Narayanbhai Desai

3/27, Collier Ave,

Balcatta, WA 6021
Student ID: 1014935
Material Cluster Assignment 1
Q.1 List the 3 state of atter, !ith the characteristics that a"e the
#iffere$t.
A$s. %here are ai$l& 3 states of atter soli#, li'(i# a$# )aseo(s.
*oli#+ *oli# atter has a #efi$ite sha,e a$# occ(,&i$) a fi-e# s,ace
or vol(e.
Li'(i#+ Li'(i# atter #oes $ot have a s,ecific sha,e. .t flo!s. .t ta"es
the sha,e of a vessel i$ !hich it co$tai$e#.
/aseo(s+ 0atter i$ the )aseo(s for #iff(ses i$ the air. .t #oes $ot
have a s,ecific sha,e. .t ta"es the sha,e of the vessel i$ !hich it
co$tai$e#.
Q.2 Briefl& e-,lai$ the ters+
a. Cr&stalli$e
1. Aor,ho(s
A$s.
a. Cr&stalli$e+ Cr&stalli$e is a t&,e of str(ct(re i$ !hich atoic
,articles are ,ac"e# closel& i$ a or#ere# three #ie$sio$al
$et!or". %hese 1o$#s hol# the atoic str(ct(re to)ether i$
,atter$ !hich is re,eate# thro()ho(t the soli#. %he& ca$ 1e
1ro"e$ #o!$ to i$#ivi#(al cr&stals or )rai$s.
1. Aor,ho(s+ Aor,ho(s is t&,e of str(ct(re i$ !hich atoic
,articles are ,ac"e# closel& 1(t the& #o$2t have a re,etitive
three #ie$sio$al str(ct(re. %he& are $ot cr&stalli$e i$
$at(re.
Q.3 3-,lai$ ho! the states of a s(1sta$ce ca$ 1e cha$)es as it
te,erat(re cha$)es
A$s. Whe$ever !e i$crease the te,erat(re of the s(1sta$ce, the
1o$#i$) of its atoic ,article also cha$)es. 4or e-a,le i$ soli# state
atoic ,articles are ,ac"e# closel&, !he$ !e i$crease the
te,erat(re, after certai$ liits the 1o$#i$) of atoic ,articles
1rea"s a$# atoic ,article 1ecoe o1ile th(s soli# s(1sta$ce
1ecoe li'(i# s(1sta$ce. .f !e i$crease the te,erat(re of li'(i#
s(1sta$ce f(rther, atoic ,articles 1ecoe ore o1ile i$ $at(re
a$# li'(i# s(1sta$ce 1ecoe )aseo(s s(1sta$ce.
Q.4 Classif& the follo!i$) coo$ e$)i$eeri$) aterials accor#i$) to their
state at roo te,erat(re.
Cast iro$, L(1ricati$) oil, 5ol&vi$&l chlori#e, Acet&le$e, 6(11er
A$s.
a. Cast iro$+ *oli#
1. L(1ricati$) oil+ Li'(i#
c. 5ol&vi$&l Chlori#e+ *oli#
#. Acet&le$e+ /aseo(s
e. 6(11er+ *oli#
Q.5 Briefl& e-,lai$ the #iffere$ces 1et!ee$ elee$ts, co,o($# a$#
i-t(re a$# )ive a$ e-a,le of each.
A$s. a. 3lee$t+ A$ elee$t is a ,(re s(1sta$ce. %he& ca$$ot 1e 1ro"e$
#o!$ cheicall& i$ to si,ler s(1sta$ce. /oo# e-a,le of elee$t is
/ol#.
1. Co,o($#s+ Co,o($#s is fore# !he$ t!o or ore #iffere$t
elee$t co1i$e to)ether cheicall& i$ fi-e# ,ro,ortio$ 1& !ei)ht.
%he ,ro,ert& of that co,o($# is totall& #iffere$t fro the ,ro,erties
of elee$t fro !hich it is fore#. A$ e-a,le of co,o($# is !ater
78
2
9:. Water is fore# !he$ h&#ro)e$ 78
2
: a$# o-&)e$ 79
2
: co1i$e
to)ether.
c. 0i-t(re+ A i-t(re is fore# !he$ t!o or ore elee$t or
co,o($#s are echa$icall& i-e# to)ether i$ a$& ,ro,ortio$. .$
i-t(re there is $o cheical reactio$ or 1o$# 1et!ee$ the
co,o$e$ts of the i-t(re. A$ e-a,le of i-t(re is salt& !ater; it is
i-t(re of salt 7<aCl: a$# !ater 78
2
9:.
