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Table of Contents
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

NOx ....................................................................................................... 7.1

1.1 NOx Generalities.......................................................................... 7.1
1.2 NOx Formation in the Kiln ............................................................ 7.1
1.3 NOx Formation in the Precalciner .................................................. 7.3
1.4 NOx Abatement Methods .............................................................. 7.4
SO2 ....................................................................................................... 7.5
Dust ...................................................................................................... 7.6
3.1 What Affects the Dust Production ................................................. 7.6
3.2 ESP.............................................................................................. 7.6
3.3 Baghouse...................................................................................... 7.8
3.4 CKD ............................................................................................ 7.9
CO2 ..................................................................................................... 7.10
Others................................................................................................. 7.10
5.1 Correction to Standard Oxygen Conditions.................................. 7.10
5.2 Conversion from ppm to mg/m3 of Pollutant ................................ 7.10
5.3 Emission Ranges from European Cement Kilns ........................... 7.10
5.4 Analysers.................................................................................... 7.10

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This section covers NOx, SOx, CO2, CKD, alternative materials, waste fuels and to some extent, PMx. SOx which
have been partially addressed in section 6.7.3 (SO2 / SO3). More and more plants are required to have CEMS
(Continuous Emission Monitoring System) which are different from the process analysers, especially for dilution
purpose. You may have to convert some results for standard conditions. Standards (as %O2) vary worldwide (see
section 7.4).

1. NOx
1.1 NOx Generalities

Gross NOx emissions are typically in the range of 500 to 1,500 ppm being closely related to kiln combustion
conditions.
In the cement industry normally, 95% of NOx formed is nitric oxide (NO). This gas is colourless and is readily
transformed into NO2 in air.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown gas and is the principal component of smog. The toxic effects of
NO2 are not completely known, but an exposure to 15 ppm NO2 causes eye and nose irritations and 25 ppm
causes pulmonary discomfort.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) represents <1% (typically 10 - 20 ppm) of NOx produced in a cement kiln. It is very
stable and is considered to play a role in the destruction of ozone.

1.2 NOx Formation in the Kiln

a. Thermal NOx Formation Mechanisms
Thermal NOx is defined as that portion of the oxides of nitrogen that originate from fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen. The principal reactions for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen are generally recognised as follows
(Zeldovich mechanism):
O + N 2 NO + N
N + O2 NO + O
N 2 + O2 2 NO

In an oxidising atmosphere NO is formed. ALL steps listed above are reversible in a reducing atmosphere,
depending on exact temperature and partial pressure conditions at a given point in the flame.
Thermal NO formation kinetics are slow compared with fuel oxidation reactions and may be disassociated
from the combustion process. Thus final NO concentrations never reach levels predicted by thermodynamic
equilibrium at temperatures used.
Note that some studies (Fenimore, Bowman,...1971) found that the rates of thermal NOx formation in the
primary flame zone were considerably higher than those in the post flame zone. This fast NO formation
occurred at rates greatly exceeding the rate predicted by the O, N atom equilibrium mechanism. Some NO is
formed before the O atom has equilibrated with O2 (second hypothesis).
Prompt NO is the breaking of N2 bonds by CH hydrocarbonaceous radicals instead of O2. No discussion of
NO formation is complete without discussing Prompt NO, but in practical terms the amounts are negligible.

b. Fuel NOx
Many fuels contain significant quantities of chemically bound nitrogen. Some oils can have nitrogen in excess
of 2-4% N and many liquid hazardous wastes may have nitrogen much higher than that. The solid fuel
nitrogen content can be between .5 and 3%.
The fuel NOx is due to the nitrogen conversion in the flame during the combustion. Nitrogen is mainly
contained in aromatic compounds.

