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Ms.

Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
No Chapter 4 - Functional Groups Hunt Biomolecules Review
As mentioned (in class), generally plain hydrocarons are not !o"nd in li#ing cells. $here are
"s"ally other gro"ps o! atoms attached some%here on the molec"le. $here are certain gro"ps o!
atoms that are !re&"ently attached to the organic molec"les %e %ill e st"dying, and these are
called functional groups. $hese are things li'e hydroxyl groups %hich !orm alcohols,
caronyl groups %hich !orm aldehydes or !etones, caroxyl groups %hich !orm caroxylic
acids, and amino groups %hich !orm amines. $hese gro"ps tend to act the same and ha#e
similar properties no matter %here on a caron ac'one molec"le they(re st"c'. Additionally, a
molec"le may ha#e more than one !"nctional gro"p and)or more than one type o! !"nctional
gro"p attached.
*o to http"##www$phschool$com#science#iology%place#iocoach#io!it#intro$html
+omplete reading all sections , !oc"s on the sections %ith !"nctional gro"ps (concept -) and
isomers (concept .). $a'e the sel! &"i/.
&dentify the functional groups in the following molecules"
Functional group" 'rite the (ymol )sed elow"
Alcohol (Hydro0yl *ro"p) 12H
Aldehyde (+aronyl *ro"p)
3etone (+aronyl *ro"p)
+aro0ylic Acid (+aro0yl *ro"p)
Amine (Amino *ro"p)
Amino Acid (Amino *ro"p 4 +aro0yl *ro"p)
Phosphate gro"p
S"l!hydrl gro"p
Biomolecules"

