Flashcards Medical

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W
hat brain structures
are derivated from
the following:
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
www.neuros.org
2013
#neuroembryology #usmle
ANATOMY
#01
What brain structures
are derivated from
the following:
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
www.neuros.org
2013
Companion to content on our SOCIAL NETWORK - Neuros.org
40 FLASHCARDS
These fashcards are helpful for
#USMLE
#MBBS
#PGexams
#Internship
#medicalstudent
INTRODUCTION PACK
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ANATOMY #01
are derivated from
the following:
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
www.neuros.org
2013
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
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2013
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This set of Flashcards belong to:
NAME: Atif Gazali
COUNTRY: Malaysia
PROFESSION: Medical
CONTENT
www.neuros.org
2013
The fashcards contain the following:
Anatomy
Dermatology
Electrolytes
Microbiology
Pulmonology
Cardiology
Neurology
Physiology
GIT medicine
Pharmacology
Rheumatology
Micrbiology
Endocrinology
MCQs
These include illustrations,
mnemonics, charts, MCQs
ANATOMY
#01
are derivated from
the following:
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
www.neuros.org
2013
ANATOMY
#01
www.neuros.org
2013
DERMATOLOGY
#02
In which conditions, do you see these types of face
rashes?
www.neuros.org
2013
#rheumatoloy #musculoskeletal #usmle
DERMATOLOGY
#02
www.neuros.org
2013
#rheumatoloy #musculoskeletal #usmle
HELITROPE RASH MALAR/DISCOID RASH
seen in DERMATOMYOSITIS seen in SLE
ELECTROLYTES
#03
www.neuros.org
2013
#sodiumlevels #endocrinology #usmle
How would you work up a case of Hypernatremia, to
distinguish causes.
Hypernatremia is high levels of Sodium in the
body. The normal range is: 135-145 meq/L
ELECTROLYTES
#03
www.neuros.org
2013
#sodiumlevels #endocrinology #usmle
INITIAL TEST: WATER DEPRIVATION
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
OTHER CAUSES
SWEATING
BURNS
FEVER
DIARRHEA
DIURETICS
ACCURATE TEST: ADH LEVELS
HIGH LOW
NEPHROGENIC CRANIAL
ALSO GIVES POSITIVE RESPONSE TO ADH
MICROBIOLOGY
#04
www.neuros.org
2013
#amoebiasis #usmle
Ingested RBCs
Central Karyosome
Pseudopodia
Cytoplasm
What do you know
about Entamoeba
Histolytica?
- Source of Infection
- Route of Infection
- Clinical features
- Lab Diagnosis
- Motility
- Treatment
MICROBIOLOGY
#04
www.neuros.org
2013
#amoebiasis #usmle
Infection with Entamoeba Histolytica affects humans &
primates. About 50million of the worlds population is
infected by the parasite.
Source of infection: Cysts in contaminated water
Route: Ingestion
Clinical features: Vomitings, Bloody Diarrhea & Abdomi-
nal pain (RUQ) & Liver abscess
Lab Diagnosis: Stool exam, Serology (ELISA, RIA)
Motility: Progressive & Directional using Pseudopodia
Treatment: Metronidazole
PULMONOLOGY
#05
www.neuros.org
2013
#asthma #mnemonic #medicalstudent #mbbs
What is the treatment of Asthma?
PULMONOLOGY
#05
www.neuros.org
2013
#asthma #mnemonic #medicalstudent #mbbs
A - adrenergic agonist
S - steroids
T - theophylline
H - hydration
M - masked O2
A - anticholinergics
ANATOMY
#06
www.neuros.org
2013
#upperlimb #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
CUBITAL
FOSSA
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APEX
What are the contents of
the cubital fossa?
ANATOMY
#06
www.neuros.org
2013
#upperlimb #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
1) Medial nerve
2) Termination end of brachial artery
3) Tendon of biceps & Bicipital aponeurosis
4) Radial nerve
The contents of the fossa are:
CARDIOLOGY
#07
www.neuros.org
#dyspnea #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
What are the stages of Heart Failure?