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The following diagrams show the ratio between the different sources of NOx in a lab furnace. The lower curve
was measured in an atmosphere without nitrogen and shows the fuel source of nitrogen oxide.
400
NO (ppm)

Air
300
NO thermal

Ar/O2

200
NO combustible
100
0
0

10

20
Excess air

30

40

Rule of thumb
0.2 to 2% N in fuel may yield 60 to 2100 ppm NO

Combustion air temperature

The following figure is the same graph with
air preheated to 275C and other conditions
staying the same.

Nox reduction in natural gas flame

NA combustion book, p164

Nox/Nox ambient air

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

Oxidant oxygen level (%)

0
21

20

Air

400

Thermal NOx

300

Ar/O2

200

18

500

Fuel NOx

100

19

600
NO, ppm

c. What Affects the NOx Formation in the Kiln?

The Oxygen Level
O2 level affects the formation of both fuel
and thermal NOx which is explained by the
fact that NOx formation requires a free
oxygen atom. Therefore an excess of
oxygen induces a shifting of the formation
equation to the right.
Even if NO is formed, reducing conditions
(even local) and high temperature can
produce NO separation into N2 and O2
lowering total NO produced. This is
readily apparent when CO levels rise due to
local reducing conditions, causing a
corresponding drop of NO.

10

20
30
Excess air

40

50

Comparison of this figure with the previous one shows that the preheated air is effective on thermal NOx but
not on the fuel NOx mechanism.
In fact, the formation of thermal NOx is strongly dependent on the flame temperature and a few factors can
affect it.

Material temperature in the load

The heat transfer in the flame area is dominated by radiation (flame wall material).

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4
Q2 = K 2 * SKG * T f4 Tm , with

Q2:

the quantity of heat exchanged

K2:

the exchange coefficient gas/lining

-7

Tf: the gas temperature

Tm: the material temperature
SKG: Boltzman constant

0.15*10 kcal/h C m2)

This heat transfer equation shows that the higher the material temperature, the lower the exchange and that the
higher the flame temperature, the higher the thermal NO formation. Conversely when the load temperature is
low, flame temperatures will be cooler, resulting in less NO formed.
This is one of the fundamental basis for kiln control. A push of under-prepared material into the burning
zone causes the NO formation rate to drop. NO formation is one of the leading indicators that describe the
onset of a change in the kilns burning zone hot or cold.

Flame Shape
The hotter the flame, the higher the NOx emission so the burner pipe settings affecting the flame shape also
have an impact on the NOx emission: i.e. primary air, combustible fineness, volatiles content...
Nitrogen Fuel
About 60% of the fuel nitrogen is converted into NOx in a PH/PC tower so the nitrogen content is also an
important factor in NOx generation (cf. Davenport Kiln audit 1997, 64%).

1.3 NOx Formation in the Precalciner

During the combustion process, the NOx generated in the calciner is mainly fuel related. Thus wed rather use
low N content fuel.

a. What Affects the NOx Generation in the Precalciner?

CO Level
The CO presence (even ppm level) indicates reducing atmospheres which affects NO formation. Low-NOx
precalciners create reducing atmospheres to reverse NO formation. However, large amounts of CO are
produced and thus require a low temperature post burn to control the quantity of CO emitted. Rule of thumb:
3 sec. residence time (Richmond FLS ILC). Some FLS designed ILC in South America also employ 3
circuit burners, which are claimed to contribute to lower NO formation. It is possible to create reducing
atmospheres in a calciner by relocating the fuel injection point, (Davenport Fuel Oil Trials, 1999-2000).
Oxygen Level
The fuel nitrogen needs oxygen to be transformed into NOx so that the NOx level will increase with the oxygen
level. This is true for conventional precalciner designs. This is not true for Low-NOx precalciners, since O2
levels include the excess air required for post burn.
Temperature
Some tests were performed by FLS1. An increase of the precalciner flame temperature seems to reduce the
NOx emission but this phenomenon is not yet well understood.