Q.6 Classif& the follo!i$) accor#i$) to !hether the& are elee$ts,
co,o($#s or i-t(re.
A$s. a. *oil+ 0i-t(re
1. Car1o$ 7C:+ 3lee$t
c. .ro$ o-i#e 74e
2
9
3
:+ Co,o($#
#. Air+ 0i-t(re
e. *ea !ater+ Co,o($#
Q.= Co,are ,roto$s, $e(tro$s a$# electro$s i$ ters of ass a$#
electrical char)e
A$s. a. 5roto$s+ 5roto$ is a ,article !hich has a si$)le ,ositive electrical
char)e. .t has a !ei)ht a1o(t 1.67-10>22 ").
1. <e(tro$s+ <e(tro$ is a ,article !ith ?ero electrical char)e. .t has a
!ei)ht a1o(t 1.00= ties the ass of 5roto$.
c. 3lectro$s+ 3lectro$ e-ists i$ or1it s(rro($#i$) 5roto$s a$#
<e(tro$s, ea$s $(cle(s. 3lectro$ has a si$)le $e)ative electrical
char)e. .ts ass is o$l& 1/1=36 of the ,roto$s or $e(tro$s.
Q.9 3-,lai$ the ea$i$)s of the follo!i$) ters+
@ale$ce $(1er, Atoic $(1er, 0ass $(1er
A$s. @ale$ce <(1er+ @ale$ce $(1er is the $(1er of electro$s a$
ato has i$ its o(ter ost shells. @ale$ce $(1er #eteri$es a$&
of the ,h&sical, cheical a$# e$)i$eeri$) ,ro,erties of that aterial.
Atoic <(1er+ %he atoic $(1er of a$ elee$t is e'(al to the
$(1er of ,roto$s i$ the $(cle(s of its ato. Atoic $(1er #escri1e
as ABC.
0ass <(1er+ %he ass $(1er is e'(al to the s( of 5roto$s a$#
<e(tro$s i$ the $(cle(s of a$ ato. 0ass $(1er #escri1e as AAC.
0ass $(1er tells (s ho! (ch heavier or li)hter a$ ato is
co,are to the other elee$ts.
Q.10 With refere$ce to the ,erio#ic ta1le+
a. What is the !or# (se# for a ro!D
1. What is the !or# (se# for a col($D
c. 8o! a$& elee$ts are fo($# i$ $at(reD
#. Which is the li)htest elee$tD
A$s.
a. A5erio#sC is the !or# (se# for a ro! i$ ,erio#ic ta1les. %here are 7
,erio#s i$ ,erio#ic ta1les.
1. A/ro(,sC is the !or# (se# for a col($ i$ ,erio#ic ta1les. %here
are = )ro(,s i$ ,erio#ic ta1les.
c. %here are 92 elee$t are fo($#s i$ $at(re.
#. 8&#ro)e$ is the li)htest elee$ts.
Q.11 What characteristic #o elee$ts !ith = o(ter>or1it electro$s shareD
A$s.
Q.12 Briefl& #escri1e ho! io$ic 1o$#i$) occ(rs. /ive a$ e-a,le to
ill(strate &o(r a$s!er.
A$s. Whe$ t!o or ore atos )ai$ or lose electro$s to co1i$e each
other to co,lete o(ter shells, this 1o$#i$) is "$o!$ as io$ic 1o$#.
4or e-a,le, Chlori$e 7Cl: has a total 17 electro$. 2 i$ its first shell, =
i$ 2
$#
shell a$# 7 i$ 3
r#
shell. .t $ee#s 1 electro$ i$ 3
r#
shell to a"e it
co,lete shell. .$ the sae !a& *o#i( 7<a: has total 11 electro$s.