According to NYHA classifcation
CARDIOLOGY
#07
www.neuros.org
#dyspnea #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
1
2
3
4
ORDINARY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DOESNT CAUSE
DYSPNEA, FATIGUE OR PALPITATION
COMFORTABLE AT REST, BUT ORDINARY PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY CAUSES DYSPNEA, FATIGUE OR PALPITATION
COMFORTABLE AT REST, LESS THAN ORDINARY
ACTIVITY CAUSES DYSPNEA, FATIGUE OR PALPITATION
UNCOMFORTABLE AT REST, UNABLE TO CARRY OUT
ANY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITHOUT DISCOMFORT
MILD
MILD
MOD
SEV
NEUROLOGY
#08
www.neuros.org
#headaches #usmle
A person comes to the ER with
complains of sudden onset of uni-
lateral headache, tearing eye and
rhinorrhea.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
NEUROLOGY
#08
www.neuros.org
#headaches #usmle
The most likely diagnosis is Cluster Headache which is
characterized by unilateral headaches associated with
tearning eye & nose. The eye may also turn read. This con-
dition is associated with Horner syndrome.
The best way to treat it is 100% oxygen therapy in the ER
PHYSIOLOGY
#09
www.neuros.org
#hematology #infections #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
Try to recall some of the causes of LOW & HIGH ESR
Eythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
PHYSIOLOGY
#09
www.neuros.org
#hematology #infections #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
FIGURE: ESR TIMELINE
Hr
LOW ESR
Polycythemia
Leukocytosis
Sickle cell
Abnormal proteins
HIGH ESR
Infammation
Infections
Cancer
Autoimmune
*Temporal arteritis
Polymyalgia
Rheumatica
GIT MEDICINE
#10
www.neuros.org
#abdominalpain #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
What does pain in the left iliac region indicate?
What is the most common cause in the elderly?
GIT MEDICINE
#10
www.neuros.org
HYPO
CHONDRIAC
HYPO
CHONDRIAC
EPIGASTRIC
UMBILICAL RIGHT
LUMBAR
LEFT
LUMBAR
RIGHT ILIAC LEFT ILIAC
HYPOGASTRIC
TRANSTUBERCULAR PLANE
TRANSPYLORIC PLANE
T 10
Ureteric Colic
Pyelonephritis
Ureteric Colic
Pyelonephritis
Testicular Torsion
Urinary Retention
Cystitis
Placental Abruption
Diverticulitis
Ulcerative Colitis
Constipation
Ovarian Cyst
Hernias
Appendicitis
Crohns Disease
Caecum Obstruction
Ovarian Cyst
Ectopic Pregnancy
Hernias
Esophagitis
Peptic Ulcer
Perforated Ulcer
Pancreatitis
Spleen Abscess
Acute Splenomegaly
Spleen Rupture
Gallstones
Cholangitis
Hepatitis
Liver Abscess
Cardiac Causes
Lung Causes
Appendicitis (early)
Mesenteric adenitis
Meckels diverticulitis
Lymphomas
The most common cause
in the elderly is:
Diverticulitis
PHARMACOLOGY
#11
www.neuros.org
#druginteractions #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
What dangerous drug interaction effect does
Warfarin & NSAIDs produce, given together?
PHARMACOLOGY
#11
www.neuros.org
ING
WARFARIN
an anti-coagulant
NSAIDs
Anti-inammatory/Anti-analgesics
BLEE
HYPOCOAGULABILITY

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X . Protein C & S
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RHEUMATOLOGY
#12
www.neuros.org
#autoimmunediseases #antibodies #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
What antibodies are associated with:
Rheumatoid arthritis - SLE - Drug induced lupus
Polymyositis - Dermatomyositis - Scleroderma - CREST
Sjoogren syndrome - Mixed connective tissue disease

RHEUMATOLOGY
#12
www.neuros.org
#autoimmunediseases #antibodies #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
RF (Rheumatoid Factor)
Anti-CCP (Citrullinated protein)
ANA (Anti Nuclear Antibody)
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Sm
Anti-histone
Anti-Jo-1
Anti-Jo-1
Anti-scl-70 ANA
Anti-centromere
Anti-Ro ANA
Anti-LA ANA
Anti-RNP ANA
MICROBIOLOGY
#13
www.neuros.org
2013
#giardiasis #greesystools #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
What do you know
about Giardia Lam-
blia?
