENCHMARKS V
RESEARCH REPORT # 30
ANNUAL FACI LI TY COSTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Using This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Definitions for Benchmarks V Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
SECTION 1: DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
INDUSTRIES REPRESENTED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FACILITY USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Facility Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
LOCATION OF FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Facilities by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
FACILITY AGE AND SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Facility Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
OWNERSHIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Overall Ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Owned vs. Leased by Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Days and Hours of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
SECTION 2: SIZE OF FACILITIES AND SQUARE FOOTAGE PER OCCUPANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BUILDING EXTERIOR GROSS AREA (GROSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Owned vs. Leased by Size of Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
FACILITY RENTABLE AREA (RENTABLE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Owned vs. Leased by Size of Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
GROSS AND RENTABLE BY INDUSTRY TYPE AND FACILITY USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819
SQUARE FOOTAGE PER OCCUPANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021
SECTION 3: COST OF OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
JANITORIAL COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425
Janitorial Staffing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
MAINTENANCE COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Maintenance Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2728
Roads and Grounds Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Facility Operating Current Replacement Value (CRV) Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
UTILITY COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3031
Utility Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3435
LIFE AND SAFETY COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PLANNING COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
SECURITY COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3839
SECTION 5: PROJECT AND SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
TYPES OF PROJECTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
PROJECT COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
SPACE PLANNING COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
FM INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
EMPLOYEE AMENITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
EMPLOYEE AMENITIES COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
SECTION 6: FINANCIAL INDICATORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
LEASE TYPE AND COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
COST OF OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
COST OF PROVIDING THE FIXED ASSET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
OCCUPANCY COST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
TOTAL ANNUAL FACILITY COST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5253
SECTION 7: PARTICIPANT LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
PARTICIPANT LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5660
2008 IFMA BENCHMARKS V 1
ABOUT THIS REPORT
IFMA conducts a benchmarking survey of its members annually, and the results are eagerly anticipated by
facility managers. The objective of IFMAs benchmarking surveys is to collect facility data that will easily allow
comparison of costs and practices. This years survey is more general in nature in that it gathers costs from all
facility areas including housekeeping, maintenance, utilities, security, environmental, project, support and space
planning. Respondents also are required to provide a description of the facility, including size, type, hours of
operation, location, industry, leasing arrangements and number of occupants.
To create this years survey, a committee of IFMA members reviewed questions posed in 2004 Benchmarks IV
and 2005 Operations and Maintenance surveys and developed new questions to better match todays practices.
The nine-page survey was mailed to IFMA professional members in the United States and e-mailed to Canadian
professional members in June 2007. Although the surveys were issued to IFMA members, membership was not
required to participate. In addition to the mail survey, members were sent multiple e-mail reminders which directed
them to a link to IFMAs Web site where they could download a copy of the survey. More than 1,052 surveys
were returned by December 2007. After incomplete and duplicate surveys were removed, 1,032 surveys
remained deemed usable for analysis.
Findings are discussed in the sections that follow. Statistically significant findings are integrated in the text
of the report. Additional copies of this report may be ordered through IFMAs bookstore. For those seeking
different sorts of information not presented in this report, one can order the database used to create this
report. The database can be obtained in its entirety in Microsoft Excel by contacting IFMAs research department.
The cost of the database varies based upon survey participation and membership. Please see the back cover of
this report to determine pricing.
ABOUT IFMA
IFMA is the largest and most widely recognized professional association for facility management, supporting
more than 19,000 members. The associations members, represented in 125 chapters and 15 councils
worldwide, manage more than 37 billion square feet of property and annually purchase more than US$100
billion in products and services. Formed in 1980, IFMA certifies facility managers, conducts research, provides
educational programs, recognizes facility management certificate programs and produces World Workplace,
the worlds largest facility management conference and exposition. For more information, visit www.ifma.org.
ABOUT IFMA RESEARCH
IFMA conducts a variety of research programs that serve to strengthen the knowledge and skills of FM
professionals while advancing the FM profession itself. From industry surveys to forecasting to best practice
forums, IFMAs research department draws on the practices and opinions of FM professionals and educators,
covering topics vital to the daytoday operations of facility professionals and the built environment in general.
Whether the focus is on industry averages, benchmarking statistics, or the latest on trends in the workplace,
IFMA is an information leader for the FM profession.
Shari Epstein
Associate Director of Research
INTRODUCTION
2 BENCHMARKS V 2008 IFMA
METHODOLOGY
The Benchmarks V survey was developed in spring 2007. Committee members reviewed questions used in
previous benchmarking surveys. Many of the questions were deemed still useful while others were modified
to better reflect current practices. In some cases, questions were expanded to capture additional cost categories.
The survey was then converted into both a paper survey and electronic document. Paper surveys were mailed to
more than 10,000 North American professional members in July 2007. A postagepaid envelope accompanied
the paper survey. In the same month, IFMAs electronic members received an email directing them to IFMAs Web
site where they could download the electronic survey. Members were encouraged to pass the survey to the most
appropriate person to complete. Respondents were asked to provide information on the facilities they manage for
a 12month period of time. Many chose to report the data for calendar year 2006. Approximately 1,052 surveys
were returned during a sixmonth time period. A total of 1,032 surveys were deemed usable for tabulation
purposes. A completion rate of 50 percent was considered usable. If a survey did not include facility type,
space managed or number of occupants, the respondent was contacted to supply this pertinent data.
The data was analyzed using SPSS/PC+ software. Extreme high and low values were omitted from data
analysis to prevent the data from being skewed. Additional calculations were made to determine cost and
utility consumption per square foot, and square footage per occupant. If data was out of range, the respondent
was contacted to determine how the information was derived. In many cases, new information was supplied and
the information was subsequently entered. Canadian cost data was converted to U.S. currency by multiplying
costs by a factor of .99, the currency exchange rate on Dec. 3, 2007. All dollar amounts in this report are
reported in U.S. currency with exception to Canadian regional data which is reported in Canadian dollar.
Procedures used for analysis include univariate procedures such as frequencies, cross tabulations, mean
comparisons and descriptives. This report contains the results of those analysis deemed to be of most interest
to facility managers. Benchmarks V Annual Facility Costs is a selfreport survey. All data, including respondent
identification, was voluntary.
As with any research, readers should exercise caution when generalizing results and take individual
circumstances and experiences into consideration when making decisions based on these data. While IFMA
is confident in its research, it is important to understand that the results presented in this report represent the
sample of organizations that chose to supply the requested facility information.
The number of respondents (indicated by N in charts and tables) will vary because some respondents did not
answer all of the questions. A respondent may have opted out of a question because the question or some of
its parts were not applicable, or the respondent did not have the data available. This accounts for the varying
number of responses from one table or chart to another or within each table. Within some tables a blank or a
line is inserted because there were not enough responses to generate a valid statistic.
A confidence level and margin of error give readers some measure of how much they can rely on survey
responses to represent all IFMA member organizations. Given the level of response to this survey, IFMA is 95
percent confident that responses given by all responding organizations can be generalized to all IFMA member
organizations, in general with a margin of error of approximately +/ 4.0 percent. For example, 57 percent of
the respondents reported that their facility provides a food service operation such as a cafeteria. With a 4 percent
margin of error for the sample size of 418, the reader can be 95 percent certain that between 53 percent and
61 percent of member facilities operate food services at their facility. It is important to note that as the sample size
decreases, which occurs in many of the tables, the margin of error increases. For example, a smaller sample
of 150 decreases the margin of error to +/ 8 percent.
INTRODUCTION
USING THIS REPORT
Benchmarking is not a perfect science. It is a detailed multistep process which allows one to compare aspects of
performance, identify gaps, seek out different approaches, follow through with implementation, monitor progress
and review the benefits.
One of the most common mistakes people make when creating a benchmarking strategy is selecting an
organization within their own industry to benchmark against. This report will allow you to make this comparison,
but we encourage you to also compare your facilities operations to other facility types, because these other
organizations may share similar views of asset management.
Using this benchmarking data calls for some words of caution. The information contained in the report represents
a selfreport from IFMA members and others. All information was voluntarily provided but was not checked with
site visits. If a response appeared unusual or outofrange, an email was sent to verify information. Corrections
are made if necessary. When interpreting the data, it is important to remember that every facility is different, and
every organization operates using different accounting and measuring practices. The data listed in this report will
not provide a perfect comparison of your organization to that of another company, but it should give you a good
idea how your facility fits into the range of performance.
The percentile charts in this report allow you to see how your operation ranks against other organizations. The
arrows beside some charts show the bestinclass direction. Using your facilitys numbers for the performance
indicator, determine whether your building is above or below the median (50th percentile). If your facility falls
way above or below the median, you may want to examine your cost or procedures on that area. However, your
facility may differ from the median due to your type of facility, region or labor market. The data should help you
identify areas where you can improve your facility operation.
Bestinclass for facility operations is a difficult concept. For example, allocating the least amount of space per
person may be bestinclass in terms of the efficient use of space, but it may have a detrimental effect on
employee morale and productivity. Research done by BOSTI Associates suggests that workspace size, by itself,
does not affect job performance or satisfaction, but the loss of size in individual workspace due to relocation or
redesign affects job satisfaction and retention. Working toward the lowest percentile in square feet per person
can be counterproductive; however, some companies believe this should be the standard, when it is not. For this
reason, we have designated a direction on some of the percentile charts to indicate bestinclass, but we have
not defined a specific level of performance as bestinclass.
Using this report is the first step in benchmarking. After you have identified areas where your facility operations
could be improved, you should conduct additional research before reengineering the process. One should not
immediately rush to find out which company is best in class and copy their practice. Instead you should look for
a more homogeneous group in which to compare. Participating in a local IFMA chapter or council benchmarking
study is a good way to explore how to improve your facility operations. IFMAs research department can assist
interested organizations to form benchmarking consortiums. In addition, IFMA has the capability to conduct more
detailed, smallerscaled benchmarking studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report would not exist without the facility data supplied by the hundreds of respondents who chose to take the
time to participate. Because this survey covers such a large breadth of functional areas, respondents often split the
survey among different departments as well as comb through several CAFM, CMMS or CAD databases to provide
accurate responses. Many respondents supplied data from multiple facilities which further increased their heavy
work load. We appreciate their high level of commitment to IFMA and the facility management profession by
taking the time to complete this survey.
IFMA relies on a group of subject matter experts who represent a variety of industries and manage different types
of facilities to create this survey. They meet via teleconference over a period of weeks to craft and revise the
questions used in this survey and later pretest the questionnaire. Their names are acknowledged on the inside
cover of the report. Shari Epstein, IFMAs associate director of research, conducted the survey, validated and
analyzed the data, created the tables and graphs and wrote the report.
INTRODUCTION
Average
Also referred to as the mean the sum or total of all responses divided by the number of respondents.
BAS
Building Automation System
Building Exterior Gross Area (Gross Area)
Building exterior gross area is the sum of the floor areas on all levels of a building that are totally enclosed within
the building envelope. Building exterior gross area includes facility interior gross area, exterior walls, major vertical
penetrations, void areas and interior parking space.
CAD
Computer Aided Design
CAFM
Computer Aided Facility Management
CAM charges
Common Area Maintenance charges
Categories of Moves
Box moves (employees moved to existing workspaces) * No furniture moved, no new wiring or telecommunication
systems required. Files and supplies moved
Furniture moves (workstation/furniture moves) * Reconfiguration of existing furniture and/or furniture moved or
purchased. Minimal telecommunication reconfiguration needed
Construction moves (moves that require construction) * New walls, new or additional wiring, new telecommunication
systems or other construction needed to complete the move.
Cleaning Service Level
Orderly Spotlessness (Level 1) - Floor and base moldings are clean and shine. No dirt build-up in corners or along
walls. All vertical and horizontal surfaces have a freshly cleaned appearance; no accumulation of dust, dirt, marks,
streaks, smudges or fingerprints. Washrooms are odor-free and tile gleams; supplies are adequate. Trash containers
hold only daily waste and are clean and odor-free.