2 i$ its 1
st
shell, = i$ 2
$#
shell a$# 1 i$ 3
r#
shell. <o! it is eas& for
so#i( to lose 1 electro$ fro 3
r#
shell to co,lete# 2
$#
shell as
vale$ce shell rather tha$ )ai$i$) 7 electro$s. *o it !ill lose o$e
electro$ to Chlori$e 7Cl:, a$# Chlori$e !ill co,lete its 3
r#
shell !ith =
electro$s a$# 1ecoe *o#i( Chlori#e 7<aCl:.
Q.13 Briefl& #escri1e ho! covale$t 1o$#i$) occ(rs. /ive a$ e-a,le to
ill(strate &o(r a$s!er.
A$s. Whe$ there is $o tra$sfer or )ai$i$) of electro$s 1(t the& are 1o$#e#
fro the shari$) of ,airs of electro$ 1et!ee$ atos to #evelo, a f(ll
o(ter shell of electro$, it is "$o!$ as a covale$t 1o$#i$). 4or
e-a,le h&#ro)e$ 78
2
: has a 2 electro$ i$ its o(ter shell. Whe$ 4
atos of h&#ro)e$ share 2 electro$ of each fro o(ter shell it
co,letes o(ter shell of car1o$ 7C: !ith = electro$s. %h(s it a"es
C8
4
E 0etha$e.
Q.14 Briefl& #escri1e ho! etallic 1o$#i$) occ(rs. /ive a$ e-a,le to
ill(strate &o(r a$s!er.
A$s. %he etallic 1o$# is #iffere$t fro io$ic a$# covale$t 1o$#. .$
etallic 1o$# ato share the o(ter ost vale$ce electro$ !ith t!o or
ore atos. *o !he$ this 1o$# occ(rs electro$ 1ecoe #elocali?e#
ea$s it 1ecoes free to for a $e)ativel& char)e# electro$ clo(#
aro($# the ,ositivel& char)e# etallic io$s.
Q.15 Co,are io$ic, covale$t a$# etallic 1o$#i$) i$ ters of electrical
co$#(ctivit& of the aterials.
A$s. Ionic Bond+ .o$ic 1o$# has a 1i$#i$) force fro electrostatic
attractio$ of io$s of o,,osite char)e. *o !he$ co,o($# is soli#,
the& atos are hel# to)ether ti)htl& so the& ca$$ot ,ass electricit&,
that2s !h& the& (se# as i$s(lators. B(t !he$ co,o($# is i$ li'(i#
for, io$s a$# electro$ 1ecoe free to ove, so the& 1ecoe
co$#(ctors of electricit&.
Covalent Bond+ Covale$t 1o$# has a 1i$#i$) force fro the shari$)
of electro$ ,airs. *o the& are the $o$>co$#(ctors of electricit&.
Metallic Bond+ 0etallic 1o$# has a 1i$#i$) force fro the attractio$
1et!ee$ ,ositive io$s a$# free electro$s. .$ this 1o$# electro$ are
free so it is )oo# co$#(ctors of electricit&.
Q.16 What are va$ #er Waal2s forcesD
A$s. %he force 1et!ee$ the $o1le )as atos !hich is ver& sall is "$o!$
as @a$ #er Waal2s force. %his 1o$# occ(rs 1et!ee$ the $o1le )as
atos !hose o(ter shell co$tai$s = electro$s !hich is effectivel& f(ll.
Q.17 .$ e$)i$eeri$), etals ca$ 1e #ivi#e# i$ to 2 classes.
a. What are the&D
1. What is the aFor #iffere$ce 1et!ee$ theD
c. List 2 e-a,le of each.
A$s. .$ 3$)i$eeri$), etals ca$ 1e #ivi#e# i$to follo!i$) t!o classes.
a. 4erro(s a$# <o$>ferro(s
1. 4erro(s 0etals+ 4erro(s etals are co,ose# ,ri$ci,all& of iro$.
<o$>ferro(s 0etals+ <o$>ferro(s etals are co,ose# ,ri$ci,all&
of elee$ts other tha$ iro$.
c. 3-a,le of 4erro(s etals are car1o$ steel, Allo& steel a$#
e-a,le of $o$>ferro(s etals are co,,er, $ic"el.
Q.1= Wh& is iro$ rarel& (se# i$ its ,(re forD
A$s. .ro$ i$ its ,(re for is $orall& soft a$# allea1le 1eca(se the& are
co,ose# of F(st o$e "i$# of ato.
