The four strokes are:

Intake: The piston travels down the cylinder while the intake valve is opened to allow a mixture of fuel
and air to enter the combustion chamber.
Compression: The intake valve is closed and the piston travels back up the cylinder thereby compressing
the gasses.
Combustion: The spark plug ignites the compressed gas causing it to explode, which forces the piston
down.
Exhaust: The piston rises up the cylinder as the exhaust valve is opened, allowing the piston to clear the
chamber to start the process over.
Each time the piston rises and falls it turns the crankshaft that is responsible for turning the wheels. This
is how fuel is converted into forward motion.

Of note here is that the spark plug only fires once every other revolution. Also, there is a sophisticated
set of mechanisms working in synchronization to create the four strokes. A camshaft must alternately tip
a rocker arm attached either to the intake or exhaust valve. The rocker arm returns to its closed position
via a spring. The valves must be seated properly in the cylinder head to avoid compression leaks. In
other words, a symphony of mechanical events occurs.

In the two stroke engine, all four events are integrated into one simple downward stroke, and one
upward stroke. Two strokes. Intake and exhaust are both integrated into the compression and
combustion movement of the piston, eliminating the need for valves. This is accomplished by an inlet
and exhaust port in the wall of the combustion chamber itself. As the piston travels downward from
combustion, the exhaust port is exposed allowing the spent gasses to rush out of the chamber. The
downward stroke also creates suction that draws in new air/fuel through an inlet located lower in the
chamber. As the piston rises again, it blocks off the inlet and port, compressing the gasses at the top of
the chamber. The spark plug fires and the process starts over. Significantly, the engine fires on every
revolution, giving the two stroke its power advantage.

What is CRDI: Common rail direct fuel injection is a modern variant of direct fuel injection
system for petrol and diesel engines.
On diesel engines, it features a high-pressure (over 100 bar or 1,500 psi) fuel rail feeding
individual solenoid valves, as opposed to low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors
(Pumpe/Dse or pump nozzles). Third-generation common rail diesels now feature piezoelectric
injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 180 bar or 2,600 psi.
In gasoline engines, it is used in gasoline direct injection engine technology.
Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel injection time
and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides
better fuel atomisation. In order to lower engine noise, the engine's electronic control unit can
inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus
reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimising injection timing and quantity for
variations in fuel quality, cold starting and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems
perform as many as five injections per stroke.
[6]

Common rail engines require very short (< 10 second) or no heating-up time at all
[citation needed]
,
dependent on ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older
systems.
Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include
the unit injection system and the distributor/inline pump systems (See diesel engine and unit
injector for more information). While these older systems provided accurate fuel quantity and
injection timing control, they were limited by several factors:

Turbocharged Direct Injection or TDI
[1]
is a design of turbodiesel engines, which feature
turbocharging and cylinder-direct fuel injection,
[1]
developed and produced by the Volkswagen
Group.
[2]
These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of
passenger cars and light commercial vehicles produced by the company
[3]
(particularly those sold
in Europe). They are also used as marine engines - Volkswagen Marine,
[4][5][6]
and Volkswagen
Industrial Motor
[7]
applications.
Types of transmission system
1. Manual Transmission:
A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox or standard transmission(informally,
a manual, n-speed ("n" = number of forward gears, i.e., 4-speed with overdrive, 4-speed, 5-speed, etc.)
or standard, stick-shift, straight shift, straight or straight drive(U.S.)) is a type of transmission used
in motor vehicle applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch engaged and disengaged by a foot pedal
(automobile) or hand lever (motorcycle), for regulating torque transfer from the engine to the
transmission; and a gear stick operated by foot (motorcycle) or by hand (automobile).
A conventional, 5-speed manual transmission is often the standard equipment in a base-model car; other
options include automated transmissions such as an automatic transmission (often a manumatic), a semi-
automatic transmission, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT).

2. Automatic Transmission: An automatic (also called automatic gearbox, or auto
transmission) is one type ofmotor vehicle transmission that can automatically change gear ratios as
the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually. Most automatic
transmissions have a defined set of gear ranges, often with a parking pawl feature that locks the
output shaft of the transmission.
Similar but larger devices are also used for heavy-duty commercial and industrial vehicles and
equipment. Some machines with limited speed ranges or fixed engine speeds, such as
some forklifts and lawn mowers, only use a torque converter to provide a variable gearing of the
engine to the wheels.

