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Medi c al Par asi t ol ogy Depar t ment

Lecture timetable for Lecture timetable for
3
rd
. year Medicine
DR. SAEED ALHARTHI
Medical Parasitology Department
Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Medicine
Umm Al-Qura University
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Aims and Objectives :
General Educational Objectives
At the completion of this course students should be able At the completion of this course, students should be able
to:
1. Understand the importance of: epidemiology, biology,
life-cycle, morphology, diagnosis, symptomatology,
management and prevention of the common human
parasites (helminths and protozoa) that found in tropical
and sub-tropical areas.
2. Describe their biology and life-cycle within primary and
intermediate hosts.
3 Know the basic principles of laboratory diagnosis and 3. Know the basic principles of laboratory diagnosis and
treatment of selected parasitic infections.
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Specific Educational Objectives
1. Introduction
Students should:
1. Understand the concept of parasitism.
2. Know how the major phyla and classes of human
helminths are differentiated
3. Define a definitive host and intermediate host 3. Define a definitive host and intermediate host
4. Know the major sources of parasitic infections.
5. Be aware of different effects of the parasite on the
host
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Specific Educational Objectives cont.
2. Medical Protozology and Helminthology
Students should:
2.1. Understand the geographical distribution of the
parasite in the world, as well as in Saudi Arabia.
2.2. Understand the epidemiological aspects affecting
transmission of the parasite.
2.3. Be able to outline the life cycle of the parasite, and
how to relate the life cycle to :
O Pathogenesis O Pathogenesis
O Main clinical manifestations relating to the acute phase of the
disease, as well as the chronic phase of the disease.
2.4. Outline the different methods used for parasite
diagnosis including:
Direct Method ( Parasitological )
Indirect Methods.
Supportive Methods. pp
2.5. Understand the different methods used for treatment,
mangment, prevention and control of the diseases.
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Specific Educational Objectives
Example
2.1 : Intestinal Protozoa
Students should be able to:
1. Name the protozoa causing diarrhoea and/or dysentery
in humans.
2. Know the underline mechanism of diarrhoea and/or
dysentery in humans due to protozoal infection dysentery in humans due to protozoal infection.
3. Discuss the parasitological diagnosis of the intestinal
protozoal infections.
4. Know the morphology, life cycle and epidemiology of
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and
Cryptosporidium parvum.
5. Discuss the modes of transmission of these parasites
and how transmission can be prevented.
6. Know what drugs are used to treat these protozoa.*
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Subject
Cestodes
Introduction
&Trematodes
Lecture
distribution
2
2
Tissue Nematodes
Intestinal Nematodes
Intestinal Protozoa
1
2
2
Amoebiasis + Giardiasis
+ Cryptosprodiasis
Tissue Protozoa
Malaria +
2
4
Toxoplasmosis +
Leishmaniasis
Medical Entomology 1
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Recommended Textbooks
Medical Parasitology (1999; 8th edition). E.
K. Markell; D. T. J hon & W. A. Krotoski.
Publisher. W. B. Saunders Compony.
Basic Clinical Parasitology (1994; 6th
edition). Neva and Brown. Publisher. Prentice
Hall International Inc
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SCHEME OF STUDY
N f th it & i Name of the parasite: genus & species
O Example: Fasciola hepatica
Name of disease
Geographical distribution
Morphology (Adult + larva)
Lif l Life cycle
Clinical picture
Pathogenesis & Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Prevention & control
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Parasitic infections
What are they and how many people have
them??
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What is parasitology?? What is parasitology??
Area of biology concerned with the
phenomena of dependence of one living
organism on another. g
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What is a Parasite Parasite What is a Parasite Parasite
parasite is an organism that obtains food and
shelter from another organism and derives all g
benefits from this association
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Symbiosis Symbiosis Symbiosis Symbiosis
When a parasite infects a host, symbiosis
(livingtogether) relationships results.
This relationship may be characterized as:
Mutualism
Commensalisms
Parasitism
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Definitions cont. Definitions cont.
PARASITISM PARASITISM PARASITISM PARASITISM
OBLIGATE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
TWO SPECIES.