- Clinical features
- Lab Diagnosis
- Motility
- Treatment
Nuclei
Nuclei
Axostyle
Flagellae
Edge of Sucker
Flagellae
MICROBIOLOGY
#13
www.neuros.org
2013
#giardiasis #greesystools #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
Infection with G.lamblia is found worldwide, more com-
monly in tropics. It effects mostly children, tourists and
the immuno-compromised
Source of infection: Cysts in contaminated water
Route: Ingestion
Clinical features: Vomitings, Fatty foul smelling Diarrhea
& Abdominal pain
Lab Diagnosis: Stool exam, Jejunal biopsy & Endoscopy
Motility: Falling leaf
Treatment: Metronidazole
PHARMACOLOGY
#14
www.neuros.org
What dangerous drug interaction effect does
Spironolactone & NSAIDs produce, given together?
PHARMACOLOGY
#14
www.neuros.org
ALEMIA
ACE INHIBITORS
angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors
SPIRONOLACTONE
steroidal antimineralocorticoid
HYPER

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ANATOMY
#15
www.neuros.org
2013
#reproductivesystem #usmleHY #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
What is the difference between
Right & Left Gonadal venous drainage?
ANATOMY
#15
www.neuros.org
2013
#reproductivesystem #usmleHY #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
Left ovary/testis -> Left gonadal vein -> Left renal vein -> IVC
Right ovary testis -> Right gonadal vein -> IVC
Left Gonadal Drainage
Right Gonadal Drainage
GIT MEDICINE
#16
www.neuros.org
A 35 year old male comes to the ER with severe epigastric pain
that radiates to the back like a spear. The patient is suspected to
have acute pancreatitis. What are the common causes of this
condition?
GIT MEDICINE
#16
www.neuros.org
GALLSTONES
ETHANOL (ALCOHOL)
TRAUMA
STEROIDS
MUMPS
AUTOIMMUNE
SCORPION BITE
HYPERLIPIDEMIA
ERCP
DRUGS
G
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MICROBIOLOGY
#17
www.neuros.org
2013
#medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
What do you know
about Leishmania
Donovani?
- Clinical features
- Lab Diagnosis
- Motility
- Treatment
Flagellum
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Basal Granule
Kinetoplast
MICROBIOLOGY
#17
www.neuros.org
2013
Important cause of visceral leishmaniasis.
Source of infection: Phlebotomus (Sandfy)
Route: Bite (Promastigote)
Clinical features: Recurrent fevers & Striking spleno-
megaly
Lab Diagnosis: Isolation from blood/spleen & Serology
(PCR/DAT/Antibody titres)
Motility: Flagellar
Treatment: Sodium Stibogluconate & Amphotericin B
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#18
www.neuros.org
2013
#hormoneregulation #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
How are thyroid hormones regulated in the body?
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#18
www.neuros.org
2013
#hormoneregulation #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
TSH HORMONE
TSH RECEPTORS ON
THYROID GLAND
THYROID HORMONES
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NEUROLOGY
#19
www.neuros.org
#aphasia #mbbs #medicalstudent #PGexam #usmle
How would you differentiate between:
1) Wernickes Aphasia
2) Brocas Aphasia
3) Conduction Aphasia
4) Global Aphasia
5) Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
6) Transcorticol Motor Aphasia
NEUROLOGY
#19
www.neuros.org
#aphasia #mbbs #medicalstudent #PGexam #usmle
FLUENCY REPETITION COMPREHENSION OTHER FEATURES
WERNICKES APHASIA

BROCAS APHASIA
CONDUCTION APHASIA
GLOBAL APHASIA
TRANSCORTICAL SENSORY APHASIA
TRANSCORTICAL MOTOR APHASIA
YES
IMPAIRED
YES
IMPAIRED
YES
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
YES
YES
IMPAIRED
YES
YES
IMPAIRED
IMPAIRED
YES
LIMB APRAXIA
BUCCOFACIAL APRAXIA
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#20
www.neuros.org
2013
#syndromes #medicalstudent #usmle #mbbs #PGexams
What does the following syndromes comprise of:
1) MEN 1
2) MEN 2a
3) MEN 2b
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#20
www.neuros.org
2013
MEN 1 MEN 2a MEN 2b
Pituitary
adenoma
Parathyroid
hyperplasia
Pancreatic
tumors
Parathyroid
hyperplasia
Medullary
thyroid Ca
Pheochromo
-cytoma
Marfanoid
body habitus
Medullary
thyroid Ca
Pheochromo
-cytoma
Mucosal
neuromas
MENIN GENE
RET PROTOONCOGENE
Prolactin
Calcium
Gastrin
Calcitonin
Urinary Me-
tanephrines
PULMONOLOGY
#21
www.neuros.org
2013
#dyspnea #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs
An African American woman
comes to the clinic with com-
plains of shortness of breath,
cough & easy fatigue. On
examination there is fne
rales on auscultation of lungs
and red tender nodules on
the tibia. Chest xray shows
the following picture. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
www.neuros.org
PULMONOLOGY
#21
www.neuros.org
2013
#dyspnea #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs
Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic infammatory disorder, mainly in the lungs. Always suspect this
when the clinical vigenette speaks of an African American woman with dyspnea and chest
xray of bilateral adenopathy.