1 Emission from cement kilns of Nitrogen Oxides (FLS)

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1.4 NOx Abatement Methods

a. Methods
Process Modifications
1) Improve KFUI: reduces the number hot/cold cycles and permits the operator to burn consistently at a
lower temperature.
2) Improve mix burnability: lower clinkerization temperature.
3) Improve clinker cooler stability: Minimize secondary air temperature fluctuations that can affect flame
temperatures. For air separate precalciners, it stabilizes the tertiary air temperature.
4) Avoid over burning: Points 1, 2. Also examine burning practices or the employment of LUCIE.
Combustion Modifications
5) Lower Fuel Nitrogen: If economically feasible or you are renegotiating your supply contract. Also some
precalciner plants are able to consider a low nitrogen fuel in the tower, different from the kiln fuel.
6) Reduce excess air: Depends where you are on the curve, however generally this is a proven technique.
7) Reduce Primary air: Lowers the amount of oxidation at the flame front.
8) Install a Low-NOx burner: They attempt to create a small reducing atmosphere zone in the flame.
9) Shorten the flame (high nitrogen fuels)/tight flame front to burner: Inconclusive not recommended for
low nitrogen fuels. Reported examples of this technique do work.
10) Inject water in or near blastpipe: Creates reducing atmospheres. Works but impacts clinker quality and
SHC.
11) Whole tire injection (preheater kiln): Creates reducing atmospheres, lower flame temperature.
12) Injecting fuel at feed end housing: Inject low into housing to maximize retention time and works best with
low nitrogen fuels. Generally applicable to preheaters and precalciners. Consider mid-kiln fuel injection
on long kilns. See also discussion in Les Cahiers Techniques, Gaseous Effluents, Chapter 4-2 section 3.2:
staged combustion.
Post-combustion control technologies
13) Ammonia or Urea Injection (SNCR): Selective Non- Catalytic Reduction. Uses injection of NH3, NH4OH
or Urea at a point as close to 970C as possible. Successfully employed in trials on long kilns as well as
PH/PC. Can cause NH3 emissions at high injection rates.
14) Treat Exhaust Gases using NH3 and catalyst (SCR): Selective Catalytic Reduction - very expensive.
Injects NH3 at lower temperatures (300-400C) with a catalyst in a reactor. Requires post re-heating to
oxidize SO2 to SO3 to be captured in a condenser.
15) Treat Exhaust Gases using NH3 and activated charcoal: Polysius method intended for SO2 reduction, but
works for NO by adding NH3 reagent.
b. Best Available Control Technologies (BACT) for NOx Emissions
(see IPPC, Feb 2000, EC)

Technique

Kiln syst app

Red effic.

Flame cooling
All
0-50%
Low-NOx burner
All
0-30%
Staged comb
Preca/preheat 10-50%
Mid-kiln firing
Long
20-40%
Easy to burn
All
10-15%
SNCR
Preca/preheat 10-85%
SCR (one plant)
All
89-95%
SNCR : selective non catalytic reduction

Reported
Reported
emissions mg/m3 emissions kg/tkk
4000.84000.8< 500-1000
<1.0-2.0
200-800
100-200

0.4-1.6
0.2-0.4

Operating
cost in $/tkk
0-0.5
0
0

0.2-0.4

Investment
in M US$
0-0.2
0.15-0.8
0.1-2/1-4
0.8-1.7
0.5-1.5
2.5-4.5

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2. SO2
(see also chapter Volatile in section pyroprocessing)
1% sulfur in heavy fuel oil yields 700 ppm SO2 in the dry stoichiometric product of combustion.
Best Available Control Technologies (BACT) for SO2 emissions
(see IPPC, Feb 2000, EC)
Technique
Kiln
Red effic.
Reported
syst
emissions
app
mg/m3
Absorbant addition
All
60-80%
400
(limestone or lime)
Dry scrubber
Dry
Up to 90%
<400
Wet scrubber
All
>90%
<200
Activated Carbon
dry
Up to 95%
<50
C4 lime reinjection
Fullers patent
PH/PC
30%