Ordinary Tidiness (Level 2) - Floor and base moldings are clean and shine. No dirt build-up in corners or along walls,
but there may be up to two days worth of dust, dirt, stains or streaks. All vertical and horizontal surfaces are clean,
but marks, dust, smudges, and fingerprints are noticeable upon close observation. Washrooms are odor-free and tile
gleams; supplies are adequate. Trash containers hold only daily waste and are clean and odor-free.
Casual Inattention (Level 3) - Floors are swept or vacuumed clean but upon close observation reveal stains. A
build-up of dirt and/or floor finish in corners and along walls can be seen. There are dull spots and/or matted
carpet in halls and corridors. Base molding is dull and dingy with streaks or splashes. All vertical and horizontal
surfaces have conspicuous dust, dirt, smudges, fingerprints and marks. Trash containers hold only daily waste and
are clean and odor-free.
Moderate Dinginess (Level 4) - Floors are swept or vacuumed clean, but are dull, dingy and stained. There is a
noticeable build-up of dirt and/or floor finish in corners and along walls. There us a dull path and/or obviously
matted carpet in halls and corridors. Base molding is dull and dingy with streaks and splashes. All vertical and
horizontal surfaces have conspicuous dust, dirt, smudges, fingerprints and marks. Trash containers smell sour.
Unkempt Neglect (Level 5) - Floors and carpets are dull, dirty, dingy, scuffed, and/or matted. There is conspicuous
build-up of old dirt and/or floor finish in corners and along walls. Base molding is dirty, stained, and streaked. All
vertical and horizontal surfaces have major accumulations of dust, dirt, smudges and fingerprints. Trash containers
overflow, are stained and smell sour. (APPAs Custodial Staffing Guidelines for Educational Facilities, second edition)
DEFINITIONS FOR BENCHMARKS V REPORT
CMMS
Computerized Maintenance Management System
Cost of Operations
Annual cost of operation includes the total costs associated with the day-to-day operation of a facility. It includes all
maintenance and repair costs (both fixed and variable), administrative costs (clerical, time-keeping, general supervision),
labor costs, janitorial, housekeeping and other cleaning costs, utility costs and indirect costs, i.e. all costs associated
with roadways and grounds.
Cost of Providing the Fixed Asset
The sum of all the annual business capital costs and charges not related to the facilitys operation. Capital costs, capital
leasehold improvements, taxes, insurance, depreciation, interest expense charges are included. It does not include lease
costs, project or support costs.
Facility
An environment which is built, installed or established to serve a work-related purpose.
Facility Operating Current Replacement Value (CRV) Index
This indicator represents the level of funding provided for the stewardship responsibility of an organizations capital
assets. The indicator is expressed as a ratio of annual facility maintenance operating expenditure to Current
Replacement Value (CRV). (Asset Lifecycle Model for Total Cost of Ownership Management, 2005)
Facility Management
Facility management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of the built environment
by integrating people, place process and technology.
Facility Rentable Area (Rentable Area)
As defined in ASTM 1836-01, building exterior gross area minus exterior walls, major vertical penetrations, interior
parking space and void areas is facility rentable area.
Full-time Equivalent
The operational and supervisory person year headcount that delivers a facility service on an annual, full-time basis,
calculated on a 40-hour work week (2080 hours/year).
Gross Square Foot (GSF)
Basis used for utility calculations.
Interior Parking Space
The space used for vehicular parking space that is totally enclosed within the (occupied) building envelope.
Leases
Net lease - Base rent plus tenant pays directly a share of real estate taxes.
Gross lease - one payment in which owner has included estimated cost of operations.
Triple-net lease - base rent plus tenant pays expenses related to on-going operation of facility.
Major Vertical Penetrations
Major vertical penetrations include stairs, elevator shafts, utility tunnels, flues, pipe shafts, vertical ducts and
their enclosing walls.
Mean
See definition for average. Mean and average are used interchangeably and the interpretation is the same.
Median
The middle value in a range of responses is the median. One-half of all respondents will be below this value, while
one-half will have a higher value. The median is also known as the 50th percentile. The advantage in using the
median is that it is not affected as much by extreme highs or lows in the range of values as is the case with the mean.
Multi-Use
Used in this report to describe facilities with two or more primary uses, such as a single site that encompasses
headquarter offices as well as production or research facilities.
N
N is the number of cases supplying the data being described. It is important to note the size of the sample for the value
you are comparing.
Percentile
Indicates dispersion of data and a specific percentile identifies where a value lies in relation to other values in a range
of responses. The 25th percentile is the lower one-fourth point in the range of values in the group. The 50th percentile,
also referred to as the median, represents a value of which one-half of the group falls below and one-half falls above.
The median is not affected by extreme high or low values whereas the mean could be distorted.
Preventive Maintenance
Planned actions undertaken to retain an item at a specified level of performance by providing repetitive scheduled
tasks which prolong system operation and a useful life; i.e. inspection, cleaning, lubrication, part replacement.
(Cotts, Lee, 1992)
Project Management
Project management is the process of planning, organizing, and managing tasks and resources to accomplish
a well-defined objective, usually within constraints on time, resources, or cost.
Rentable Square Foot (RSF)
Basis for most benchmark calculations.
Repair Maintenance
Work that is performed to put equipment back in service after a failure, to extend life of the equipment, or to
make its operation more efficient. (Armstrong, 1996)
Site Population
The number of full- and part-time employees, contract workers and/or tenants located at the facility(ies.)
Workstation
Any type of space designated for occupant usage, either an open or an enclosed area, where an occupant
can be seated.
Void Areas
Rooms that are more than one story in height. Void areas exist on upper floors, such as atriums, light wells or lobbies.
S E C T I O N 1
DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES
Industries Represented
Facility Use
Facility Description
Location of Facility
Facilities by Region
Facility Age and Setting
Facility Setting
Ownership
Overall Ownership
Owned vs. Leased by Facility
Number of Occupants
Days and Hours of Operation
Industries Represented
Each year IFMA strives to increase participation in its benchmarking studies. More data allows for better
comparison. This years sample was broad in that more than 1,000 organizations shared their facility data with
IFMA. To classify the information provided, each respondent chose from a list of 33 broad industry categories.
If the data was provided by a thirdparty, such as a facility management contractor, the clients industry was
provided. IFMA verifies each survey by checking the respondents Web site to confirm the right industry category
was selected. The table below shows a breakdown of each industry category and how many are in each category.
Please note that several similar industries are grouped together, but they are represented as one industry category
throughout the report. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) provided data on 487 facilities, which
explains the large sample size for federal government facilities.
INDUSTRY TYPE INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
NUMBER OF
CASES (N)
Services Sector 225
Banking Consumer, Commercial, Savings, Credit Unions 34
Health Care Health Care 14
Hospitality Hotel, Restaurants, Hospitalityrelated 10
Information Services Data Processing, Information Services, ECommerce 22
Insurance Health, Life, Auto, Mutual, Casualty, Flood 37
Investment Services Securities and Investment Services 24
Media Entertainment, Media, Broadcasting, Publishing 13
Professional Services
Law, Accounting, Consulting, Engineering,
Architecture
25
Telecommunications Telecommunication Services 5
Trade Wholesale, Retail 17
Transportation Transportation, Freight 6
Utilities Energyrelated Utilities 18
Manufacturing Sector 138
Aircraft/Industrial Aircraft, Industrial Equipment 16
Building/Construction Building, Construction Materials 5
Chemical/Pharmaceutical Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Biotech 16
Consumer Products Food, Paper or related 19
Computer Computer Hardware or Software 32
Electronics Electronics, Telecommunications Equipment 21
Energy Energyrelated, Mining or Distribution 6
Medical Equipment Medical Equipment 14
Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles 9
Institutional Sector 657
Association Association, Society, Federation 10
Cultural Cultural Institutions 7
Education Higher Education, K12 31
Federal Federal Government 510
State/Provincial State/Provincial Government 14
City/County City/County Government 60
Special District/
QuasiGovernment
Special Districts, Transportation Authorities,
Improvement Districts, QuasiGovernment
9
Religious Religious, Charitable 16
Facility Use
IFMA members manage a
variety of facilities. This survey
classified buildings into 21
different facility types which are
used consistently throughout this
report. By far, corporate
headquarters is the most common
type of facility managed by this
group of respondents. This years
study included several new
categories including convention
centers, recreational facilities,
theatres and a general category
for transportation. Because of
the inclusion of GSAs large
portfolio, the number of
headquarters facilities and
courthouses were larger than
in previous IFMA reports.
FACILITY USE FACILITY DESCRIPTION
NUMBER
OF CASES
(N)
Headquarters Headquarters with offices and workstations 455
NonHQ NonHeadquarter Offices, Regional Offices 230
Courthouse Courthouse 127
MultiUse
A combination of space, but no single type
of space dominates more than 50 percent.
39
Research Center Research, Laboratory 28
Educational/
Training Center
Education, Training, Classrooms 28
Factory Factory, Plant 27
Call Center Call Center 18
Data Center Data, Computer Center, Switch Facility 10
Museum Museum, Arboretum, Gallery, Library 9
Hospital Hospital, Hospice, Surgical Center 7
Clinic Clinic 6
MultiResidential Dormitory, Retirement Housing, Apartments 5
Warehouse Warehouse, Storage, Distribution Center 5
Retail Branch Branch Location 5
Recreational Recreation Center, Golf Course 4
Correctional Jail, Prison 4
Religious Church, Mosque, Synagogue 4
Convention Center Convention Center, Exhibit Hall, Hotel 2
Arena Arena, Theatre, Auditorium 2
Transportation Airport, Rail, Bus Station 1
TOTAL 1,016
14%
9%
5%
Multiple buildings
in one location
Multiple buildings
in multiple locations
Space within a building
Single building
N=1,031
72%
Facility Description
The majority of respondents provided data on a singleuse building which was what the survey requested.
A smaller percent, 14 percent, provided data for a campus site. Most campus sites housed either two or three
buildings. Five percent reported on space contained within a building, usually leased.
Location of Facility
Almost every state and province in the United States and Canada is represented in this years sample.
Reference the map below to see the actual count.
5
3
30
14
99
6
4
6
6
2
28
9 23
15
2
2
0
11
3
0
5
1
32
33
29
23
14
30
38
15
6
9
72
9
12
18
16
11
36
15
36
29
16
51
11
26 15
11
7
8
6
29
10
22
34
19
(Washington, D.C.)
Hawaii
4
5
Facilities by Region
In addition to industry and facility use,
many of the costs in this report are broken
out regionally. The chart to the right
provides a category label for each region
and lists the states within each region.
The groupings in the United States are
categorized based upon zip code. For
example, the region labeled Mountain
is composed of states in which the zip
code begins with the number 8.
REGION N
% OF
SAMPLE
Canada (AB, BC, ON, QC, SK) 21 2%
New England (CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, VT, RI) 81 8%
Northeast (DE, NY, PA) 66 6%
MidAtlantic (DC, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV) 130 12%
Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, TN) 107 10%
Midwest (IN, KY, MI, OH) 96 9%
North Central (IA, MN, MT, ND, SD, WI) 99 10%
Heartland (IL, KS, MO, NE) 88 9%
South Central (AR, LA, OK, TX) 102 10%
Mountain (AZ, CO, ID, NM, NV, UT, WY) 89 9%
Pacific (AK, CA, HI, OR, WA) 152 15%
Facility Age and Setting
One of the emerging facility trends IFMA has been tracking is the maintenance and replacement issues
associated with aging buildings. Facility managers are faced with the largest collection of aging building
stock ever encountered. The average age of the facilities in this data set is 33 years.
Facility Setting
The amount of space and land that a facility requires has an impact on where it is situated. Research centers and
factories are more likely found in either suburban or industrial parks whereas courthouses and arenas are located
in downtown locations.