CLINICAL PICTURE : Ethnicity: African American, Gender: Females, Asymptomatic, Dyspnea on
exertion, Cough, Easy Fatigue,Fine rales on lung auscultation - NO WHEEZING, Eyes: Uveitis /
Keratoconjuctivitis, Parotid enlargement, Sicca syndrome, Cardiac: Restrictive cardiomyopa-
thy, heart blocks, Nerve: Facial palsy Aloplecia - very rare, Skin: Erythema nodosum, Lupus
pernio
DIAGNOSITC TESTS : Though dignositc tests are done, remember that this disease is a disease
of exclusion.
Chest Xray (Initial) - Bilateral hilar adenopathy - Angel wing sign, Lymph node biopsy - MOST
ACCURATE, Elevated ACE levels, Hypercalcemia & Hypercalciuria, PFT - restrictive picture -
decreased FEV, FVC, TLC, DLCO and normal FEV1/FVC, Brochoalveolar lavage - shows helper
cells
TREATMENT : Aysmptomatic patients donot need to be treated, Symptomatic patients respond
well to Prednisone (Glucocorticoids)
MICROBIOLOGY
#22
www.neuros.org
2013
What do you know
about Toxoplasma
Gondi?
- Clinical features
- Lab Diagnosis
- Motility
- Treatment
Nucleus
Rhoptry
Conoid
Golgi Body
Mitochondrion
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Dense Granules
Microneme
MICROBIOLOGY
#22
www.neuros.org
2013
An obligate intracellular sporozoan, causing CNS infections
such as encephalitis. Is also a member of the TORCH com-
plex.
Source of infection: Cyst in cat feces (mainly) or meat
Route: Contaminated excreta, food or airborne spores
Clinical features: Headache, seizures & abnormal gait
Lab Diagnosis: Sabin-Feldman Dye test, CFT & HA
Motility: Upright twirling, Helical rotation, and Circular glid-
ing
Treatment: Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine, Spiramycin, Clin-
damycin & Cotrimoxazole.
ANATOMY
#23
www.neuros.org
2013
#mnemonics #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
What Structures pass through foramen ovale?
ANATOMY
#23
www.neuros.org
2013
#mnemonics #usmle #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams
FORAMEN OVALE
MALE
M : MANDIBULAR NERVE
A : ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY
L : LESSER PETROSAL NERVE
E : EMISSARY VEINS
CARDIOLOGY
#24
www.neuros.org
#murmurs #medicalstudent #mbbs #PGexams #usmle
Guess the cause of this murmur:
S1 S2
MC
CARDIOLOGY
#24
www.neuros.org
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
LATE SYSTOLIC MURMUR
LATE SYSTOLIC CRESCENDO MURMUR THAT FOLLOW
A MIDSYSTOLIC CLICK.