ONE (the parasite) DEPENDS ON THE ONE (the parasite) DEPENDS ON THE
OTHER (the host) FOR METABOLISM.
THE ABILITY OF THE PARASITE TO
KILL THE HOST
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Parasitism
An assortment of definitions
P.W. Price - Evolutionary Biology of Parasites. Princeton Univ.
Press. 1980
O a parasite is an organism living in or on another living
organism, obtaining from it part or all of its organic nutrient,
l hibiti d f d ti t t l commonly exhibiting some degree of adaptive structural
modification, and causing some degree of real damage to its
host.
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Parasite-Host Relationship Parasite-Host Relationship
If the parasite
lives on the
surface of its host
it i it is an
ectoparasite
O (eg. Lice)
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Parasite-Host Relationship
cont.
Parasite-Host Relationship
cont.
If internal (living within
the body of the host) it
is an endoparasite
Ascaris
O (eg. Worms, protozoan
parasites)
Ascaris
lumbricoides
Giardia lamblia
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Definitions Definitions cont. cont.
Some parasite are host specific
versus non-host specific
Host other than the normal host
harboring a parasite is
accidental/incidental host
Obligate versus facultative
it parasites
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The host may be defined as: The host may be defined as:
D fi iti h t Definitive host
the host in which the parasite is sexually mature
(occasionally defined as the location where sexual
reproduction occurs)
Intermediate host
host in which the parasite exists as a larval or
developing stage in its lifecycle OR the host(s)
required for the parasite to reach maturity
it is essential for completion of parasites life cycle.
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The host may be defined as: The host may be defined as: The host may be defined as: The host may be defined as:
Host that harbors a parasite that is also
parasitic for human, and from which
humans may be infected is reservoir host
Host harboring-parasite that no clinical
symptoms but is capable of shedding the
parasite and infecting others is a carrier
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
Humans may act as:
O Definitive host
O Intermediate host O Intermediate host
O Definitive and intermediate host
O Reservoir host
O Carrier host
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PARASITOLOGICAL PARASITOLOGICAL
DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS
PARASITOLOGICAL PARASITOLOGICAL
DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS
SUPER INFECTION:
Occurs when a host is re-infected with
the same species of parasite.
AUTO INFECTION:
Infected host acts as own direct source
of re-infection
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PARASITOLOGICAL Def. cont. PARASITOLOGICAL Def. cont. PARASITOLOGICAL Def. cont. PARASITOLOGICAL Def. cont.
VECTOR VECTOR
An arthropod that transmits a parasite to
another host.
ZOONOSIS
An infection which is naturally transmitted
from animals to man from animals to man
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
Name a common vector????
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SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS INFECTIONS
SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS INFECTIONS
a) a) SOI L CONTAMI NATED WI TH SOI L CONTAMI NATED WI TH
ANI MAL OR HUMAN EXCRETA ANI MAL OR HUMAN EXCRETA
a) a) SOI L CONTAMI NATED WI TH SOI L CONTAMI NATED WI TH
ANI MAL OR HUMAN EXCRETA ANI MAL OR HUMAN EXCRETA
EE Egg of Egg of Ascari Ascariss
EE Larva of Larva of Ancylostoma Ancylostoma
EE Cyst of Cyst of Entamoeba Entamoeba
EE Egg of Egg of Ascari Ascariss
EE Larva of Larva of Ancylostoma Ancylostoma
EE Cyst of Cyst of Entamoeba Entamoeba
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SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
b) b) WATER POLLUTED WI TH WATER POLLUTED WI TH
I NFECTED EXCRETA I NFECTED EXCRETA
b) Egg of Ascaris
c) Larva of Schistomoma
d) Cyst of Entamoeba
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SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
FOODS :
a) Raw veget abl es or f r ui t s
c ont ami nat ed w i t h par asi t es
Egg of Ascaris Egg of Ascaris
Cyst of Entamoeba
b) Meat & f i sh (under -c ook ed)
Tape worm p
H. hetrophis
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SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
c ) ANI MALS as host s
Meat
Tape worm
c ) ANI MALS as host s
Meat
Tape worm Tape worm
H. hetrophis
Domest i c ani mal s
Toxoplasma
Tape worm
H. hetrophis
Domest i c ani mal s
Toxoplasma Toxoplasma
Leishmania
Toxoplasma
Leishmania
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SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
ARTHROPODS
(AS vec t or s)
Malaria
ARTHROPODS
(AS vec t or s)
Malaria Malaria
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
Filaria
Malaria
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
Filaria Filaria Filaria
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SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOURCES OF PARASITIC
INFECTIONS cont. INFECTIONS cont.