*+, or *denosine +riphosphate +he -.-RG/ molecule of your cells
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
Glucose ring form
*lso Glucose0
Aspirin
Find 1 examples of iomolecules from your text that have functional groups and
draw#print them identify the functional group#s they carry$ )se chapter 1 for this
activity$
Glutamine also
an amino acid
Cysteine an amino acid
Cocaine
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
*n antifungal medication
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
+hp 5 , 2acromolecules- 6n class !ollo% along lect"re notes
6. Caron s!eletons
A. &somers
7. Str"ct"ral isomers 1 di!!er in the arrangement o! their atoms
8. *eometric isomers 1 di!!er in the arrangement o! atoms aro"nd a do"le ond
9. :nantiomers
a. molec"les that are mirror images o! each other
cells can tell the t%o apart
c "s"ally one is iologically acti#e %hile the other is not
B. ,olymers
7. Large molec"les made y lin'ing many indi#id"al "ilding loc's together in long chains.
Four types carohydrates3 lipids3 proteins3 nucleic acids
8. $he "ilding loc' s""nits are called monomers.
9. S""nits are lin'ed y a reaction called dehydration synthesis and can e clea#ed)ro'en
do%n into monomers y a reaction called hydrolysis$
Give examples of these 4 reactions and !now their iological significance
66. Carohydrates (p. -.) 1 the most important energy so"rce !or cells and incl"de s"gars and
their polymers
A. .omenclature
7. 2onosaccharides (;ig. 5.9) 1 single s"gar "nits 1 note the 1ose s"!!i0 in the names.
Classification< +an e !etose#aldose s"gar ased on !"nctional gro"ps. 5now examples of
aldose sugar and !etose sugar. N"mer o! +arons can change. 5now examples of C63 C13
C7 sugars. +an !orm ring str"ct"res (;ig. 5..). 5now to identify the structures of glucose3
riose3 fructose linear and ring structures y sight0
8. 8isaccharides (;ig. 5.5) 1 !ormed y lin'ing t%o monosaccharides y dehydration synthesis.
Bond et%een monosaccharides = glycosidic lin!age. 5now the structures of sucrose3
lactose3 and maltose
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
9. ,olysaccharides (;ig. 5.-)1!ormed y lin'ing many s"gar "nits together
1general e0amples 1 starch, glycogen, and cell"lose are the three common polysaccharides
*$ (torage ,olysaccharides (Fig$ 1$7)
7. (tarch 1 the storage carohydrate in plants 1 !ormed y lin'ing many gl"cose "nits "sing
dehydration synthesis> Starch is made "sing lin'ages et%een monomers o! gl"cose. 5now how
to identify the structure of starch
a amylose 1 straight chain carohydrate 1 "p to 7??? gl"cose
. amylopectin 1 ranches o! 8.19- gl"cose o!! main chain (@ 71- lin'age)> 7???1-??? gl"cose
8.Glycogen 1 the storage carohydrate in animals> glycogen is more e0tensi#ely ranched than
amylopectin to increase the e!!iciency o! storage. 'hy9> *lycogen is stored in li#er and m"scle>
h"mans store eno"gh glycogen !or ao"t 7 day> the le#els o! lood gl"cose and glycogen are
controlled y ins"lin and gl"cagon. 6ns"lin promotes the storage o! gl"cose %hile gl"cagon
promotes its release.
+. (tructural ,olysaccharides (p. -A). 5now the structure of cellulose :Fig$ 1$;<
7.Cellulose 1 the str"ct"ral component o! the plant cell wall> ao"t 5?B all organic caron in
iosphere is tied "p in cell"lose. *loally plants prod"ce 7?
77
tons cell"lose per year. 6t is !ormed
!rom gl"cose monomers connected y dehydration synthesis> tends not to coil. :n/ymes %hich
digest starch cannot digest cell"lose. +ell"lose is called !ier or ro"ghage in o"r diet. 'hy is
cellulose an important part of a healthy diet9
8.Chitin 1 the str"ct"ral component in the e0os'eleton o! arthropods. 6t is !o"nd in the !"ngal cell
%all rather than cell"lose as in plants.
&&&$=ipids (p. C?) 1 nonpolar (hydrophoic) compo"nds that are insol"le in %ater.
*$Fats
7. Many !ats are triglycerides made y dehydration synthesis o! glycerol and 9 !atty acids (;ig.
5.7?). 5now how to recogni>e a fat :ester lin!age ? hydrocaron chain<
8. $he +1H onds in the tails are the reason !ats are hydrophoic.
9. $he main p"rpose is energy storage> lipids store D80 energy per gram as carohydrate> 'hy
did fat evolve9
a. (aturated lipids (called fats) 1 contain the ma0im"m possile hydrogen atoms> no doule
onds> straight chains> most animal !ats are sat"rated> solid at room temperat"re> e.g., acon
grease, lard, "tter (;ig 5.77)
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
. )nsaturated lipids :called oils) 1 missing one or more hydrogen atoms, res"lting in do"le
onds %hich ca"se the chains to 'in' or end> plant !ats and those o! !ish are "nsat"rated>
li&"id at room temperat"re eca"se 'in's pre#ent close pac'ing o! molec"les> e.g., canola oil,
pean"t oil. 'hy are most plant oils found in the seeds of the plant9 &f peanut utter is made
from peanuts :a plant< why is it solid rather than li@uid9
B.,hospholipids 1 in a triglyceride, one !atty acid is replaced %ith a phosphate. $he negati#e
charge(s) o! the phosphate ma'es the head o! the phospholipid hydrophilic. $he long,
hydrocaron tail is non1polar and, there!ore, hydrophoic (;ig 5.78) 5now how to recogni>e
the structure of a phospholipid