Reported
emissions
kg/tck
0.8

Operating
cost in
$/tck
0.1-0.4

Investment
in MUS$

<0.8
<0.4
<0.1

1.4-1.6
0.5-1.0

11
6-10

0.2

0.2

0.2-0.3

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3. Dust
3.1 What Affects the Dust Production

During the process into the kiln, the

material is moving toward the flame while
the gas is moving in the opposite direction
to the cold end carrying dust. The dust is
then captured by the dust collectors and
returned to the kiln or wasted. Design of
the kiln, PH/PC, design of the feeding, gas
velocity, speed of rotation, raw mix
composition, volatile, temperature and
other factors can affect the dust generation.
When the dust is wasted, it is called CKD
(Cement Kiln Dust). After the Dust
Collector, the dust still in the gas will go
out the stack and be part of PMx and
opacity.
Dust generation within Lafarge Corp.
ranges between 0.2 to 1.34 kg dust/kgkk ,
averaging 0.6.

3.2 ESP
(Sources: Air Pollution Engineering manual, A.J. Buonicore, W.T.Davis)
a. Principles of operation
The ESPs perform by applying proper electrical forces in the space between the high voltage system and
ground of each gas passage. These electrical inputs involve a voltage level based on gas passage spacing and
gas and particle characteristics. The flow of electric current through this space will depend on the resistance it
encounters before reaching ground potential, identified as the collecting surface or plate. The electron flow
through the gas passage is known as corona current and will impact a negative charge bias to the particles
carried in the flue gas causing these particles to migrate toward positive side.
Rules of thumb
Operating voltage: 30 to 70 kV, dependent on design factors
Operating current density: 5 to 50 mA/cm2
Dust layer thickness: to 1 in.
b. Load and particle size
The higher the voltage, the better the collection. Usually, the first field will collect the biggest particles and
consequently, the finest will be found in the last field. Alkalis have a tendency to settle on fines and preferably
you want to waste your CKD from the last field.

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Rule of thumb: For a four field ESP with 80% collection efficiency, you will get an overall efficiency of 99.8%.
Field #

Entering
(kg)
100.0
20.0
4.0
0.8

1
2
3
4

Collected
(kg)
80.0
16.0
3.2
0.6

Cumulative
Collection
Efficiency
80.0 %
96.0 %
99.2 %
99.8 %

C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y
,
%

Typical curve showing efficiency as a

function of particle size for an ESP
collecting fly ash.
(permission granted by APCA)

5.0
c. Collection efficiency
Rules of thumb
Gas velocity impacts treatment time and power density (range from 0.6 1.5 m/s).
Specific collecting area (SCA) in ranges from .017 to .051 m2/Rm3/h (300 920 ft2/kCFM).
Migration velocity W (Lafarge NA cement kilns) : 30 to 110 cm/s.
Collection Efficiency
Eff. = 1 (exp {(A/Q)*W}0.5), where
where
- Q is the gas flow through precipitator,
- A is the Collection area and SCA is usually
calculated to reach the efficiency problem to
Process
Range of migration velocity
(cm/s)
Wet Kilns
Dry Kilns
PH/PC Kilns

30 80
30 60
45 110

compute the migration velocity W,

0.5 is an empirical factor
Range of SCA*
m2/Rm3/h (ft2/kCFM)
.017 - .031 (300 560)
.022 - .051 (400 920)
.018 - .032 (320 590)

*To get units in m2/(m3/s), multiply by 3600. To get them in ft2/kCFM, multiply by 5.019 and then 3600. 100 ft2/kCFM is a small SCA, 400 is medium and
900 is considered large.