HEARD LOUDEST AT S2
COMMON CAUSES: MYXOMATOUS DEGENERATION, RF
CHORD RUPTURE
CARDIOLOGY
#25
www.neuros.org
OS
S1 S2
CARDIOLOGY
#25
www.neuros.org
MITRAL STENOSIS
DIASTOLIC MURMUR
LATE RUMBLIING DIASOTLIC MURMUR THAT FOLLOWS
AN OPENING SNAP
COMMON CAUSE: RHEUMATIC FEVER
CHRONIC MS LEADS TO LA DILATION
CARDIOLOGY
#26
www.neuros.org
S1 S2
CARDIOLOGY
#26
www.neuros.org
MITRAL/TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
HOLOSYSTOLIC MURMUR
MITRAL - HEARD BEST AT APEX, RADIATES TO
AXILLA.
COMMON CAUSES: IHD, MVP, LV DIALATION
TRICUSPID - HEARD BEST AT TRICUSPID AREA
RADIATES TO RT STERNAL BORDER
COMMON CAUSES: RV DIALATION OR
ENDOCARDITIS
CARDIOLOGY
#27
www.neuros.org
S1 S2
CARDIOLOGY
#27
www.neuros.org
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
MACHINE LIKE MURMUR
CONTINUOUS MACHINE LIKE MURMUR
HEARD LOUDEST AT S2
CAUSE: CONGENIATAL PDA
CARDIOLOGY
#28
www.neuros.org
S1 S2
CARDIOLOGY
#28
www.neuros.org
AORTIC REGURGITATION
DIASTOLIC MURMUR
IMMEDIATE HIGH PITCHED BLOWING MURMUR
SX: BOUNDING PULSES & HEAD BOBBING
WIDE PULSE PRESSURE
COMMON CAUSES: AORTIC ROOT DILATION, RF
BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE
CARDIOLOGY
#29
www.neuros.org
S1 S2
EC
CARDIOLOGY
#29
www.neuros.org
AORTIC STENOSIS
SYSTOLIC MURMUR
CRESCENDO - DECRESCENDO MURMUR THAT FOLLOW
AN EJECTION CLICK.
RADIATES TO CAROTIDS / APEX
COMMON CAUSES: AGE RELATED CALCIFICATION
BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#30
www.neuros.org
2013
Recall the signs & symptoms of Hyperthyroidism.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
#30
www.neuros.org
2013
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heat intolerance
insomnia
muscle weakness
menstrual irregularity
irritability
infertility
MCQs
#31
www.neuros.org
2013
A young woman comes to the clinic complaining of pain in her neck & shoul-
ders since a few weeks. She is having diffculty sleeping, and suffers from
occassional headaches. On questioning she agrees to stiffness & fatigue
also. During physical examination, she tells you to be gentle as she has
some tender points that trigger pain, especially on the lateral epicondyle
and medial side of her knee. You order a round of tests that include ESR,
CRP, RA, ANCA & CPK - all which return normal. How will you treat her?
a) Steroids
b) Ciprofoxacin & Doxycycline
c) Refer her to an orthopedic
d) Amitriptyline
e) Allopurinol
f) Placebo, she is a hypochondriac
MCQs
#31
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Amitriptyline
The patient is suffering from Fibromyalgia, which is best treated
with Amitriptyline.
MCQs
#32
www.neuros.org
2013
A young African American teenager comes to the ER with complains of
headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain. He came to the
ER directly from a BBQ party, which was at a friends's basement. His HR is
110/min & RR is 24/min. His skin shows a pinkish hue. What is the diagno-
sis?
a) Sicke Cell Crisis
b) Cyanide Poisoning
c) Food Poisoning
d) Carboxyhemaglobinemia
e) Thalassemia
MCQs
#32
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Carboxyhemaglobinemia
Due to buildup of CO in an enclosed place "BBQ in a basement".
The other clues are the symptoms and the pinkish hue.
MCQs
#33
www.neuros.org
2013
A patient comes to your clinic for regular check up. Before leaving he asks
you about risk factors for pancreatic cancer, as he is concerned because his
father had one. Which of the following is not a risk factor for pancreatic
cancer.
a) Chronic pancreatitis
b) Obesity
c) Alcohol
d) Family History
e) Smoking
MCQs
#33
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Alcohol
Gallstones & Alcohol are two risk factors exclusively for Acute
pancreatitis & not pacreatic cancer
MCQs
#34
www.neuros.org
2013
A mother brings her 2yr old girl to the clinic complaining of diarrhea &
tummy ache. You diagnose it as gastroenteritis. The mother also tells you
that many other children at the day care center had similar symptoms.