N=1,019
4%
13%
7%
8%
14%
28%
23%
3%
5<
Years
5-10
Years
11-15
Years
16-20
Years
21-30
Years
31-50
Years
51-100
Years
>100
Years
40%
Suburban Area
19%
24%
4%
13%
Industrial Park
Rural
Central Business
District
Secondary Downtown
Location
N=539
Ownership
Overall Ownership
A large proportion of the respondents manage facilities that are owner occupied, 81percent.
Owned vs. Leased by Facility
81%
12%
7%
N=1,030
Owner Occupied Leased Combination
N=1,029
C
10% 86%
91%
75% 13% 12%
4%
7%
42% 14% 44%
Space within a
building
Single building
Multiple buildings
in one location
Multiple buildings
in multiple locations
O
2%
Number of Occupants
Space per person and cost per person stats are derived by dividing area and costs by site population, i.e.,
the total number of fulltime, parttime and contract workers who occupy space. Recognizing that this number
fluctuates throughout the year, respondents provided an average for a 12month period.
Days and Hours of Operation
Facilities that operate full time (24/7) consume larger amounts of energy such as electricity and gas. They also
require additional cleaning. Hospitals, call centers, correctional and residential facilities are more apt to fit this
heavy user category due to their extended hours of operation.
Mean=1,684
Median=500
Range=6-50,000
C
501-1,000
101-500
100 or less
More than 2,500
1,001-2,500
37%
15%
18%
16%
14%
FACILITY USE N
HOURS/
DAY
SHIFTS/
DAY
DAYS/
WEEK
% HEATED/
COOLED
Headquarters 231 16 2 6 97%
NonHQ 94 16 2 6 97%
Research Center 26 20 2 7 97%
Educational/Training
Center
26 18 2 7 91%
Factory 26 19 2 6 86%
Call Center 16 21 3 7 100%
Courthouse 12 12 2 6 97%
MultiUse 11 18 2 6 98%
Data Center 10 21 3 7 95%
Museum 9 19 2 7 94%
Correctional 7 21 3 7 98%
Hospital 6 24 3 7 98%
Clinic 6 16 1 6 98%
MultiResidential 5 24 3 7 100%
Retail Branch 5 16 2 6 100%
Warehouse 4 21 2 6 82%
Recreational 4 18 3 7 91%
Religious 3 15 2 7 85%
TOTAL 501 17 2 6 96%
S E C T I O N 2
SIZE OF FACILITIES AND
SQUARE FOOTAGE PER OCCUPANT
Building Exterior Gross Area (Gross)
Owned vs. Leased by Size of Facility
Facility Rentable Area (Rentable)
Gross and Rentable by
Industry Type and Facility Use
Square Footage per Occupant
Building Exterior Gross Area (Gross)
Building exterior gross area (Gross or GSF) feet is the larger of the two area measurement used in this report.
Gross is used as the denominator for cost per square for utility costs. Survey respondents were asked to
provide gross feet using IFMAs measurement standard, ASTM E183601. This standard defines building
exterior gross area as the sum of the floor areas on all levels of a building that are totally enclosed within
the building. It includes facility interior gross area, exterior walls, major vertical penetrations, void areas
and interior parking space.
PERCENTILE GROSS SQUARE FEET
99 5,005,131
95 1,659,205
90 1,001,200
75 428,234
50 153,326
25 63,268
10 28,000
5 13,319
1 5,944
MEAN 483,245
100,001-
200,000 GSF
100,000
or less GSF
More than
1,000,000 GSF
500,001-
1,000,000 GSF
200,001-
500,000 GSF
21%
20%
13%
10%
36%
2
84% 13% 3%
78% 18%
85% 11% 4%
4%
80% 10%
69% 26%
10%
5%
C
100,000 or less
100,001200,000
200,001500,000
500,0011,000,000
More than 1,000,000
N=1,028
SIZE OF FACILITIESAND SQUARE FOOTAGE
PER OCCUPANT
Facility Rentable Area (Rentable)
Rentable area is defined as gross area minus exterior walls, major vertical penetrations, interior parking space
and void areas such as atriums and lobbies. Despite the name, the term rentable does not pertain to leased
space. The term rentable is used throughout this report, as the majority of annual costs are divided by the
rentable square feet (RSF) supplied by each respondent.
PERCENTILE RENTABLE SQUARE FEET
99 4,155,615
95 1,466,609
90 900,163
75 373,671
50 139,405
25 55,531
10 24,588
5 12,266
1 5,590
MEAN 422,759
N=1,028
100,001-
200,000 RSF
200,001- 500,000 RSF
100,000
or less RSF
More than
1,000,000 RSF
500,001-
1,000,000 RSF
C
20%
41%
20%
11%
8%
C
68% 31% 1%
84%
79%
83%
78%
13% 3%
16% 5%
13% 4%
10% 12%
100,000 or less
100,001200,000
200,001500,000
500,0011,000,000
More than 1,000,000
PER OCCUPANT
Gross and Rentable by Industry Type
INDUSTRY TYPE N GROSS SQ. FT. RENTABLE SQ. FT.
MEAN MEDIAN MEAN MEDIAN
Banking 33 444,585 123,082 356,774 113,113
Health Care 14 1,232,351 367,833 1,087,409 335,313
Hospitality 10 613,587 317,399 457,660 310,873
Information Services 22 218,398 115,000 200,091 108,000
Insurance 37 703,109 375,865 605,579 325,000
Investment Services 24 553,482 426,000 559,400 355,390
Media 13 251,417 144,000 221,483 125,000
Professional Services 25 193,535 100,000 178,684 89,888
Telecommunications 5 1,238,913 198,000 1,177,256 190,000
Trade 17 652,324 350,000 571,250 254,649
Transportation 6 117,686 82,024 104,887 77,911
Utilities 18 518,811 295,094 458,549 269,384
Aircraft/Industrial 16 1,023,906 371,000 937,358 364,000
Building/Construction 5 5,102,155 985,780 4,629,463 914,558
Chemical/Pharmaceutical 16 368,914 233,099 352,566 211,236
Computer 31 478,030 204,150 424,612 172,500
Consumer Products 18 720,082 557,975 654,009 523,069
Electronics 21 453,061 230,000 431,246 215,000
Energy 6 1,232,976 1,164,525 865,282 851,373
Medical Equipment 14 333,502 282,718 307,126 270,010
Motor Vehicles 9 1,329,013 750,000 1,273,295 740,000
Association 10 146,650 132,500 133,500 124,500
City/County 60 270,198 125,595 238,206 105,700
Cultural 7 1,868,921 120,000 1,550,626 110,000
Education 31 1,414,023 350,000 1,159,643 283,373
Federal 508 245,507 119,424 214,571 101,191
Religious 16 470,285 149,346 360,087 120,500
Research 9 919,006 165,000 652,594 160,000
Special District/
QuasiGovernment
9 3,937,060 620,854 3,710,981 560,756
State/Provincial 14 909,685 222,500 828,916 217,500
I
N
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S
M
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S
E
R
V
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C
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S
PER OCCUPANT
Gross and Rentable by Facility Use
FACILITY USE N GROSS SQ. FT. RENTABLE SQ. FT.
Headquarters 451 494,642 180,232 442,077 160,000
NonHQ 230 301,507 131,267 262,727 109,200
Courthouse 127 207,332 128,672 177,224 106,342
MultiUse 39 635,106 126,333 587,436 110,742
Research Center 28 487,222 138,000 391,407 126,272
Educational/
Training Center
28 1,555,015 507,151 1,281,642 450,000
Factory 27 1,715,476 351,300 1,562,980 351,000
Call Center 18 111,074 73,826 103,043 70,500
Hospital 10 613,587 317,399 457,660 310,873
Data Center 10 165,765 82,500 145,161 75,000
Museum 9 1,464,583 120,000 1,213,077 110,000
Correctional 7 354,188 300,735 289,321 264,807
Clinic 6 149,932 102,977 135,338 85,493
MultiResidential 5 350,000 255,034 300,000 223,927
Retail Branch 5 80,620 33,500 67,864 31,000
Warehouse 4 1,041,676 57,353 790,039 55,078
Recreational 3 90,000 77,833 80,000 72,333
PER OCCUPANT
Headquarters 227 406 376 367 330
NonHQ 88 409 337 362 313
Research Center 22 579 562 537 535
Educational/
Training Center
22 241 192 221 165
Factory 18 514 441 490 423
Call Center 17 190 148 148 145
MultiUse 10 460 410 404 362
Courthouse 9 693 677 672 594
Data Center 7 496 464 453 400
Hospital 6 475 388 408 333
Museum 4 910 871 684 678
Clinic 4 590 585 515 489
Retail Branch 4 577 571 507 501
Correctional 3 416 330 317 288
Recreational 3 267 225 249 200
PERCENTILE SQ. FT. PER OCCUPANT
GROSS RENTABLE
99 1,042 1,005
95 858 825
90 729 682
75 517 471
50 372 333
25 265 242
10 185 165
5 129 121
1 30 29
MEAN 415 379
Square Footage Per Occupant
PER OCCUPANT
Square Footage Per Occupant
Banking 28 415 402 361 348
Health Care 11 467 383 410 356
Hospitality 8 313 302 276 273
Information Services 18 379 307 352 276
Insurance 34 320 308 280 273
Investment Services 22 346 327 337 315
Media 12 358 303 308 267
Professional Services 25 367 336 358 304
Telecommunications 4 274 213 254 208
Trade 15 354 294 298 272
Transportation 6 203 204 187 183
Utilities 17 534 452 522 426
Aircraft/Industrial 14 405 392 366 377
Chemical/Pharmaceutical 14 478 487 450 457
Computer 28 393 383 366 368
Consumer Products 18 424 432 280 393
Electronics 19 502 500 474 460
Energy 5 576 608 402 314
Medical Equipment 11 319 280 291 245
Motor Vehicles 7 577 577 562 557
Association 7 365 333 327 308
City/County 42 483 444 414 344
Cultural 4 696 860 434 422
Education 26 268 214 247 165
Federal 19 509 478 460 400
Religious 12 498 500 328 299
Research 9 682 660 589 596
Special District/
Quasi-Government
8 590 574 491 466
State/Provincial 13 450 394 412 385
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S
E
R
V
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S
PER OCCUPANT
Janitorial Costs
Janitorial Staffing
Maintenance Costs
Maintenance Categories
Roads and Grounds Costs
Utility Costs
Utility Consumption
S E C T I O N 3
COST OF OPERATIONS
Janitorial Costs
Janitorial costs are costs associated with the cleaning
of offices, other work areas, restrooms and common
support space. These include wages, benefits, staff
support, supervision, administration, supplies, paper
goods and noncapital equipment. A large portion
of these annual janitorial costs is the contract service
providers costs. Respondents who lease were asked to
include costs associated with any supplemental cleaning
services provided by landlord. Janitorial costs increased
by a percentage point when compared to 2005 data.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $3.96
95 $3.05
90 $2.18
75 $1.61
50 $1.15
25 $0.84
10 $0.49
5 $0.24
1 $0.06
MEAN $1.30
N=472
FACILITY USE N $/RSF
Headquarters 433 $1.47
NonHQ 221 $1.41
Courthouse 127 $1.60
MultiUse 38 $1.43
Factory 27 $1.07
Research Center 25 $1.49
Educational/
Training Center
25 $1.43
Call Center 18 $1.65
Data Center 9 $0.81
Museum 8 $1.63
Correctional 6 $1.36
Clinic 6 $1.78
Retail Branch 5 $1.29
MultiResidential 5 $1.06
Hospital 4 $2.91
Warehouse 4 $0.40
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
Banking 21 $1.50
Health Care 11 $2.19
Hospitality 9 $1.28
Information Services 19 $1.12
Insurance 33 $1.33
Investment Services 22 $1.18
Media 13 $0.88
Professional Services 22 $1.14
Telecommunications 5 $1.18
Trade 16 $1.29
Transportation 6 $1.50
Utilities 17 $1.18
Aircraft/Industrial 15 $1.10
Building/Construction 5 $0.75
Chemical/Pharmaceutical 16 $1.11
Computer 30 $1.14
Consumer Products 18 $1.34
Electronics 19 $1.11
Energy 6 $1.02
Medical Equipment 13 $1.16
Motor Vehicles 9 $0.83
Association 9 $1.31
City/County 56 $1.16
Cultural 5 $1.63
Education 26 $1.10
Federal 505 $1.48
Religious 14 $1.31
Research 8 $1.75
Special District/
Quasi-Government
8 $1.58
State 11 $1.60
COUNTRY/REGION N $/RSF
Canada 20 C$1.49
New England 76 $1.67
Northeast 62 $1.68
MidAtlantic 121 $1.62
Southeast 105 $1.29
Midwest 93 $1.35
North Central 96 $1.58
Heartland 84 $1.44
South Central 95 $1.13
Mountain 82 $1.34
Pacific 138 $1.49
I
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S
COST OF OPERATIONS
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Janitorial Costs
Janitorial costs were analyzed
based upon labor component,
facility age, hours of operation
and level of cleanliness.