d) CONTACT
e) CONGENI TAL
f ) SEXUAL I NTERCOURSE
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
Name the stage of the parasite that
produce infection??? produce infection???
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Methods or mode of Methods or mode of
infection infection
Methods or mode of Methods or mode of
infection infection
Mouth
Skin (Touch, Penetration).
Mouth
Skin (Touch, Penetration).
Inhalation of contaminate dust
Placental.
Vaginal or Anal
Inhalation of contaminate dust
Placental.
Vaginal or Anal Vaginal or Anal. Vaginal or Anal.
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
The most common mode of infection is
????? Wh ???
R S R R S R
-------????? Why???
Do you think that environmental
modification play a role in parasitic
diseases increase???? diseases increase????
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Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e
on t he host
Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e
on t he host
O Mechanical injury
skin
O Mechanical injury
skin
hair
bladder
hair
bladder
intestine intestine
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Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e on
t he host c ont .
Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e on
t he host c ont .
OFeeds on host cells and tissues
Epith li l lls & R B C Epithelial cells & R.B.C
ODeprive the host essential
substances
Iron
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Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e
on t he host c ont .
Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e
on t he host c ont .
OToxic effect
nervous system
OToxic effect
nervous system nervous system
OAllergic effect
rash
nervous system
OAllergic effect
rash
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Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e on
t he host c ont .
Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e on
t he host c ont .
O Obstruction of vital organs:
portal system
i i l b i intestinal obstruction
O Mechanical pressure on vital
organs :
liver
lungs
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Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e
on t he host
Ef f ec t s of t he par asi t e
on t he host
O Abortion
O Blindness
G Indirect effects
O Abortion
O Blindness
G Indirect effects G Indirect effects
Mental & physical growth
Secondary infection
G Indirect effects
Mental & physical growth
Secondary infection Secondary nfect on
Effect on productivity
Secondary nfect on
Effect on productivity
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
Do you think that the diet or nutritional
BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
Do you think that the diet or nutritional
status of the host play a role in
determining the out come of parasitic
infection?????
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Parasitic life cycle Parasitic life cycle Parasitic life cycle Parasitic life cycle
Parasitic life cycles range from simple
to complex.
Three common components:
A mode of transmission
An infective stage
A diagnostic stage
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Parasitic life cycle cont. Parasitic life cycle cont. Parasitic life cycle cont. Parasitic life cycle cont.
A iti lif l i t f t A parasitic life cycle consists of two common
phases:
One: the route a parasite follows inside the body
Clinical symptoms
Pathology at o ogy
Proper diagnostic technique
Determine the appropriate medication
Second: the route a parasite follow outside the
body:
Epidemiology Epidemiology
Prevention
Control
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The life cycle of The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica Fasciola hepatica
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
What do we mean by the parasite
BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
What do we mean by the parasite
FINAL HABITAT??
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
Clinically
Laboratory
Direct methods Direct methods
Indirect methods
Intradermal skin test
Serological
R di l t Radiology etc
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
Indicate the different diagnostic
materials that might be used to
diagnose parasitic diseases????
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Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment
Many anti-parasitic
medications are
il bl available.
Many drugs are toxic
Resistance
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Treatment cont. Treatment cont.
Factors to be considered:
Accuracy of diagnosis
Potential drug toxicity and side effect g y
Need to monitor therapy
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BRAINTEASER BRAINTEASER
WHY do you think it is essential
R S R R S R
WHY do you think it is essential
to continue research for anti-
parasitic medications ???