Q.19 What is steelD
A$s. *teels are allo&s of iro$ !ith (, to 2G car1o$ i$ it.
Q.20 .$ a etal, !hat are )rai$ 1o($#ariesD
A$s. 0ost etals cr&stalli?e as a$ a))loeratio$ of $(ero(s sall
cr&stals, each orie$te# i$ #iffere$t #irectio$ a$# each se,arate# fro
the other 1& a s(rface, this are the )rai$ 1o($#aries i$ etals.
Q.21 What is ,ol&erD
A$s. 5ol&ers are the co,ositio$ of a$& lo$) chai$ olec(les.
Q.22 <ae the t!o t&,es of ,ol&er, a$# e-,lai$ ho! the& are #iffere$t.
A$s. 5lastic a$# 5ol&eth&le$e are the t!o t&,es of ,ol&ers.
a. 5lastic+ 5lastics are a lar)e )ro(, of aterials !hich co$sists of or
co$tai$ as a$ esse$tial i$)re#ie$t, a s(1sta$ce of hi)h olec(lar
!ei)ht. B& the (se of heat or ,ress(re, at soe sta)e i$
a$(fact(ri$), it is soft e$o()h to 1e fore# i$to vario(s sha,es.
1. 5ol&eth&le$e+ 5ol&eth&le$e is a t&,ical ,ol&er !hich is ,ro#(ce#
1& A,ol&eri?atio$C of a$& eth&le$e olec(les to for a lo$)
chai$ olec(le, i$ !hich the i$#ivi#(al atos are hel# to)ether 1&
covale$t 1o$#s so that each ato shares its electro$s !ith
a#Face$t atos.
Q.23 List 3 ,ro,erties that characteri?e ceraic aterials.
A$s. Ceraics (s(all& have a ver& ri)i# io$ic/covale$t 1o$#. %he& are ver&
har# a$# 1rittle. %he& are cheicall& ($reactive. Ceraics are )oo#
electrical i$s(lators.
Q.24 /ive a$ e-a,le of a co,osite aterial a$# (se it to e-,lai$ !h&
co,osites are val(a1le e$)i$eeri$) aterials.
A$s. 4i1er rei$force# ,lastic is the 1est e-a,le of co,osite aterial.
/lass is stro$) 1(t it fract(re# '(ic"l& !he$ the te,erat(re is
raise#. *o $o! a #a&2s fi1er)lass ,lastics are (tili?e# i$ ari$e,
a(too1ile a$# aircraft a,,licatio$ !here its li)ht$ess, stre$)th a$#
corrosio$ resista$ce ,ro,erties are i,orta$t. 4i1ers of as1estos,
)ra,hite a$# 1oro$ have 1ee$ (se# as rei$forcee$t aterial i$
,lastic 1eca(se of the i,rove# te,erat(re resista$ce a$# )reater
stre$)th a$# stiff$ess over )lass.
For each of the following uestions select the statement that most
accurately answers the uestion and circle its !refi" letter#
Q.25 %heral co$#(ctivit& of a aterial is a eas(re of the+
A$s. #. Hiffere$ce i$ te,erat(re 1et!ee$ its e$#s !he$ o$e e$# is
heate#
Q.26 %he ao($t 1& !hich a aterial !ill e-,a$# !he$ it is heate# is
,ro,ortio$al to+
A$s. c. .$crease i$ te,erat(re a$# its ori)i$al le$)th.
Q.27 %he electrical co$#(ctivit& of a etal is+
A$s. #. Hecrease# 1& the ,rese$ce of i,(rities a$# allo&i$) elee$ts,
i$crease# te,erat(re, a$# col# !or"i$)
Q.2= %he *. ($it (se# to eas(re electrical resistivit& is+
A$s. 1. 9h eter 7I:
Q.29 0a)$etic h&steresis is the characteristic of a aterial 1& !hich it+
A$s. #. Loses its a)$etic ,ro,erties !he$ heate# 1e&o$# a certai$
te,erat(re
Q.30 0aterial that '(ic"l& loses its a)$etis !he$ a$ a,,lie# fiel# is
reove# is sai# to 1e+
A$s. a. a soft a)$et
Q.31 %he #e$sit& of aterial is eas(re as+
A$s. 1. ass/vol(e
Q.32 A aterial that tra$sits o$l& a ,ortio$ of i$ci#e$t li)ht is calle#+
A$s. #. %ra$sl(ce$t
Q.33 %he refractive i$#e- of aterial is a eas(re of+
A$s. c. 8o! (ch it 1e$#s i$ci#e$t li)ht
Q.34 3lectrical co$#(ctivit& of etals is e-,resse# as ,erce$ta)e of .AC*,
!hich ea$s+
A$s. B. .$ter$atio$al A$$eale# Co,,er *ta$#ar#
Q.35 List the five !a&s that force ca$ 1e a,,lie# to a aterial. Jse
#ia)ras to sho! ho! the forces a,,lie#.