Descriptions for the levels
of cleanliness can be found
in the glossary.
JANITORIAL FUNCTION PERFORMED BY: N $/RSF
Inhouse staff 81 $1.63
Contracted service 370 $1.25
Both 19 $1.55
FACILITY OPERATED: N $/RSF
5 days per week 186 $1.12
SHIFTS N $/RSF
1 shift per day 148 $1.17
2 shifts per day 70 $1.40
3 shifts per day 80 $1.40
LEVEL OF CLEANLINESS N $/RSF
Orderly spotlessness 146 $1.45
Ordinary tidiness 273 $1.35
Casual inattention 67 $1.06
Moderate dinginess
Unkempt neglect
AGE N $/RSF
Less than 5 years 33 $1.30
5 10 years 131 $1.34
11 15 years 75 $1.59
16 20 years 72 $1.32
21 30 years 131 $1.32
31 50 years 269 $1.61
More than 50 years 258 $1.50
OTHER TYPE OF CLEANING N $/RSF
Clean room 38 $0.31
FACILITY SIZE (RSF) INHOUSE FTEs CONTRACTED FTEs TOTAL STAFF
Less than 50,000 0.8 1.2 2.0
50,000 100,000 0.9 2.6 3.5
100,001 250,000 1.0 5.1 6.1
250,001 500,000 3.7 7.7 11.4
500,001 750,000 5.0 14.8 19.8
750,001 1,000,000 7.1 20.3 27.4
1,000,001 1,500,000 12.1 31.1 43.2
1,500,001 2,000,000 41.5 26.0 67.5
More than 2,000,000 71.9 46.5 118.4
Janitorial Staffing
COST OF OPERATIONS
Maintenance Costs
Maintenance Categories
There are a number of activities that are incorporated into maintenance costs. IFMA has consistently used five
distinct categories which are detailed below. Most facilities are likely to incur costs in the first three categories,
external building maintenance; interior systems maintenance; and roads and grounds. The remaining two cost
categories, utility system maintenance and process treatment/environmental system maintenance; are costs
incurred by manufacturing facilities or large campuses with central plants. Solid waste management systems,
found under environmental system maintenance, differ from solid waste disposal. Solid waste removal costs
are broken out under environmental costs.
External building maintenance
Roof
Skin (siding, masonry, sash, glazing, window washing, external doors)
Exterior signage
Interior systems maintenance
Electrical systems (primary and secondary systems, emergency electrical systems, UPS, lighting systems, egress
signage, master clocks, fire/life safety systems and alarms and remote monitoring, elevator maintenance/repair)
Mechanical systems (HVAC, chillers, boilers, plumbing, extinguishing systems, back flow prevention,
refrigeration and nonprocess related pumps)
Building and general maintenance (interior walls, doors, ceilings, partitions and interior finishes, pest control)
Interior signage
Administrative support servicestrouble desks
Roads and grounds maintenance
Roadways, sidewalks, parking lots (paving repairs, sealing, striping, parking, roadway lighting, power
washing), snow removal, deicing
Landscaping (planting, mowing, irrigation)
Parking structures (surface repairs, sealing, striping, lighting and drainage systems)
Storm sewers (catch basins, manholes, subsurface drainage systems)
Underground fire systems and hydrants
Utility/central system maintenance
Electrical (generation/distribution)
Mechanical (steam, hot and cold water systems)
Process treatment and environmental systems
Process cooling water systems
Process gas systems
Air discharge scrubbers
Waste water systems
Water treatment plants
Incinerator operation
Solid waste management system
COST OF OPERATIONS
Maintenance Costs
The maintenance costs detailed below represent expensed maintenance costs, not capitalized improvement costs.
The maintenance costs tracked in this survey include all repair, preventive, materials, direct labor and contract
costs. Respondents who manage leased properties provided maintenance costs from common area maintenance
(CAM) charges in addition to building operating expenses charged by the landlord or property manager. The
aggregate maintenance cost found under Total Maintenance will not necessarily equal the sum of the component
costs due to the different sample sizes.
PERCENTILE
TOTAL
MAINTENANCE
EXTERNAL
BUILDING
INTERIOR
SYSTEMS
ROADS
AND
GROUNDS
UTILITY/
CENTRAL
SYSTEM
PROCESS
TREATMENT
& ENVIRO.
SYSTEMS
99 $11.80 $2.50 $8.26 $4.35 $3.94 $1.53
95 $5.90 $1.12 $5.07 $1.31 $1.76 $1.09
90 $4.02 $0.75 $3.66 $0.81 $1.39 $0.66
75 $2.84 $0.26 $2.07 $0.41 $0.53 $0.29
50 $1.64 $0.11 $1.18 $0.14 $0.18 $0.07
25 $1.19 $0.04 $0.58 $0.03 $0.07 $0.03
10 $0.81 $0.02 $0.30 $.001 $0.02 $0.02
5 $0.54 $0.01 $0.19 $0.01 $0.01
1 $0.19 $0.003 $0.07 $.007 $.004
MEAN $2.20 $0.27 $1.67 $0.36 $0.45 $0.23
N = 910 366 437 877 117 79
FACILITY USE N
TOTAL
MAINTENANCE
EXTERNAL
BUILDING
INTERIOR
SYSTEMS
ROADS
AND
GROUNDS
UTILITY/
CENTRAL
SYSTEM
PROCESS
TREATMENT
& ENVIRO.
SYSTEMS
Headquarters 406 $2.10 $0.07 $1.62 $0.16 $0.12 $0.05
NonHQ 205 $1.91 $0.19 $1.40 $0.32 $0.24 $0.06
Courthouse 125 $1.85 $0.07 $1.59 $0.16 $0.09 $0.03
MultiUse 39 $1.86 $0.31 $1.33 $0.04 $0.09 $0.01
Research center 24 $3.94 $0.37 $2.86 $0.40 $0.49 $0.27
Factory 20 $2.40 $0.21 $1.36 $0.16 $0.14 $0.14
Call center 16 $2.55 $0.11 $1.53 $0.38 $0.14
Educational/
Training Center
14 $2.74 $0.35 $1.66 $0.41 $0.42 $0.07
Museum 9 $2.32 $0.30 $1.66 $0.43 $0.21
Data center 7 $2.66 $0.20 $1.72 $0.49
MultiResidential 5 $0.91 $0.28 $1.56 $0.11
Hospital 5 $3.70 $0.40 $2.09 $0.33 $0.53
Warehouse 4 $0.75 $0.11 $0.43 $0.15
Clinic 4 $1.73 $0.19 $1.45 $0.03
Correctional 4 $1.77 $0.05 $1.63 $0.06
COST OF OPERATIONS
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Maintenance Costs
REGION N $/RSF
Canada 20 C$2.20
Northeast 55 $2.26
Southeast 99 $1.59
Midwest 90 $1.87
Heartland 77 $1.62
Mountain 73 $1.84
Pacific 112 $2.16
Roads and Grounds Costs
Although listed as dollar per square foot cost in the previous charts, roads and grounds maintenance are better
represented as dollar per developed acre.
PERCENTILE $/DEVELOPED ACRE
99 $22,824
95 $15,449
90 $11,133
75 $5,974
50 $2,956
25 $560
10 $75
5
1
MEAN $4,426
N=397
FACILITY USE N
$/DEVELOPED
ACRE
Headquarters 153 $4,722
NonHQ 84 $4,792
Courthouse 30 $1,128
Factory 19 $4,402
Research Center 20 $5,630
Educational/
Training Center
17 $4,756
Call Center 13 $4,943
Museum 6 $7,766
MultiUse 13 $2,830
Data Center 5 $2,933
Warehouse 5 $1,665
FACILITY USE N $/DEVELOPED ACRE
Single building 229 $4,034
Multiple buildings, one location 102 $4,720
Multiple buildings, multiple sites 53 $5,257
FACILITY SETTING N $/DEVELOPED ACRE
Central business district 46 $4,849
Secondary downtown location 48 $4,811
Suburban area 136 $3,857
Industrial area 46 $3,118
Rural area 14 $2,390
COST OF OPERATIONS
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
The CRV index represents the level of funding provided for maintaining an organizations portfolio of capital
assets. The indicator is expressed as a ratio of annual maintenance costs to the facilitys current replacement
value (CRV). As in previous years, three quarters of the responses fell below the recommended range of two
to four percent, published by the Building Research Board of the National Research Council. As facilities and
infrastructure approach the end of their planned working life, decisions of repair, reuse or replace will be
increasingly faced by building owners and facility managers. To maximize limited repair budgets, one
approach is to selectively invest in facilities that are most qualified to meet future needs.
PERCENTILE CRV INDEX %
99 11.04%
95 4.31%
90 3.27%
75 2.02%
50 1.10%
25 0.62%
10 0.31%
5 0.20%
1 0.03%
MEAN 1.63%
N=274
COST OF OPERATIONS
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Utility Costs
Utility costs are the costs associated with the provision of electrical power, potable water, central heating and
cooling and sewage service. Respondents provided annual costs for electricity, fuel oil, natural gas, chilled water,
steam, water and sewage. Eightyseven percent of the respondents provided sewage costs with water, because
they were not able to separate the two expenses. As with maintenance costs, the aggregate utility cost does not
equal the sum of the component costs because of different sample sizes.