+. 'axes 1 long chain lipids Eoined to an alcohol or caron ring> !"nction in %aterproo!ing> e.g.,
plant c"ticle, !eathers.
F.(teroids 1 display characteristic . interconnected rings> cholesterol is the prec"rsor !or most
steroids and is an important component in the cell memrane (;ig 5.7.)
&A$,roteins 1 (p. C9) the primary str"ct"ral and !"nctional components o! cells> 5?B o! dry
%eight o! cell> 'hat are some important dietary sources of protein9 &f you eat plenty of
chic!en3 why donBt you turn into a chic!en9
A. Gses ($ale 5.7)
7.S"pport 1 collagen, elastin, 'eratin
8. Storage o! amino acids 1 o#al"min, casein
9.$ransport 1 hemoloin
..+omm"nication
a hormones 1 ins"lin
ne"rotransmitters 1 dopamine
5. Heceptors 1 cell memrane proteins
-. Mo#ement 1 actin, myosin
C. Fe!ense 1 antiodies
A. Heactions 1 en/ymes
B$ Formation
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
7. Proteins are made !rom lin'ing together long chains (so"nd !amiliarI) o! amino acid "ilding
loc's (;ig 5.75)> dehydration synthesis !orms a peptide ond et%een t%o adEacent amino
acids> many amino acids lin'ed together is called a polypeptide. &s a polypeptide the same as a
protein9 5now the general structure of amino acids and how to recogni>e a peptide ond
8. Amino acids di!!er !rom each other only y a #ariale part o! the molec"le called the H gro"p.
Based on the H gro"p, amino acids are categori/ed into three types. :ach type has characteristics
%hich ca"se the amino acid to eha#e di!!erently in di!!erent en#ironments. $his is important !or
the !ormation o! the three dimensional shape o! proteins. $he shape o! the protein is important
!or its speci!ic !"nction.
a polar 1 the H gro"p contains poalr 21H or N1H onds
non-polar 1 the H gro"p contains nonpolar +1H onds
c charged - the H gro"p contains either a charged caro0yl or amino gro"p
+. (tructure - (p. CC) a polypeptide !olds spontaneo"sly into a speci!ic shape> the shape is
determined y the amino acid se@uence and is rein!orced y interactions et%een H gro"ps
7. ,rimary structure (;ig. 5.7A) 1 the speci!ic se&"ence o! amino acids> 8oes every protein
have a uni@ue amino acid se@uenceI 5now how to recogni>e an amino acid chain
8. (econdary structure 1 H1onds ca"se segments o! the protein to e coiled or !olded (;ig
5.8?). Jhere are the secondary str"ct"re Konds( that hold these con!ormaionsI $his is #ery
importnt to 'no%L Also, e ale to recogni>e these following structures"
a C-helix
pleated sheet
9. +ertiary structure 1 res"lts !rom interactions et%een amino acid side chains (;ig. 5.88)
a hydrophoic#hydrophilic 1 a polar amino acid %ill pre!er to e in a polar en#ironment. ;or
e0ample, imagine a protein in an a&"eo"s en#ironment (i.e., polar) %hich has a series o! non1
polar amino acids as part o! its primary str"ct"re. $his section o! the polypeptide %ill e !o"nd
inside the protein a%ay !rom the polar en#ironment. $his contri"tes to its o#erall shape.
electrostatic 1 segments o! the polypeptide can e held together y ionic onds "sing amino
acids o! opposite charge.
c disulfide ridges 1 #ery strong chemical onds !ormed et%een the 1SH gro"ps o! t%o
cysteine monomers. 5now how to recogni>e this in a structure
d H-onds 1 %ea' interactions %hich can e "sed to rein!orce sections o! three dimensional
shape.
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
.. Duaternary structure (;ig. 5.89) 1 8 or more polypeptide chains associate to !orm the
complete protein
F. 8enaturation 1 disr"pting nati#e (or nat"ral) con!ormation> i! denat"ration not too great the
protein may ret"rn to its nati#e con!ormation> proteins can e denat"red in se#eral %ays. How
could each of them disrupt the protein conformation9
7. pH
8. salt
9. heat
.. di!!erent sol#ent
5. chemical treatment
:. Protein !olding
7. 6n order to !old proteins into s"ch comple0 shapes, se#eral steps are re&"ired.
8. Chaperone proteins !"nction as temporary races to hold parts o! the polypeptide in place as
interactions et%een H gro"ps are !ormed.

A$ .ucleic *cids 1 (p. A9) FNA and HNA are polymers !ormed y lin'ing together long chains
(here %e go again) o! n"cleotide monomers. A n"cleotide is !ormed !rom a 5 caron sugar3 a
phosphate and a nitrogen ase$ 5now how to recogni>e the 6 parts of a nucleotide
A. N"cleic acids and e#ol"tion ($ale 5.8) 1 E"st as yo"r FNA is more similar to yo"r silings
than to yo"r neigho"r, so the FNA o! t%o closely related species is more similar than t%o
distantly related species. Je can "se FNA similarities to estalish e#ol"tionary
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
2acromolecules Review"
.ame the following macromolecules and identify the monomeric suunits$ (tate what
helped you figure out the identity of the macromolecule$
E<
4< &dentify the macromolecule elow"

F<3and EG<

F<
H<
4< and 6<
7<
1< 'hat is the importance of this 9
;<
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School
+a!e a @ui> online" Clic! here to connect to online macromolecule @ui>
E4<
EE<
E4<
E6<
'hat is the name of the sugar3 and
the ase9 +herefore what is the name
of this nucleotide9
75) 'hat is this reaction and what ond is eing formed9
Ms. Sastry AP Biology
Leigh High School

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