A$s.
Q.36 Hefi$e stress a$# state the *. ($it (se# i$ its eas(ree$t.
A$s. *tress+ *tress #evelo,e# i$ the ,art !he$ a ,artic(lar force a,,lie#
o$ ,art. *tress is force ,er ($it area (,o$ !hich it acts.
5ascal is the *. ($it (se to eas(re stress.
Q.37 Hefi$e elasticit&
A$s. 3lasticit&+ 3lasticit& is the a1ilit& of a aterial 1& !hich it te$#s to
ret(r$ to its ori)i$al sha,e !he$ a,,lie# forces release#.

Q.3= Hefi$e #(ctilit& a$# )ive a$ e-a,le of a #(ctile aterial.
A$s. H(ctilit&+ H(ctilit& is the ,ro,ert& of aterial !hich e$a1les it to #ra!$
o(t to certai$ liit 1efore r(,t(re a$# at the sae tie to s(stai$ a$
a,,recia1le loa#.
4or e-a,le, co,,er has the #(ctile ,ro,ert& !hich e$a1les it to
#ra!$ o(t to a"e co,,er !ire fro it.
Q.39 What is to()h$ess a$# ho! ca$ it 1e eas(re#D
A$s. %o()h$ess is a eas(re of the ao($t of e$er)& re'(ire# to ca(se
fail(re of aterial. .t ca$ 1e eas(re# 1& #iffere$t t&,es of $otche#
1ar i,act tests s(ch as .?o# test a$# Char,& test.
Q.40 Hefi$e fati)(e stre$)th.
A$s. 4ati)(e *tre$)th+ 4ati)(e stre$)th is #efi$e# as the a-i( stress
1elo! !hich a aterial a& e$#(re a$ i$fi$ite $(1er of stress
c&cles.
Q.41 List the ,rocess 1& !hich ,ol&ers ($#er)o cheical attac".
A$s. 5ol&ers ($#er)o cheical attac" i$ the follo!i$) ,rocess.
a. *!elli$) or #istortio$
1. 5&rol&sis
c. *cissio$
#. 9-i#atio$
Q.42 3-,lai$ the ea$i$) of the ter pyrolysis !ith res,ect to #e)ra#atio$
of ,ol&ers.
A$s. 5&rol&sis is the ,rocess ,ol&er #e)ra#atio$ i$ !hich it ca(ses a loss
of ,lastici?er fro the ,ol&er. .$ ,&rol&sis 5@C lose its ,lastici?er 1&
eva,oratio$ !he$ e-,ose# to heat a$# fails 1& crac"i$) a$#
1ecoi$) o,a'(e.
Q.43 3-,lai$ ho! o-i#atio$ ca(ses #e)ra#atio$ of the ,ro,erties of r(11er.
A$s. 9-i#atio$ is the ,rocess i$ !hich r(11er olec(les cross li$"e# !ith
o-&)e$ atos. 6(11ers olec(les are cross li$"i$) !ith s(l,h(r; this
,ro#(ces the elastic ,ro,erties i$ the r(11er. Whe$ a##itio$al cross
li$"i$) !ith o-&)e$ occ(rs, the r(11er loses (ch of its elasticit& so
1ecoes har# a$# starts to crac".
Q.44 List the 3 co$#itio$s $ecessar& for corrosio$ of etal to occ(r.
A$s. Belo! is the 3 co$#itio$s $ecessar& for corrosio$ of etal to occ(r.
a. 5rese$ce of electrol&tes
1. 4oratio$ of a$o#e a$# catho#e
c. Cheical reactio$ at 1oth a$o#e a$# catho#e