Which organism is the most likely causative agent?
a) Giardia lamblia
b) Botulinum toxin
c) Clostridia diffcile
d) Rotavirus
e) Reovirus
f) Entamoeba histolytica
MCQs
#34
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Rota Virus
Rota virus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants
and children upto 5 years of age.
MCQs
#35
www.neuros.org
2013
A 40 year old woman comes to the clinic complaining of a 3kg weight gain
and decreased libido for the past 2 months. She also states that she has not
had a menstrual period this time. On examination white milky discharge is
noticed from her nipples bilaterally. You order lab tests, and notice an
abnormal increase in the prolactin levels. What is the most appropriate
treatment?
a) Steroids
b) Mastectomy
c) Breat massage
d) Bromocriptine
e) Metoclopramide
MCQs
#35
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Bromocriptine
This patient is suffering from prolactinoma, Bromocriptine is a
dopamine agonist. Dopamine suppress production of prolactin.
MCQs
#36
www.neuros.org
2013
A man in his 40s, who works at the factory, comes to the clinic with com-
plain of pain in his shoulder and unable to lift his shoulder. After a thorough
examination and a few imaging studies, the diagnosis of rotator cuff injury
was made. Which of the following muscle's tendons donot form part of the
rotator cuff?
a) Supraspinatus
b) Infraspinatus
c) Teres major
d) Subscapularis
MCQs
#36
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Teres Major
The muscles that make up the rotator cuff are: Supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus, Subscapularis & Teres minor.
MCQs
#37
www.neuros.org
2013
Which of the following is a sign of fracture of the middle cranial fossa of
skull?
a) Bottle's sign
b) String sign
c) Donut sign
d) Battle's sign
e) Bird beak's sign
f) Omega sign
MCQs
#37
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Battles sign
The sign is called Battle's sign, which indicates a fracture of the
middle cranial fossa. It is also called as mastoid ecchymosis.
MCQs
#38
www.neuros.org
2013
A 30 year old man, who works as a farmer, comes to the clinic with an itchy
annular skin lesion on his back. On examination you also note a few hypo-
pigmented skin lesions. The patient complains of sweating alot as he works
under the hot sun, and believes this is what has caused the lesions. Which
of the following tests would you order to confrm your diagnosis:
a) Gram's stain
b) CBC
c) Acid fast stain
d) Dark feld microscopy
e) KOH & microscopy
f) ELISA
MCQs
#38
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: KOH & microscopy
The patient has a fungal skin infection. The itchy annular lesion
along with hypopigmentation highly suggests it. Working out in
the hot sun, and excessive sweating are the other clues.
MCQs
#39
www.neuros.org
2013
A middle aged woman comes to the clinic with complains of palpitations
and a episodes of dizziness and syncope. After examination a diagnosis of
Atrial fbrillation is made. Which of the following is the most commonest
cause of atrial fbrillation
a) Diabetes
b) Hypertension
c) Aortic stenosis
d) Mitral value regurgitation
e) Proponolol
MCQs
#39
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: Aortic Stenosis
Atrial fbrillation increases in frequency with aging and typically
occurs in people who have underlying heart disease. Almost
any heart disease can increase the risk of this abnormal
rhythm, but the most common causes are:
Hypertensive heart disease due to chronic high blood pressure.
A heart attack (myocardial infarction, or MI), Heart failure,
Heart valve disease, such as mitral regurgitation or mitral
stenosis.
MCQs
#40
www.neuros.org
2013
A 52 year old man comes to the ER with complains of lower back pain. He
works in a storage warehouse. On examination the straight leg test is posi-
tive at 60 degrees. There is no vertebral tenderness. Heart and lung exami-
nations are normal. Which is the next best step in management of this
patient.
a) Cervical X ray
b) Spinal MRI
c) Emergent surgery
d) NSAIDs & Rest
e) Spinal X ray
f) Lumbar Puncture
MCQs
#40
www.neuros.org
2013
Correct Ans: NSAIDs & Rest
This is most likely a case of disc herniation, in which the frst
step of management is NSAIDs & Rest of not more than 2-3
days. Early mobilisation is advised. MRI maybe advised, but is
not the NEXT BEST STEP in management.
JOIN US
www.neuros.org
2013
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