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d. Gas moisture impact

Gas moisture controls the ability to maintain power input (watts)
Power increases with moisture at elevated temperatures up to an optimum one
Moisture allows conductance of electrons through dust layer allowing surface voltage to decrease (i.e., higher
effective kV) and suppresses space charge effects of fine particles (i.e. reduces sparking)
Volume of moisture required is not constant and changes with temperature, particle size chemistry, loading
and ESP design (i.e. , site specific)

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Fo ERUTAREPMET
3.3 Baghouse
(see Priority Study for more information)

a. Principles of operation
Dust gas flows through a fiber filter media. Clean air gets out and dust is caught at the surface of the media as
a dust cake. This cake is then removed by cleaning the surface bag by either shaking, reversing the air flow or
sending a pulse jet that extend the filter media for a short period of time.
b. Filter media
There are two types of filter media:
- Woven
- Felt

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Cloth type and weight are selected, based on temperature, moisture (because of hydrolysis) and resistance
(acid, alkali, oxydation and abrasion). Mostly used in cement industries are:
Generic name type
Trade name type
Max. temp. on
Application
Lifetime guarantee
continuous op.
(years)
(C)
Polypropylene
Herculon
125
General
2
Polyester
Dacron
130
General, mills
2
Glass
Fiberglass
260
Kiln, cooler
3
Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)
Teflon
250
Kiln, cement
4
Expanded PTFE
Rastex, Gore-tex
250
Kiln
34
Expanded PTFE/Glass
Superflex
250
Kiln
56
Aromatic Aramid
Nomex
190
Kiln, cooler
23
Polymide
P 84
240
Kiln
23

Air/Cloth (A/C) ratio (or filtration velocity)

Dedusting

Recommended Net A/C

m/min (ft/min)
Mills
Kiln

Shaker type
Reverse air

0.6 0.8 (2 2.5)

0.6 0.8 (2 2.5)

0.6 (2)
0.6 (2)

Pulse-jet

1.2 1.8 (4 6)

1.2 (4)

Coolers

0.45 0.55 (1.5

1.8)
0.9 1.1 (3 3.5)

Pressure drop
P
mm Hg (wg)

0.5 0.6 (1.8 2)

7.5 11 (4 6)
7.5 11(4 6)

1.0 1.3 (3.3 4.3)

9 19 (5 10)

Configuration
Styles

3.4 CKD

CKD has to be wasted in NA for some plants (9 out of

15 plants). The drivers for wasting CKD are product
quality and process stability. In both cases, we waste
CKD in order to lower the alkalis or sulphur content into
the kiln that would either build up or be too high in the
clinker otherwise. Since alkalis and sulphur compounds
attach to the dust particles, the amount will be reduced
as they are extracted along with CKD.
We withdraw CKD from the dust collector (Dry or Wet
Process) and from the by-pass for PH/PC. CKD is
considered reactive when it contains free-lime.
Higher concentration of alkalis and sulphur are found in
the finest particles where you have more surface area.
This fact can be used in ESP where you have particle
segregation from bigger size in the first field to finest in
the last. The baghouse doesnt have such advantage.

Lafarge NA data
(9 plants out of 15 waste CKD)
PLANT

1999

Alpena*
Bath*
Brookfield*
Davenport*
Exshaw*
Fredonia*
Joppa
Paulding*
Seattle

8.4%
2.9%
16.8%
2.6%
1.7%
11.7%
5.8%
10.3%
12.9%

% Dust Wasting
1998
1997
12.3%
3.2%
13.0%
3.9%
2.6%
9.8%
4.7%
15.3%

11.1%
4.7%
12.6%
4.2%
1.7%
8.6%
8.6%
20.6%

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4. CO2

The greenhouse gases are becoming a major concern for the cement industry. CO2 comes from three sources:
1- Decarbonation 2- Combustion of the carbon content in the fuel and 3- Same as #2 but from the Power plant
which provide our power needs.
Since 1990, Lafarge NA has emitted 1,0 tCO2/t kk for total emission (0,9 tCO22/t cement), which is : 0,5
tCO2/t kk coming from decarbonation, between 0,3 0,4 tCO2/t kk from fuel and between 0,0 0,2 tCO2/t
kk from power (indirect calculation, CO2 is generated at the Power plant).

