LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

Laboratory investigations play a key role in the diagnosis and finding abnormalities in the metabolic
functions. They are of paramount importance in the layout of treatment regimen.
IMPORTANT LAB VAUES ARE TABULATED
HEMATOLOGY

INVESTIGATIONS NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE

Total WBC count


Total RBC count


Hemoglobin

Platelet count




ESR


Neutrophil



Lymphocytes



Monocytes



Eosinophils


Basophils



4 11*103/UL





13 14 g/gL

150 400 / uL




4 12 mm


50 80 %



20 30 %



2 6 %



2 4%


0 1%


Allergy. Tuberculosis,
cold.

Polycythemia,
emphysema.

Porphoria, Thalessemia

Asphyxia, allergy,
hemorrhage, rheumatic
fever, trauma.


Tuberculosis, anemia,
liver disease, tumors.

Infections, poisoning,
vaccines, hemorrhage.


Diphtheria and hepatitis



TB, syphilis, malaria,
glandular fever


Asthma, allergy,
malarial scarlet fever.

Small pox, chicken pox,
polycythemia vera.


Shock, cirrhosis,
pernicious anemia.

Anemia


Anemia

Acute leukemia,
anemia, chicken pox,
small pox, purpura,
typhoid, tuberculosis.

Allergy, polycythemia,
sickle cell anemia.

TB, typhoid, vitamin
deficiencies,
autoimmune diseases.





AIDS, lymphoid
leukemia, immune
suppressants.

Cushings syndrome,
stress, infections

Utricaria, stress
radiation therapy.

SEROLOGY

INVESTIGATIONS NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE


Bilirubin


SGOT

SGPT

Alkaline phosphate


GGT


CPK

LDH

Total proteins


Albumin



Globulin



Glucose fasting

Glucose random




0.3 1mg/dL


Up to 37 U/ L

Up to 40U/L

40 120U/L


10 66U/L


10 50 U/L

50 200 U/L

6 8 g/dl


3.5 5g/dl



2.5 3.5 g/dl



70 100 mg/dl



Jaundice, liver failure,
renal failure.

MI, liver cirrhosis.

Hepatitis, jaundice.

Rickets,
hyperparathyroidism.

Hepatitis, jaundice,
alcoholism.

MI, hyperthyroidism

MI, hepatitis.

Dehydration, hepatitis,
jaundice.

Jaundice, CCF, excess
glucocorticoids.


Jaundice, cirrhosis,
hypersensitivity.


Diabetes

diabetes



















Diarrhoea, cirrhosis.


Malnutrition, burns,
cirrhosis,
hypothyroidism.

Emphysema, hemolytic
anemia
Glomerulonephritis.





URINE ANALYSIS

INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE


Urine creatinine

Urine urea

Urine albumin




0.8 2g/dl

15 50 g/dl

0.5 1.5 g/dl


Chronic renal failure


LIPID PROFILE

INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE


Total cholesterol



Serum LDL


Serum HDL




150 200 mg/dl


Diabetes, myxoedema,
obstructive jaundice,
atherosclerosis.

Dyslipidemia,
atherosclerosis.


Hyperthyroidism,
pernicious anemia,
hemolytic jaundice.




Dyslipidemia,
atherosclerosis.


INORGANIC SUBSTANCES


INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE

Sodium




Potassium



135 145mEq/L




3.5 5 mEq/L



Aldosteronism, renal
impairment.



Renal failure, diabetic
coma, Addisons
disease.

Diarrhoea, vomiting,
CRF, Addisons disease,
decreased blood
pressure.

Cushings syndrome,
diarrhea, vomiting.


Calcium



Iron



Phosphorus

Chloride


Bicarbonate



9 11 mg/dl



50 150mg/dl



3 4.5 mg/dl

95 105 mEq/dl


24 30 mEq/dl

Hyperthyroidism,
vitamin D excess,
Pagets disease.





Pregnancy

Starvation, overdone
adrenal gland

Hypoparathyroidism,
Vitamin D deficiency.


Anemia, pregnancy,
malabsorption,
menstruation.

Renal insufficiency.

Kidney failure, heart
failure, diuretic therapy.