$/GSF
PERCENTILE
TOTAL
UTILITIES
ELECTRICITY
FUEL OIL
#2
NATURAL
GAS
STEAM WATER SEWER
99 $7.39 $5.54 $0.50 $2.35 $1.47 $0.85 $0.64
95 $5.11 $4.48 $0.25 $1.43 $1.29 $0.41 $0.34
90 $4.01 $3.68 $0.14 $0.83 $1.12 $0.28 $0.20
75 $2.63 $2.59 $0.05 $0.51 $0.88 $0.16 $0.11
50 $2.38 $1.79 $0.01 $0.30 $0.63 $0.09 $0.05
25 $1.53 $1.05 $.005 $0.13 $0.33 $0.05 $0.03
10 $1.16 $0.85 $.002 $0.03 $0.20 $0.03 $0.02
5 $0.70 $0.63 $.001 $0.01 $0.16 $0.02 $0.01
1 $0.26 $0.27 $.0003 $0.006 $0.03 $0.01 $.006
MEAN $2.68 $2.08 $0.05 $0.42 $0.64 $0.13 $0.09
N = 950 859 70 696 90 849 153
$/GSF
FACILITY USE N
TOTAL
UTILITIES
ELECTRICITY
FUEL OIL
#2
NATURAL
GAS
STEAM WATER SEWER
Headquarters 412 $2.16 $1.58 $0.05 $0.40 $0.65 $0.13 $0.05
NonHQ 215 $1.81 $1.38 $0.02 $0.30 $0.52 $0.10 $0.07
Courthouse 124 $1.49 $0.97 $0.03 $0.35 $0.53 $0.10 $0.03
MultiUse 39 $1.62 $1.21 $0.28 $0.11 $0.05
Research
Center
23 $4.63 $2.91 $0.03 $1.44 $0.21 $0.14
Factory 23 $3.01 $2.10 $0.14 $0.44 $0.20 $0.10
Educational/
Training Center
21 $2.52 $1.45 $0.02 $0.35 $1.05 $0.19 $0.10
Call Center 17 $3.04 $2.78 $0.05 $0.32 $0.15 $0.08
Museum 9 $3.45 $1.97 $0.55 $0.52 $0.18
Hospital 7 $3.34 $2.43 $0.78 $0.58 $0.23
Data Center 6 $4.62 $2.51 $0.05 $0.11 $0.10 $0.05
Correctional 6 $1.99 $1.12 $0.21 $0.12
Clinic 5 $2.21 $1.62 $0.12 $0.03
Warehouse 4 $0.97 $0.62 $0.26 $0.02 $0.02
COST OF OPERATIONS
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Utility Costs
INDUSTRY N $/GSF
Banking 30 $2.34
Hospitality 9 $2.24
Insurance 31 $1.98
Media 9 $2.29
Trade 16 $2.23
Utilities 16 $2.53
Computer 24 $3.45
Energy 6 $2.12
Association 7 $2.51
Cultural 6 $3.23
Education 24 $2.34
Federal 503 $1.60
Religious 13 $1.99
Research 7 $4.15
Special District/QuasiGovernment 9 $2.44
State/Provincial 11 $2.37
COUNTRY/REGION N $/GSF
Canada 20 C$2.48
Northeast 58 $2.78
Southeast 102 $2.73
Midwest 95 $2.59
Heartland 81 $2.30
Mountain 77 $2.59
Pacific 128 $3.20
I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
I
O
N
S
M
A
N
U
F
A
C
T
U
R
I
N
G
S
E
R
V
I
C
E
S
COST OF OPERATIONS
Utility Consumption
One way to measure utility consumption is to divide units such as kilowatts, gallons and therms by gross square feet.
In addition to measuring units by area, one can also use an Energy Use Index (EUI) which converts to kBtus. To
compute the EUI for electricity, the number of kilowatts are multiplied by a conversion factor of 3.415 to derive
kBtus and divided by gross square footage. To calculate the EUI for natural gas, therms (100 CF) are multiplied
by a factor of 100 and divided by gross square feet. When comparing EUI for electricity and gas to 2005
data, there is a slight decrease. A possible theory to explain the improved energy efficiency could be the
implementation of lighting improvements and building design and equipment upgrades.
PERCENTILE
ELECTRICITY FUEL OIL #2 NATURAL GAS WATER SEWER
KWH/GSF GALLONS/GSF THERMS/GSF GALLONS/GSF GALLONS/GSF
99 107 0.39 3.21 85 85
95 55 0.32 1.69 71 55
90 42 0.16 1.09 51 34
75 30 0.03 0.61 30 23
50 19 .007 0.25 15 9
25 13 .001 0.06 2 0.64
10 8 0.01 0.04 0.02
5 1 .006 0.02 0.01
1 0.03
MEAN 24 0.04 0.46 20.8 14.6
N= 297 53 225 212 83
PERCENTILE
kBTUS/GSF
ELECTRICITY
kBTUS/GSF
GAS
99 312 162
95 188 120
90 142 85
75 103 49
50 67 25
25 47 5
10 29 1
5 5 0.6
1 0.1 0.1
MEAN 81 35
N=296
FACILITY USE N
kBTUS/GSF
ELECTRICITY
kBTUS/GSF
GAS
Headquarters 117 75 30
NonHQ 62 75 28
Courthouse 9 36 27
MultiUse 8 81 27
Research Center 22 126 64
Factory 16 132 63
Educational/
Training Center
19 54 32
Call Center 7 106 10
Data Center 5 152
OPERATING
SCHEDULE
N
kBTUS/GSF
ELECTRICITY
kBTUS/GSF
GAS
10 hours/day 35 63 28
12 hours/day 55 67 26
14 hours/day 18 77 33
16 hours/day 21 77 34
18 hours/day 11 79 35
24 hours/day 99 106 36
COST OF OPERATIONS
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Environmental Costs
Life and Safety Costs
Emergency and Disaster Planning Costs
Security Costs
S E C T I O N 4
ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH
AND SAFETY
Environmental Costs
Environmental costs are facility costs associated with providing satisfactory air and water quality as well
as waste removal. Costs also include expenses incurred to ensure regulatory compliance with federal,
state/provincial and municipal laws.
ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $2.24
95 $0.72
90 $0.41
75 $0.22
50 $0.12
25 $0.06
10 $0.03
5 $0.02
1 $.004
MEAN $0.21
N=344
INDUSTRY N $/GSF
Banking 19 $0.17
Hospitality 4 $0.07
Insurance 26 $0.13
Media 9 $0.09
Trade 11 $0.08
Utilities 8 $0.06
Computer 21 $0.30
Education 19 $0.14
Association 7 $0.15
Cultural 6 $0.19
Federal 6 $0.40
Religious 10 $0.06
Research 7 $0.22
NonHQ 55 $0.13
Factory 19 $0.32
Educational/
Training Center
15 $0.15
Museum 8 $0.11
MultiUse 7 $0.21
Data Center 7 $0.15
Hospital 5 $0.40
Clinic 5 $0.41
Warehouse 4 $0.07
COUNTRY/REGION N $/GSF
Canada 16 C$0.16
Northeast 24 $0.17
Southeast 38 $0.14
Midwest 34 $0.15
Heartland 36 $0.14
Mountain 20 $0.08
Pacific 49 $0.27
I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
I
O
N
S
M
A
N
U
F
A
C
T
U
R
I
N
G
S
E
R
V
I
C
E
S
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Environmental Costs
When broken down, solid waste removal is the largest component of environmental costs. Although practiced
extensively, recycling is no longer a break even proposition, but it is a large part of many organizations
sustainability efforts.
PERCENTILE MONITORING
CONSULTING
FEES
REMEDIAL/
ABATEMENT
SOLID WASTE
REMOVAL
HAZARDOUS
WASTE
REMOVAL
RECYCLING
99 $0.31 $0.78 $0.90 $0.67 $1.69 $0.30
95 $0.13 $0.40 $0.63 $0.28 $0.46 $0.16
90 $0.10 $0.24 $0.27 $0.20 $0.23 $0.09
75 $0.03 $0.08 $0.10 $0.12 $0.08 $0.05
50 $0.02 $0.03 $0.03 $0.07 $0.02 $0.02
25 $.007 $.007 $0.01 $0.04 $.008 $.009
10 $.003 $.003 $.004 $0.02 $.003 $.002
5 $001 $.002 $.001 $0.01 $.001 $.001
1 $.004 $0.07
MEAN $0.03 $0.07 $0.09 $0.11 $0.09 $0.04
N = 165 106 55 269 104 171
FACILITY USE N MONITORING
CONSULTING
FEES
REMEDIAL/
ABATEMENT
SOLID
WASTE
REMOVAL
HAZARDOUS
WASTE
REMOVAL
RECYCLING
Headquarters 87 $0.03 $0.07 $0.09 $0.15 $0.09 $0.04
NonHQ 44 $0.03 $0.10 $0.01 $0.08 $0.03 $0.03
Research Center 15 $0.06 $0.05 $0.02 $0.14 $0.21 $0.03
Factory 14 $0.03 $0.09 $0.10 $0.13 $0.17 $0.04
Educational/
Training Center
11 $0.05 $0.01 $0.04 $0.06 $0.02 $0.02
Call Center 9 $0.03 $0.12 $0.03
Museum 8 $0.04 $0.01 $0.19 $0.02 $0.03
MultiUse 5 $.007 $0.13 $0.08 $0.10
Clinic 5 $0.08 $0.07 $0.16 $0.03
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Life and Safety Costs
Life and safety costs are those associated with compliance to building regulations required by federal (OSHA),
state/provincial and municipal laws to maintain and operate the facility. Examples of life and safety costs include
purchase and maintenance of safety equipment, fire and egress requirements such as signage, exit doors and
building alarms/strobes, mandated training, nurses, doctors and emergency medical technician crews. These
costs have remained about the same since last reported in IFMAs Benchmarks IV report.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $2.01
95 $0.55
90 $0.40
75 $0.17
50 $0.07
25 $0.03
10 $0.01
5 $.007
1 $.002
MEAN $0.17
N=366
INDUSTRY N $/GSF
Banking 24 $0.08
Hospitality 7 $0.11
Insurance 26 $0.12
Media 7 $0.09
Professional 16 $0.09
Trade 13 $0.08
Utilities 9 $0.07
Computer 24 $0.08
Association 8 $0.10
Cultural 6 $0.27
Education 17 $0.05
Federal 9 $0.27
Religious 11 $0.04
Research 6 $0.23
NonHQ 67 $0.18
Factory 20 $0.08
Educational/
Training Center
12 $0.06
Museum 8 $0.15
MultiUse 6 $0.07
Data Center 6 $0.11
Courthouse 6 $0.01
Hospital 4 $0.26
Clinic 5 $0.11
Warehouse 4 $0.04
Religious 4 $0.03
Canada 15 C$0.12
Northeast 20 $0.14
Southeast 35 $0.07
Midwest 41 $0.11
Heartland 35 $0.15
Mountain 22 $0.09
Pacific 54 $0.09
I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
I
O
N
S
M
A
N
U
F
A
C
T
U
R
I
N
G
S
E
R
V
I
C
E
S
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Emergency and Disaster Planning Costs
The topic of preparedness often brings to mind emergency planning, but it encompasses much more than
maintaining backup equipment. Advance planning and preparation help to minimize disruptions and enable
operations to continue. Having witnessed largescale natural and manmade disasters in recent years, facility
managers need to make their facilities more self sufficient in times of emergency, as first responders may not be
able to react as quickly and service providers may experience a back log. Emergency planning costs include costs
associated with audits, consulting, backup equipment and supplies and any training undertaken.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $3.47
95 $0.84
90 $0.45
75 $0.16
50 $0.04
25 $.008
10 $.004
5 $.002
1
MEAN $0.21
N=253
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
Banking 17 $0.09
Hospitality 5 $0.12
Insurance 21 $0.25
Media 5 $0.03
Utilities 5 $0.02
Computer 15 $0.07
Association 6 $0.06
Cultural 5 $0.06
Education 12 $0.06
Religious 6 $0.02
Research 6 $0.21
NonHQ 37 $0.03
Factory 13 $0.06
Educational/
Training Center
10 $0.03
Call Center 6 $0.03
Museum 6 $0.06
MultiUse 4 $0.04
Data Center 5 $0.18
Hospital 5 $0.12
Clinic 5 $0.02
Canada 12 C$0.05
Northeast 18 $0.04
Southeast 25 $0.07
Midwest 26 $0.08
Heartland 26 $0.07
Mountain 12 $0.06
Pacific 38 $0.05
I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
I
O
N
S
M
A
N
U
F
A
C
T
U
R
I
N
G
S
E
R
V
I
C
E
S
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Security Costs
Despite a decrease in overall crime rates in recent years, certain cities have experienced higher incidence of
violent and property crimes. Coupled with terrorist strikes in 2001, organizations are seeking out better trained
security officers, often resulting in higher pay. For this report, security costs are costs incurred to protect the facility,
its contents and employees or tenants. Respondents provided the cost of direct labor such as outsourced service
providers and security equipment maintenance (CCTV, card access, security fence/barriers, security software).