5. Others
5.1 Correction to Standard Oxygen Conditions

2.62
2.86
1.15
1.8
1.23
1.88
2.05
3.27
1.5

mg/m3 @

0.21 [O 2 ]1

x[NO ]l

where M is the molecular weight

Conversion table at 760 mm Hg

SO2
SO2
CO
CO2
NO
NO2
NO2
SO2
HCl

0.21 [O2 ]2

For other elements and/or compounds

1 ppm
= M/0.02445 mg/m3 @25 C

5.2 Conversion from ppm to mg/m3 of

Pollutant

1 ppm of

[NO]2 =

[NO]2 : ?

[NO]2 = 519 ppm

[O2 ]x2 : 0.06

[NO]1 : 450 ppm

[O2 ]1 : 0.08

450 ppm NO
8% O2
Standard condition:
6% O2
Question: What is the corresponding NO with the
6% O2 dilution (instead of 8%)?

Measurements:

Temp
(C)
25
0
25
25
25
25
0
25
25

5.3 Emission Ranges from European Cement

Kilns
mg/Nm3
NOx as NO2
<200-3000
SO2
<10-3500
Dust
5-200
CO
500-2000
CO2
400-520 g/Nm3
TOC
5-500
(based on Cembureau, 1997)

Kg/tonne clinker
<0.4-6
<0.02-7
0.01-0.4
1-4
800-1040
0.01-1

5.4 Analysers

Two types of analysers : CEMS (continuous emission monitoring system) for Environment and Process
analysers.

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Backend analyzers ( kiln feed-end ) Installed Analyzers as of 08/16 2000

Plant / Kiln
Alpena - K19
Alpena - K20
Alpena - K21
Alpena - K22
Alpena - K23
Bath
Brookfield
Davenport
Exshaw K4
Exshaw K5
Fredonia K1/K2
Joppa K1/K2
Kamloops
Paulding K1/K2
Richmond K3
Seattle
St. Constant K1
St. Constant K2
Sugar Creek II
Whitehall
K2 / K3
Woodstock K1
Woodstock K2

CO
Uras 14
Uras 3G
Uras 3G
Uras 3G
Servomex 700B
Uras 14
Uras 4

Combustibles
Uras 10P (methane)

O2
Magnos 17
Magnos 7G
Magnos 7G
Magnos 6G
Magnos 7G
Magnos 7G
Servomex 700B
Magnos 17
Magnos 7G

NO
Uras 14
Radas 1G
Radas 1G
Radas 1G
Uras 14
Radas 2

SO2
Radas 2

Uras 4
Uras 14
Uras 3G
Uras 10P
ZRF
Uras 14
Ultramat 22P (also
CO2)
Rosemount
88003702010
Sick GM950
Ultramat 6
Ultramat 21P

Uras 10P (methane)

Uras 14 (methane)
TAI-9710-20-2x
-

Thermox
Magnos 7G
Magnos 16
TAI-9710-20-2x
Magnos 7G

Radas 2
Radas 1G

Radas 2
Uras 14

ZRF
Uras 14
-

Uras 14
-

Magnos 7
Magnos 17
Leeds & Northrup
803-G2-R005-D
Rosemount 3001NH

Rosemount 3001NH
Oxymat 6
Thermox WDG III

Uras 14

Thermox WDG IV

Magnos 17

Ultramat 6
Thermo
Environmental 10 AR
Uras 14

Ultramat 6
Western Research
721 AT
Uras 14

Uras 4

Thermox WDG IV

Thermox WDG IV
Magnos 7G

Radas 2

Radas 2

Thermox WDG IV
Hagan 240R2
Notes: 1. Uras, Magnos, and Radas are Hartmann & Braun models;
2. Ultramat, Oxymat are Siemens models; 3. TAI-9700 series is a Teledyne model;
4. Hagen is a Rosemount model; 5. ZRF is a California Analytical model

