Design of Steel Structures

Steel Beam
Beams are an important class of structural element, and are normally horizontal. The primary
function of building structures is to support the major space enclosing elements: commonly these
are floors, roofs and walls. The total behavior of any building structure can be complicated but
frequently two types of sub-structure can be identified; vertical elements (associated with walls)
and horizontal elements (associated with floors and roofs).Vertical elements are columns, walls
and lift cores etc. Horizontal elements include slabs, trusses, space frames and most importantly
beams.

Beams support mainly vertical loads, and are small in cross-section compared with their span.
Engineering diagrams adopt simple conventions to represent beams, supports and loads. This
section deals specifically with the engineering design of beams. A beam is a structural member
which spans horizontally between supports and carries loads which act at right angles to the
length of the beam. Furthermore, the width and depth of the beam are "small" compared with the
span. Typically, the width and depth are less than span/10.


Loads



Span



Depth
Support conditions

Three basic types of beams are simple span, supported at both ends, continuous, supported at
more than two points, and cantilever, supported at one end with the other end overhanging. .
Beams span between supports carrying the external load forces to the external reaction forces.
The type of support influences the distribution of bending moments and shear forces. For simple
span beams the supports may be pinned, fixed or free. A pinned support provides vertical but not
rotational restraint. A fixed support provides vertical and rotational restraint. Below are the list of
beam design in our project steel hostel for beam.

Table 1: List of beam design
Location of Beam Size of Beam
Primary beam 406 x 140 x 46 UB
Secondary beam 406 x 140 x 39 UB
UB3 178x 102x 19 UB

The beam has to carry both the bending moment and the shear force.
The bending moment and shear force capacities are related to the physical properties of the
cross-section and material strength.
The bending moment capacity is expressed simply as:
moment capacity = allowable bending stress x section modulus
and the shear force capacity as:
shear capacity = allowable shear stress x shear area
The shear area for any section is calculated from the area of the vertical part of the cross-section.
Note the maximum allowable stress is the stress of yield point and is called the yield stress.
Provided
moment capacity / actual bending moment = adequate factor of safety
Generally, the section of beam is selected based on the moment capacity. After the
selection of trial section, design checks are carried out to ensure that all the others
strength component are satisfied. The design checks are:


Table 4: The design checking
Checking Primary Secondary
Shear capacity
(CL 6.2.6)


0.25 < 1

0.2 < 1
Moment capacity
(CL 6.2.5)


0.64 < 1

0.54 < 1
Deflection Maximum<allowable Maximum<allowable




Sample of Main Beam size 406 x 140 x 46 UB























Column

The word column is related to building construction. The vertical support which is free
from all sides taking the load of beam slab etc. and transfers the load to the earth independently
is called column. Column is constructed with the help of steel bars and cement concrete. In case
of multi storey and frame structure building constructions, the entire load is born by columns and
the floor area/ internal space of building is freely adjusted according to the requirement.

The size, cement concrete ratio and numbers of steel bars with their diameter are
available in structural drawings which are designed according to the load born by the column and
factor of safety.. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar
stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper
parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture "column" refers to such a structural element that
also has certain proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative or
triumphant feature but need not be supporting any structure e.g. a statue on top.
The restraint at the ends of a column has a significant influence on the effective length
and therefore the buckling strength. Multi-storey columns are generally restrained at every floor
level, and the effective length is therefore based on storey height. Simplified procedures can be
used to estimate the required size of column section. For a given axial load, steel grade, column
length and end conditions, the procedure for sizing a column section is based on trial and error,
and can be described as a sequence of steps.

Design column subject to axial only is designed without considering bending moment.

Table 5: List of column design
Location Column Size
Primary column 203x203x46 UKC grade S275




Table 6: The design checking

Checking About y-y About z-z
Minimum
buckling
resistance
,Nmin,b,Rd

0.41 <1

0.72 <1
Mcr 715x 10
6
Nmm

0.40< 1