Capital equipment or IT protection enhancements were excluded from these costs.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $6.44
95 $3.63
90 $2.45
75 $1.39
50 $0.76
25 $0.27
10 $0.05
5 $0.03
1 $0.01
MEAN $1.09
N=684
INDUSTRY N $/GSF
Banking 22 $1.17
Hospitality 9 $0.92
Insurance 34 $0.89
Media 10 $0.43
Trade 13 $0.73
Utilities 8 $1.18
Computer 17 $0.96
Energy 6 $0.74
Association 9 $0.52
Cultural 5 $3.40
Education 14 $0.73
Federal 362 $0.17
Religious 13 $0.58
Research 7 $2.29
NonHQ 166 $0.43
Courthouse 94 $0.11
MultiUse 30 $0.40
Factory 20 $0.60
Educational/
Training Center
12 $0.60
Data Center 8 $1.16
Museum 6 $2.65
Hospital 6 $0.92
Clinic 6 $0.46
Canada 18 C$1.04
Northeast 49 $0.54
Southeast 74 $0.52
Midwest 78 $0.57
Heartland 52 $0.66
Mountain 54 $0.69
Pacific 84 $0.78
I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
I
O
N
S
M
A
N
U
F
A
C
T
U
R
I
N
G
S
E
R
V
I
C
E
S
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
Security Costs
SECURITY LEVEL
PERCENTAGE
OF SAMPLE
$/RSF
Informal, no staffed reception or lobby 3% $0.16
Receptionist/lobby, business hours only, with offsite, oncall response 13% $0.38
Staffed/controlled entries and interior cameras with offsite, oncall response 14% $0.54
Staffed/controlled entries and patrols afterhours, remote monitoring 6% $0.59
Staffed/controlled entries, interior patrols, camera monitoring, afterhours
remote monitoring
13% $0.84
24hour onsite station, interior and exterior patrols, camera monitoring,
controlled entries
51% $1.63
FACILITY OPERATED: N $/RSF
FACILITY DESCRIPTION: N $/RSF
Space within a building 30 $0.64
Single building 419 $0.73
Multiple buildings in one location 91 $1.23
Multiple buildings in multiple locations 61 $1.27
FACILITY SETTING: N $/RSF
Central business district 84 $1.24
Secondary downtown location 63 $1.68
Suburban area 157 $1.12
Industrial park 56 $1.14
Rural area 11 $0.60
Types of Projects
Project Costs
Space Planning Costs
FM Information Technology Costs
Employee Amenities
Employee Amenities Costs
S E C T I O N 5
PROJECT AND SUPPORT
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $13.13
95 $7.84
90 $5.20
75 $1.90
50 $0.67
25 $0.22
10 $0.04
5 $0.01
1
MEAN $1.73
N=400
NonHQ 71 $0.92
Factory 19 $0.93
Educational/
Training Center
14 $0.83
Museum 7 $1.65
MultiUse 8 $1.96
Data Center 7 $2.17
Courthouse 5 $1.27
Canada 12 C$1.29
Northeast 24 $1.88
Southeast 39 $1.42
Midwest 46 $1.33
Heartland 41 $1.59
Mountain 26 $1.68
Pacific 62 $1.50
Types of Projects
If you ask facility managers what they like about their work, many will say that no two days are alike. Given the
expansive range of projects facility managers handle, there is always a project underway. Below are five general
categories into which most facility projects fall. Box and furniture moves are the most common types of projects
and have shown a major increase since last measured in 2004.
PROJECT AND SUPPORT
FACILITY PROJECTS PERCENTAGE
Employee relocations and open office reconfigurations excluding construction work other than
incidental modifications to power and data (box and furniture moves).
77%
Renovation or reconfiguration of office space involving hard wall demolition and construction.
May include HVAC, power distribution, lighting, and communication lines (construction moves).
69%
Securityrelated projects such as equipment installation, screening devices or construction. 46%
Safetyrelated and compliancerelated projects such as indoor air quality improvements, ingress
or egress issues, ADA, fire safety, and other codes and regulations.
44%
Renovation of production and/or distribution space including relocation of production equipment
and storage equipment.
17%
N=398
Project Costs
Project costs are (leasehold) improvements or the reconfiguration of existing space to meet new needs or
requirements. Project costs are either expensed or capitalized. The costs captured here are expensed costs.
Since organizations differ as to the dollar threshold to capitalize a project, expensed project costs on a square
foot basis can vary widely.
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
PROJECT AND SUPPORT
Space Planning Costs
Space planning costs include facility planning, furniture management, relocation/migration planning, CAD/
CAFM administration as well as other costs such as plotting services, outside architectural services and real
estate analysis. The costs captured in this report include inhouse labor and service contracts. Although relocation
planning falls into this category, costs associated with actual moves are captured under project costs. Compared
to last years Space and Project Management Benchmarks report, these space planning costs are about the same.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $3.25
95 $1.69
90 $1.21
75 $0.61
50 $0.29
25 $0.10
10 $0.04
5 $0.02
1 $0.01
MEAN $0.49
N=310
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
Banking 22 $0.62
Hospitality 5 $0.13
Insurance 27 $0.57
Media 7 $0.17
Trade 10 $0.68
Utilities 11 $0.48
Computer 18 $0.42
Association 8 $0.24
Education 13 $0.33
Federal 4 $0.43
Religious 6 $0.14
Research 6 $0.54
NonHQ 50 $0.63
Factory 17 $0.27
Educational/
Training Center
10 $0.24
Call Center 8 $0.28
Hospital 5 $0.44
MultiUse 7 $0.36
Data Center 5 $0.07
Canada 15 C$0.44
Northeast 20 $0.57
Southeast 32 $0.47
Midwest 38 $0.28
Heartland 37 $0.45
Mountain 21 $0.51
Pacific 45 $0.53
I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
I
O
N
S
M
A
N
U
F
A
C
T
U
R
I
N
G
S
E
R
V
I
C
E
S
B
E
S
T
I
N
C
L
A
S
S
FM Information Technology Costs
This cost category encompasses a wide range of costs which include the administration, licenses, support and
hardware/software upgrades associated with Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computerized Maintenance
Management Systems (CMMS), Building Automation System (BAS) and project management software.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $3.15
95 $1.04
90 $0.47
75 $0.17
50 $0.05
25 $0.01
10
5
1
MEAN $0.22
N=350
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
Banking 23 $0.24
Hospitality 7 $0.18
Insurance 25 $0.10
Media 6 $0.14
Trade 12 $0.02
Utilities 9 $0.07
Energy 5 $0.20
Computer 24 $0.23
Association 7 $0.02
Cultural 4 $0.05
Education 16 $0.20
Federal 5 $0.01
Religious/Charitable 11 $0.08
Research 5 $0.38
Canada 16 C$0.09
Northeast 20 $0.27
Southeast 30 $0.09
Midwest 42 $0.04
Heartland 38 $0.08
Mountain 20 $0.15
Pacific 54 $0.30
NonHQ 62 $0.06
Factory 21 $0.20
Educational/
Training Center
14 $0.07
Call Center 8 $0.05
Museum 6 $0.05
MultiUse 6 $0.08
Data Center 6 $0.16
Courthouse 5 $0.03
Hospital 5 $0.06
Clinic 5 $0.07
PROJECT AND SUPPORT
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Employee Amenities
To recruit and retain top talent, organizations offer attractive salary and benefits packages, flextime and other
familyfriendly benefits; however, providing the right mix of facility amenities plays an important role in keeping
current employees happy and encouraging new employees to stick around. Listed below are some of the most
common facility amenities offered. Headquarters and educational facilities are more apt to offer the majority of
these amenities.
AMENITY
PERCENTAGE
OFFERING AMENITY
Break room, lounge, coffee bars, and/or vending areas 78%
Cafeteria, food service operations 56%
Exercise/fitness areas 42%
Multipurpose space (training and assembly functions) 35%
ATM 32%
Nursing/lactation areas 27%
Library, resource center 24%
Employee health facilities (nurse station, cot room, health screening) 22%
Outdoor recreation areas (jogging paths, sports courts, exercise park) 19%
Employee store 15%
Travel center 9%
Internet caf/stations 8%
Daycare 6%
N=417
FACILITY USE N CAFETERIA BREAK ROOM EXERCISE/FITNESS AREA
Headquarters 92 $0.37 $0.15 $0.05
NonHQ 29 $0.36 $0.12 $0.05
Factory 10 $0.29 $0.02 $0.01
Employee Amenities Costs
IFMA recognizes that the provision of an amenity does not always fall within the facilities budget, but the cost
to maintain and operate often does. For example, cleaning associated with locker rooms and showers often
falls to facilities. Respondents were asked to provide the cost associated with maintaining the amenities listed
on the prior page.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $4.05
95 $2.71
90 $1.99
75 $1.02
50 $0.31
25 $0.11
10 $0.03
5 $0.02
1 $0.01
MEAN $0.70
N=287
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
Banking 19 $0.50
Health Care 9 $0.70
Hospitality 6 $0.59
Insurance 23 $0.43
Media 6 $0.45
Trade 9 $0.91
Utilities 7 $0.44
Computer 22 $0.42
Association 7 $0.42
City/County Government 8 $0.21
Education 11 $0.11
Religious 8 $0.33
State/Provincial Government 6 $0.07
Canada 11 C$0.16
Northeast 20 $0.27
Southeast 30 $0.09
Midwest 42 $0.04
Heartland 38 $0.08
Mountain 20 $0.15
Pacific 54 $0.30
NonHQ 42 $0.54
Factory 19 $0.27
Educational/
Training Center
7 $0.12
Museum 5 $0.39
MultiUse 6 $0.25
Data Center 6 $0.60
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Lease Type and Costs
Cost of Operations
Occupancy Cost
Total Annual Facility Costs
S E C T I O N 6
FINANCIAL INDICATORS
Lease Type and Costs
Twelve percent of the survey respondents manage leased properties. The majority of the leases reported are
triplenet, where the tenant pays a base rent plus any expenses related to ongoing operation of the facility.
Taxes and operating expenses are included in net and gross leases, which explains why these cost more.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $72.29
95 $36.90
90 $26.87
75 $21.32
50 $12.95
25 $6.00
10 $1.55
5 $0.51
1 $0.01
MEAN $15.00
N=167
LEASE TYPE N $/RSF
Net lease 19 $17.84
Gross lease 41 $17.10
Triplenet lease 102 $14.15
FACILITY SETTING N $/RSF
Central business district 32 $17.56
Secondary downtown location 42 $14.84
Suburban area 55 $14.04
Industrial park 34 $14.12
The real estate market started to decelerate during the period of time in which this data was collected. With lower
rates of return, owners turned to higher rents and tighter operating controls to maintain income. Based upon the
leasing rates listed below, cities in the Midwest show evidence of this downturn compared to other regions.
Canada 9 C$11.06
Northeast 14 $23.76
Southeast 22 $11.24
Midwest 7 $8.42
Heartland 11 $9.22
Mountain 11 $16.05
Pacific 32 $15.42
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Cost of Operations
The costs highlighted in section three comprise an organizations cost of operationshousekeeping, maintenance
and utilities. When combined, they constitute a facilitys cost of operations. This is where one starts to see the wide
variance in costs associated in operating different facility types and within certain regional areas.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $26.14
95 $13.56
90 $10.72
75 $7.24
50 $5.14
25 $4.12
10 $3.42
5 $3.04
1 $1.74
MEAN $7.26
N=867
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
Banking 24 $7.20
Hospitality 9 $8.07
Insurance 27 $6.97
Media 8 $6.49
Trade 14 $5.95
Utilities 9 $6.82
Computer 22 $7.75
Energy 6 $5.46
Association 6 $4.29
Cultural 5 $9.46
Education 17 $5.73
Federal 502 $6.08
Religious 12 $5.60
Research 8 $12.22
Canada 16 C$7.49
Northeast 54 $7.19
Southeast 101 $5.75
Midwest 91 $6.16
Heartland 79 $6.41
Mountain 72 $5.25
Pacific 108 $6.75
NonHQ 203 $7.47
Courthouse 125 $5.21
Factory 20 $8.38
Educational/
Training Center
13 $6.22
Museum 9 $9.32
MultiUse 37 $5.17
Data Center 7 $9.15
Hospital 5 $12.75
Clinic 4 $6.93
Warehouse 4 $2.18
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Cost of providing the fixed asset is the sum of all annual business capital costs that are not directly related
to the facilitys operation. This category includes the following: leasehold improvement amortization; asset
writeoff/disposal; taxes on building and contents (not product); insurance including fire, extended and terrorism
coverage; furniture and equipment depreciation charges; and interest expenses related to lease or the purchase
of building assets. Cost of providing the fixed asset does not include the actual purchased capital asset value
(capitalization), but it does include capitalrelated expenses such as demolition for new construction or renovation.