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CEMS analyzers (Stack emission analyzers) Installed as of 08/16 2000

NOX

SO2

THC

Radas 1G
Radas 1G
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000

N/A
N/A
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000

JUM VE-7
JUM VE-7

Magnos 6

Radas 2

Radas 2

N/A

N/A

N/A

Radas 2

Radas 2

N/A

Fredonia K1/K2

Uras 3G

Magnos 6G

Joppa K1/K2

N/A

N/A

N/A

Uras 4

Kamloops
Paulding K1/K2

Uras 14

Magnos 16

N/A

N/A

Richmond
Seattle
(11)
St. Constant K1

Uras 3G
N/A

Magnos 6G
Magnos 6G
Rsmnt 3001NH

(11)

Uras 3G

Uras 3G
N/A
Uras 3G
N/A
Lear Siegler
SM8100
Uras 3G

Ultramat 6(8)

Rsmnt 3001NH
& Magnos 7G
Oxymat 6(8)

Radas 1G
Radas 1G
Lear Siegler
SM8100
Uras 3G

N/A

N/A

Plant

CO

Alpena - RG14
Alpena - RG15
Alpena - K19
Alpena - K20
Alpena - K21
Alpena - K22
Alpena - K23
Alpena K22/K23
Bath
Brookfield
Davenport

Uras 4

Exshaw K4 / K5

O2

St. Constant K2
Sugar Creek II

(7)

Whitehall K2 / K3

Woodstock

MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000

Uras 10E
Uras 10E
Ametek CEM/IQ
Ametek CEM/IQ
Ametek CEM/IQ
Ametek CEM/IQ
Ametek CEM/IQ

Uras 10P

MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000
MIR 9000

Compur
MultiFID 100
N/A

N/A

Ultramat 6(8) Ultramat 6(8)

Thermoelectron
10AR

Western
Research
721AT

HCl

N/A

flow monitor
USI 100
USI 100
N/A
N/A
N/A

USI
100
USI
100
USI
100
USI
100
USI
100
N/A

USI
100
USI
100

opacity

DAS version

Front end

N/A
N/A
(3)
USI 500C
(3)
USI 500C
(3)
USI 500C
(6)
L&N
(6)
L&N
(5)
USI 500C
USI 500C
USI 500C
Ultraflow USI 500C

Cirrus v. 3.04.09
Cirrus v. 3.04.09
Cirrus v. 3.04.09
Cirrus v. 3.04.09
Cirrus v. 3.04.09
Cirrus v. 3.04.09
Cirrus v. 3.04.09
Cirrus v. 3.04.09

A-B PLC-5
A-B PLC-5
A-B PLC-5
A-B PLC-5
A-B PLC-5
A-B PLC-5
A-B PLC-5
A-B PLC-5

Fluor Daniel

A-B PLC 5

Ultraflow USI 550C,

L-S 541,
Dynatron 1100
Ultraflow USI 500C

Cirrus v. 3.5

Quantum
140CPU

Cirrus v. 3.03

RS3

Ultraflow USI 500C

Cirrus v. 3.03

A-B PLC 5

USI 500C
Ultraflow USI 500C

Cirrus v. 3.04

TI 555

USI 500C
USI 500C
USI 500C

Anarad

Ultraflow USI 550

Cirrus v. 3.5

Ultraflow USI 500C

Fix app

Quantum
140CPU-53414
GE Series 90-70

Rsmnt 2000A

Notes: 1. Uras, Magnos, and Radas are Hartmann & Braun models; 2. N/A; 3. ID Fan; 4. N/A; 5. K22 / K23 Common stack; 6. Breech; 7. Scheduled for installation 1Q2001; 8. Ultramat and Oxymat are
Siemens models; 9. MIR 9000 is a Environnement S.A. Gas Filter Correlation analyzer; 10. Ametek CEM/IQ is a zirconium oxide O2 analyzer; 11. Gas analyzers downstream from ESP

7.11
Rev. 2002