These costs are significantly more for facilities serving the private sector than those in the public sector, for many
public facilities are selfinsured and are not taxed.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
99 $26.18
95 $17.60
90 $14.40
75 $9.33
50 $4.76
25 $1.77
10 $0.35
5 $0.10
1 $0.02
MEAN $6.29
N=289
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
Banking 20 $7.06
Health Care 8 $8.68
Hospitality 6 $4.39
Insurance 24 $6.86
Media 9 $4.09
Trade 10 $9.08
Utilities 11 $7.53
Energy 5 $7.10
Computer 18 $4.85
Association 5 $5.31
Education 10 $5.07
Religious 8 $6.33
Research 4 $9.50
NonHQ 54 $5.85
Factory 16 $4.85
Educational/
Training Center
8 $6.28
Call Center 8 $4.17
Hospital 5 $8.07
MultiUse 8 $4.82
Data Center 6 $4.33
Canada 12 C$6.51
Northeast 19 $6.40
Southeast 30 $6.58
Midwest 30 $5.73
Heartland 29 $6.69
Mountain 14 $5.87
Pacific 42 $7.31
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Occupancy Cost
One of the cost metrics frequently used to compare facilities is its occupancy cost. However, occupancy cost has
its shortcomings, because it doesnt include all of the facility costs. Total annual facility cost, reported on the next,
page is more inclusive. Occupancy cost includes cost of operations (maintenance, housekeeping and utilities) and
the cost of providing the fixed asset (insurance, taxes, depreciation, interest expense). In addition to measuring
cost on a rentable square foot basis, occupancy costs are provided here on a per occupant basis. When
examining costs on a per person basis, one should note the high degree of variance among industries and
facilities. Occupancy cost averages out to be less in facilities with high densities, such as call centers and
more in facilities with fewer occupants such as research labs.
PERCENTILE $/RSF
COST PER
OCCUPANT
99 $34.26 $19,839
95 $29.03 $12,723
90 $24.48 $10,955
75 $18.42 $7,259
50 $12.03 $3,958
25 $7.80 $2,485
10 $4.80 $1,638
5 $3.83 $1,284
1 $2.41 $311
MEAN $13.69 $5,348
N=244
INDUSTRY N $/RSF
COST PER
OCCUPANT
Banking 17 $16.58 $6,266
Health Care 5 $20.98 $8,395
Hospitality 5 $12.89 $8,629
Information
Services
13 $9.31 $4,098
Insurance 21 $15.22 $3,746
Investment
Services
8 $10.44 $5,285
Media 6 $11.09 $3,223
Professional 10 $16.33 $6,086
Trade 9 $14.14 $3,374
Transportation 6 $12.44 $2,105
Utilities 5 $15.64 $5,926
Aircraft/
Industrial
9 $12.85 $4,244
Chemical/
Pharmaceutical
10 $20.93 $9,291
Computer 14 $13.41 $4,089
Consumer
Products
12 $18.18 $6,293
Energy 5 $12.60 $4,822
Electronics 11 $13.86 $5,697
Medical
Equipment
10 $12.78 $3,777
Motor Vehicles 4 $10.02 $5,295
Association 5 $10.64 $4,208
City/County
Government
19 $5.21 $1,907
Education 7 $10.87 $4,731
Religious 6 $11.33 $7,980
Research 4 $25.90 $14,338
Special District/
QuasiGovt.
4 $12.01 $6,186
State/Provincial
Government
6 $9.54 $2,061
COUNTRY/
REGION
N $/RSF
COST PER
OCCUPANT
Canada 10 C$15.70 $4,647
New England 16 $16.95 $5,620
Northeast 16 $14.10 $5,292
MidAtlantic 22 $15.80 $5,542
Southeast 26 $13.73 $5,411
Midwest 27 $13.46 $4,335
North Central 41 $9.17 $3,524
Heartland 27 $14.88 $5,200
South Central 17 $12.99 $5,279
Mountain 12 $13.68 $4,858
Pacific 27 $15.50 $5,528
COST PER
OCCUPANT
Headquarters 120 $14.74 $5,486
Non-HQ 48 $11.52 $3,461
Research
Center
14 $20.50 $10,951
Factory 12 $11.28 $4,263
Educational/
Training Center
7 $13.19 $4,851
MultiUse 7 $12.78 $3,742
Call Center 6 $12.63 $1,546
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Total Annual Facility Cost
The Benchmarks V survey concludes with a worksheet that aggregates all of the reported annual facility costs.
These include: lease cost; cost of operations; cost of providing the fixed asset; environmental health and safety
costs; and project and support costs.
PERCENTILE $/RSF COST PER OCCUPANT
99 $62.21 $17,692
95 $46.07 $14,682
90 $38.56 $12,330
75 $28.23 $9,616
50 $17.63 $5,725
25 $9.35 $3,391
10 $6.32 $1,906
5 $5.33 $1,284
1 $3.54 $294
MEAN $20.61 $6,604
N=407
COUNTRY/
REGION
N $/RSF
COST PER
OCCUPANT
Canada 19 C$16.51 $6,330
New England 25 $22.29 $8,140
Northeast 23 $21.24 $7,139
MidAtlantic 38 $22.30 $7,148
Southeast 42 $20.78 $5,946
Midwest 48 $15.67 $5,666
North Central 52 $14.70 $4,874
Heartland 42 $18.18 $6,939
South Central 30 $17.79 $5,445
Mountain 36 $20.88 $6,003
Pacific 52 $22.66 $8,087
COST PER
OCCUPANT
Headquarters 194 $20.24 $6,853
NonHQ 76 $17.88 $6,184
Factory 21 $17.81 $7,179
Research Center 18 $30.93 $11,644
Call Center 15 $18.46 $2,342
Educational/
Training Center
12 $16.72 $3,383
MultiUse 9 $16.71 $5,373
Data Center 8 $21.11 $11,540
Museum 7 $27.58 $12,001
Courthouse 6 $12.44 $5,917
Hospital 5 $30.40 $8,352
Correctional 5 $7.62 $1,915
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Several industry and facility use categories have exhibited higher than average costs throughout the report.
These include research, health care and professional services industries and laboratory and museum facilities.
Once again, cost per person varies widely based upon the density of the facility.
INDUSTRY N $/RSF COST PER OCCUPANT
Banking 25 $19.23 $6,547
Health Care 12 $22.10 $9,371
Hospitality 5 $13.44 $5,560
Information Services 20 $20.84 $6,278
Insurance 34 $18.09 $4,779
Investment Services 51 $21.26 $7,420
Media 8 $18.88 $6,424
Professional Services 17 $26.35 $8,757
Telecommunications 5 $31.44 $5,738
Trade 12 $21.53 $4,895
Transportation 5 $18.41 $4,209
Utilities 12 $20.15 $9,387
Aircraft/Industrial 14 $18.98 $5,786
Chemical/Pharmaceutical 11 $25.76 $11,800
Computer 29 $22.61 $6,677
Electronics 14 $21.05 $8,606
Energy 6 $20.88 $6,685
Medical Equipment 12 $21.87 $6,011
Motor Vehicles 7 $12.76 $5,492
Association 7 $20.86 $5,366
City/County 38 $10.38 $2,630
Education 16 $13.45 $3,884
Federal 8 $19.73 $8,330
Religious 11 $14.11 $8,913
Research 7 $27.42 $11,044
Special District/QuasiGovernment 8 $15.38 $7,894
State/Provincial 10 $18.83 $5,829
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S E C T I O N 7
PARTICIPANT LIST
3M
7309E21 LLC
Abt Associates
Accor North America
ACF Investment Corporation
Adaptec Inc.
Adobe (2)
ADTRAN Inc.
Affinity Group
AIG Financial Advisors
Alabama Supercomputer
Authority
Albemarle Corporation
Alliance Life
Allstate Insurance
ALM
Altera Corporation
American Academy of
Family Physicians
American Family Insurance
American General Financial
Services (2)
Augusta National Golf Club
BancTec Inc.
Bayer Technology Services
Bayer Inc.
Baystate Health Inc.
BBDO Windsor
Bentley College
Best Buy
Billy Graham Evangelistic
Association
Blue Coat Systems Inc.
Boat Owners Association of
the United States
Boone County National Bank
Boone County Schools
Boston Biomedical Research
Institute
Broward County Public School
Bryant University
Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC
Butte County
Cabot Corporation
Cadbury Schweppes
CAE
Cal Farleys Campus
Support Center
Calvary Church
Campbells Soup Company
Capital Health
Capital One
Cargill Inc.
Caribbean Development Bank
Caterpillar Financial Services
Corporation
CB Richard Ellis (4)
CB Richard Ellis/Carlson
Companies (3)
CB Richard Ellis/J. D. Power
CB Richard Ellis/The Nielsen
Company
Center for Creative Leadership
Center for Families & Children
Central Bank
CH2M Hill
Charles River Laboratories
Chevron (3)
Church & Dwight Co. Inc.
Citrix Systems Inc. (6)
City and County of Denver
City of Carrollton
City of Commerce City
City of Corpus Christi
City of Lancaster
City of Loveland
City of Mesa
City of Ontario
City of Orlando (2)
City of Phoenix
City of Winston Salem
Clay County, Missouri
Coblentz Patch Duffy & Bass
Coconino County Sheriffs Office
Coldwater Creek
College of American Pathologists
Colorado Springs Utilities (2)
Concur Technologies
Cooper Hewitt National
Design Museum
Corporate One Federal
Credit Union
Country Insurance & Investments
County of Jackson Michigan
County of San Diego (11)
County of Sonoma
The following is a list of organizations that participated in the Space and Project Management Benchmarks
Survey. This report would not have been possible without their cooperation and information. Multiple reports
from a participant are indicated by parentheses and number (#).
PARTICIPANT LIST
County of Tulare, Resource
Management Agency
Coventry Health Care (3)
Credit Union Central of Ontario
Cross Country Automotive
Services (2)
Crowley Maritime Corporation
Cushman & Wakefield Inc. (4)
Cutter & Buck Inc.
DBRS Limited
Dell Inc. (3)
Delphi
Department of Justice/Drug
Enforcement Agency Department
of National Defense CSE
Devon Energy Corporation
DeVry University
Dewberry (2)
Directorate of Public Works
Discover Financial Services
DMS Facility Services
Dole Food Company Inc.
Dollar General Corporation
Don Tech
Donald Danforth Plant
Science Center
DTE Energy
Eagle Realty Group LLC
Eaton Corporation (2)
Efi/Vutek
Eiteljorg Museum of American
Indians and Western Art
Emerson Process Management
EMI Christian Music Group
Emprise Bank
EMS Technologies
Energy Solutions Arena
Enterprise RentACar Company
of Boston Inc.
Erie Insurance
Esco Technologies Inc
Ethicon EndoSurgery Inc.
Facility Engineering Associates Inc.
Factset Research Systems Inc.
Family Life
Fanuc Robotics
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (3)
Federal Reserve Bank
of Cleveland
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
FHG Enterprises Inc.
Fifth Third Bank
Fiserv Summit Information
Systems
Fiserv Health
Fiserv NE ITI Outsourcing
FisherPrice Inc.
Florida Gulf Coast University
Fluor Corporation
Foremost Farms USA
Fort Pierce Utilities Authority
Fort Vancouver Regional Library
Franklin Templeton Investments
Frasca International Inc.
Freddie Mac
GE Healthcare
General Dynamics
General Mills Inc.
General Motors Worldwide
Facilities Group
Gentex Corporation
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Power Company
Gods Pantry Food Bank
Goodmans Interior Structures
Grand Rapids Dominican Sisters
Granite Telecommunications LLC
Greater Buffalo Savings Bank
GreenStone FCS
Grogan Associates
Grubb & Ellis Management
Services for Aetna Life (2)
H & R Block
Hallmark Cards
Hamilton County Facilities
Department (5)
Hancock Bank
Harkins Theatre
Hartford Life Insurance Company
Hastings Mutual Insurance
Company
Hawaii Convention Center
HCA
HCA IT&S
HD Supply
Health Partners
Hennepin County Property
Services (19)
Henry Schein Practice Solutions
Hewlett Packard Financial
Services Company
Hillsborough County Fire Rescue
Hilton Hotels Corporation
Hines Interests LP
Hoag Hospital
HOK Advance Strategies
PARTICIPANT LIST
Honeywell International
Automation and Control
Solutions
Hope Community Charter School
Hutchinson Technology Inc.
I M S Health
Idaho Power Company
Idearc Media
IEEE
IMS Health Canada
Infinera Corporation
Info USA
Information Technology Inc.
Inspire Pharmaceuticals
Institute of Contemporary Art
Intematix Corporation
InterAmerican Development
Bank (2)
Internal Revenue Service
Internap Network Services
International Monetary Fund
Invensys Controls
J. J. Keller & Associates Inc.
Janus Capital Group
Jenny Craig Inc.
Jewelry Television
Jewish Community Campus of
Greater Kansas City Inc.
Johns Hopkins University Applied
Physics Lab
Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine
Jones Lang LaSalle
Jones Lang LaSalle HSBC
Juniper Networks Inc.
Kaiser Permanente
Key Bank N. A.
KIA Motors America
KimberlyClark Corporation (2)
Kiplinger Washington Editors Inc.
Koch Industries Inc.
Lakewood Ranch
Commercial Realty
Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory
Lazydays RV Center Inc.
Lebanon Community Schools
Lee County Government
Lehi UT Facilities Management
Group LDS Church
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals
LexisNexis
Lexmark International
Lincoln Financial Group (2)
Lockheed Martin
Lockheed Martin Canada
Lockheed Martin S&GS
Lockheed Martin Space Systems
Company
Los Angeles County Metropolitan
Transit Authority
Luxottica Retail
M. C. Dean Inc.
Macatawa Bank
Manulife Financial
Maritz Canada Inc.
Maritz Inc.
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Massachusetts Water Resources
Authority
Maxygen
MBank
McFarland Clinic PC
McKinstryWeyerhaeuser
McLean County
MDS Pharma Services
Medarex Inc.
Medco Health Solutions Inc.
Medtronic Inc. (3)
Miami University
MidAmerican Energy
Millipore Corporation
Minntech Corporation
Missouri Department of
Transportation
MITRE
Montgomery College Office of IT
Mutual of America Life Insurance
Mutual of Enumclaw
NAI Isaac
NAIC
National Association of Letter
Carriers Health Benefit Plan
National Flood Services Inc.
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
Navy Federal Credit Union
Nebraska Public Power District
Neighborhood Centers Inc.
Nestle Purina Pet Care Company
Network Solutions
New Mexico Student Loans
New York City Bar
Nixon Peabody LLP
North Texas Tollway Authority
Northern Indiana Public Service
Company
PARTICIPANT LIST
Northern Tool & Equipment
Northrop Grumman Corporation
Northrup Grumman Mission
Systems (2)
Nova Information Systems (2)
Novellus Systems Inc.
Novozymes
NTN Buzztime Inc.
Nutter McClennen & Fish LLP
NuUnion Credit Union
Nyce Payments Network LLC
Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
UTBattelle LLC
Ohio Attorney Generals Office
Ohio Department of Natural
Resources
Ohio Housing Finance Agency
ON Semiconductor
Orange County Convention Center
Pacira
Park Wilshire HOA
Parker Hannifin Corporation
Pearson (3)
Penn National Insurance
Pennsylvania Public School
Employees Retirement System
Perdue Farms Inc.
Pfizer Inc.
PFM Services
Philips Medical Systems (3)
Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
Physicians Mutual Insurance
Company
Pica Management Resources Inc.
Pierce County Library System
Planned Parenthood Federation
Polycom Inc.
PPG Industries Inc.
Precision Computer Systems Inc.
Prince William County
Princess Cruises
Process Group Inc.
Proskauer Rose
Protective Life Insurance
Company
PSE&G
PSEG Services Corporation
Q Center
Raven Industries Inc.
Raytheon Company (2)
Raytheon Missile Systems
RBC Dain Rauscher
Recreational Equipment Inc.
Region of Waterloo
Rockwell Automation
Rothenberg Sawasy Architects
Round Rock Higher
Education Center
Roush Fenway Racing
Roy Jorgensen Associates
Sacramento Municipal
Utilities District
Safeguard Storage Centers
Saint Louis Art Museum
Sallie Mae Inc. (2)
San Diego Gas & Electric
Company (5)
SAS
Saskatoon Health Region
Sciworks
Scottish Re
Sears Holdings Management
Corporation
SelanderRoyal Ltd.
Sentinel Elementary School Dist. 71
SG2
Sharp Microelectronics of the
Americas
Shell Oil Company/Shell Real
Estate Services
Shure Inc.
Siemens Medical Solutions
Diagnostics
Sifton Properties Ltd.
Simon Fraser University
Smithsonian Institution (2)
Sojitz
Solano County
Space Coast Credit Union
Spartanburg County
Spectrum Health
Spherion Corporation
Spillman Technologies
Springville City
Sprint
SSIHM
SSOE Inc.
ST Microelectronics
St. John Fisher College
St. Josephs Villa of Rochester
Starbucks Coffee Company
State Farm Insurance Company (2)
State of Nebraska/Dept. of
Health & Human Services
State of Washington
Summit Credit Union
PARTICIPANT LIST
Sun City Hilton Head Community
Association
Tampa Electric Company
Target (3)
TaylorMadeAdidas Golf Company
Telcordia
Teradyne Inc.
Texas Guaranteed Student
Loan Corporation
The Bishops School
The Capital Group Companies, Inc.
The Church of Jesus Christ of
LatterDay Saints
The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts
The Cumis Group Ltd.
The Dow Chemical Company
The George Washington University
The Hartford
The Merrick Printing Company Inc.
The Morton Arboretum
The OMalley Group
The Perri Group
The PNC Financial Services Group
The Stride Rite Corporation
The Vanguard Group
The Westminster Schools
The Zoological Society
of San Diego
ThomsonWest
Thrivent Financial for Lutherans
TMobile
Town of Apex
Traverse City Golf & Country Club
Travis Credit Union
Tucson Airport Authority
Tyco Electronics (2)
U of S Students Union
U. S. Bank Corporate Properties
U. S. Bank Corporate
Real Estate
U. S. Central Federal Credit Union
U. S. Embassy
U. S. General Services
Administration (487)
U. S. Geological Survey
U. S. Government
Accountability Office
UNICCO/Simmons College
Unilever Foods North America
Uniq Advantages Ventures
United Properties
United Space Alliance
University of Alberta
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Iowa, Tippie
College of Business
University of Maryland Baltimore
University of Nebraska Foundation
University of Texas at San Antonio
UnumProvident
URS
USAA Corporate Real Estate (2)
USERS Incorporated
UTMB
Valeo Technical Center
Van Andel Institute
Vedder, Price, Kaufman
& Kammholz, P. C.
Ventana Medical Systems Inc.
Verio Inc.
Verizon
Verizon Wireless
Via Christi Wichita Health Network
Victor Valley College
Vineyard Church of Columbus
Virginia Credit Union
Vision Service Plan
Vocollect Inc.
Washington State Department
of Health
WashingtonCenterville
Public Library
Websense
Wencor, Inc.
WesCorp
West Corporation
Williams Northwest Pipeline
Corporation
Workers Compensation
Board of BC
World Bank
WPS Health Insurance
Wycliffe Bible Translators
Xerox Corporation
XGen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
XP Systems
Zimmer Spine
PARTICIPANT LIST
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
DATABASE IS AVAILABLE FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS
The information contained in this report has been voluntarily supplied by IFMA members and is available in
its entirety. Participant names and organizations are not included in the database, but a separate listing of
contact information is available with the purchase of the database. The database is available in Microsoft Excel.
Cost varies based upon membership status and participation in the study. For more information, contact
IFMA at +1-713-623-4362.
Participant Non-Participant
Member US $500.00 US $1,000.00
Non-Member US $750.00 US $1,500.00
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Please contact IFMA headquarters for:
Forming benchmarking consortiums Information from existing IFMA reference sources
Custom research studies Additional copies of IFMA research publications
Facility management books and publications Permission for material reproduction, quotation or use
Under no circumstances may an IFMA research publication or service by used or requested for any purpose of commercial or
business solicitation. IFMA reserves all rights to publish information including data supplied to members through its information
services and strictly prohibits the use for any form of commercial or self-promotion.
2008 IFMA All rights reserved. ISBN 1-883176-72-7
Copyright and photocopying: Because this report is copyrighted, one must obtain permission to copy from the Copyright Clearance
Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Mass. 01923. CCCs phone number is +1-978-750-8400; www.copyright.com. There is
a nominal charge payable to CCC to photocopy any page herein for personal or internal reference use. Unauthorized duplication or use
of the information and/or contents herein without express written authorization of IFMA is strictly prohibited.
Transportation Demand Management,
Research Report #11
Environmental Issues in the Workplace II,
Research Report #14
Violence in the Workplace,
Research Report #15
Facility Management Practices,
Research Report #16
Views from the Top, Executives Evaluate the Facility
Management Function, Research Report #17
European Benchmarks,
Research Report # 22
Operations and Maintenance Benchmarks,
Research Report #26
An Inside Look at FM Outsourcing,
Research Report #27
Space and Project Management Benchmarks,
Research Report #28
Profiles 2007 Salary Report,
Research Report #29
A Unified Approach for Measuring Office Space, For Use
in Facility and Property Management (IFMA/BOMA)
Facilities Management Outsourcing: An Overview
of the Industry and its Largest Companies
Designing the Facility Management Organization
(IFMA Foundation Report)
Wireless Systems in the Facility
Deliver the Green
Pandemic Preparedness Manual (IFMA Foundation Report)
Standardized Facility Management Customer Satisfaction
Questionnaire
Proceedings from IFMA Best Practices Forums
IFMA RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
Visit www.ifma.org to view findings from other IFMA research studies.
How Do You
Measure
Your Career
Success?
IFMAs Certihed FaciIity Manager is the most respected global
credential in facility management. The competency-based CFM
certifcation demonstrates experience, profciency and excellence
in all areas of facility management.
CFMs, on average, earn 18% more than non-certifed facility managers.
lt serves as tangible sign of your success and keeps you ahead of the
competition in today's tight job market.
ldeal candidates must meet certain education and experience
requirements before sitting for the exam. lFMA provides a variety of
resources to help candidates prepare. Find out if you are ready by
taking the online CFM Self-Assessment Test at www.ifma.org.
Earning the FaciIity Management ProfessionaI designation
provides an advantage to entry-level or transitioning FM professionals
who have not yet acquired years of hands-on experience.
The knowledge-based credential is ideal for candidates with less than
fve years experience or for any corporate provider of FM products who
would beneft from a working knowledge of the FM profession.
The FMP broadens your understanding and competence and accelerates
your progression from novice to specialist. lt also serves as an ideal
springboard for obtaining the CFM.
Begin earning your
CFM
or FMP designation
from IFMA today!
For complete details on the CFM and FMP credentials,
visit www.ifma.org or call lFMA's education department
at +1-713-623-4362.
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Benchmarks V Survey Committee Members

Matt Anderson, CFM, Millipore Corporation

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