3. Semi-automatic Transmission :-A semi-automatic transmission (also known as
a clutchless manual transmission,automated manual transmission, flappy-paddle gearbox,
or paddle-shift gearbox) is an automobile transmission that does not change gears automatically,
but rather facilitates manual gear changes by dispensing with the need to press a clutch pedal at the
same time as changing gears. It uses electronic sensors, pneumatics, processors and actuators to
execute gear shifts on the command of the driver or by a computer. This removes the need for
a clutch pedal which the driver otherwise needs to depress before making a gear change, since the
clutch itself is actuated by electronic equipment which can synchronise the timing and torque required
to make quick, smooth gear shifts. The system was designed by automobile manufacturers to provide
a better driving experience through fast overtaking maneuvers on highways.
4.
a dual-clutch transmission, (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch gearbox ordouble-clutch
transmission), is a type of semi-automatic or automated manualautomotive transmission. It uses two
separate clutches
[1]
for odd and even gear sets. It can fundamentally be described as two
separate manual transmissions (with their respective clutches) contained within one housing, and working
as one unit.
[2][3]
They are usually operated in a fully automatic mode, and many also have the ability to
allow the driver to manually shift gears,
[1]
albeit still carried out by the transmission's electro-hydraulics.
b) Sequential Transmission
A sequential manual transmission (or sequential manual gearbox) is a type ofmanual
transmission used on motorcycles and high-performance cars for auto racing, where gears are selected
in order, and direct access to specific gears is not possible.
With traditional manual transmissions, the driver can move from gear to gear, by moving the shifter to the
appropriate position. This type of transmission is often referred to as a H-pattern because of the path that
the shift lever takes as it selects the various gears. Aclutch must be disengaged before the new gear is
selected, to disengage the runningengine from the transmission, thus stopping all torque transfer. In auto
racing, this process is slow and prone to human error; hence the development of the sequential
transmission. A true sequential transmission will very often use dog clutch engagement rather than the
more usual synchromesh as fitted to a normal H-pattern road car gearbox. Engagement using dogs only
requires a very brief interruption of engine torque to complete a shift into any adjacent gear. This allows
shifting between gears without the use of the clutch. The clutch would normally be used only for standing
starts.

5. Continuously Variable TransmissionA continuously variable transmission (CVT) is
a transmission that can change steplessly through an infinite number of effective gear ratios between
maximum and minimum values. This contrasts with other mechanical transmissions that offer a fixed
number of gear ratios. The flexibility of a CVT allows the input shaft to maintain a constantangular
velocity over a range of output velocities.
CVT can provide better fuel economy than other transmissions by enabling the engine to run at its
most efficient revolutions per minute (RPM) for a range of vehicle speeds. It can also be used to build
a kinetic energy recovery system.
Alternatively it can be used to maximize the performance of a vehicle by allowing the engine to turn at
the RPM at which it produces peak power. This is typically higher than the RPM that achieves peak
efficiency. Finally, a CVT does not strictly require the presence of a clutch, allowing the dismissal
thereof. In some vehicles though (e.g. motorcycles), a centrifugal clutch is nevertheless
added,
[1]
however this is only to provide a "neutral" stance on a motorcycle (useful when idling, or
manually reversing into a parking space).
There are 4 types of gear box.
1. sliding mesh gear box.
2. constant mesh gear box.
3. synchromesh gear box.
4. Planetarty gear box.
In industrial engineering, process layout is the floor plan of a plant, which is installed by
industrial engineers to improve the efficiency by arranging equipment according to their
functions.
[1]
The production line should be redesigned to eliminate waste in material flows,
inventory handling and management.
[2]
In process layout the m/c are not arranged according
to a particular product sequence. Instead there is an assembly of similar operations or similar
m/c in each deaprtment, i.e m/c of similar category are grouped together.
Description
Important facts:
1. It is a flexible layout
2. It is excellent for low to medium production quantity
3. It is excellent for medium to high production variation
4. The workers should be skilled and qualified
5. It has a high work in process
6. Its main disadvantage is the low production rate.
Effective Process Layout
1. Minimize material handling costs
2. Utilize space efficiently
3. Utilize labor efficiently
4. Eliminate bottlenecks
5. Facilitate communication and interaction between workers, workers and supervisors
6. Eliminate waste or redundant material
7. Promote product and service and quality
8. Provide a visual control of activities

Product catalogue management refers to the support of product management and the management
of product information in a structured and consistent way in the form of electronic catalogs. This is
essential in order to create and develop cost-effective means to help customers and channel partners
understand what the functionalities and usability of certain products or services are. This includes
comparison of product features, advice related products and alternative products and services. Product
catalogue information is typically used in websites, mail order catalogues, webshops, Enterprise resource
planning systems, price comparison services, and manufacturer websites.

Catalogue: a book published by a manufacturer, containing the part numbers of their products.

manual is a book of instructions. A manual is designed to provide an overview of a topic before
attending a class, an outline to follow during a training course, a subject matter reference for post-
training, and a general reference. Use these steps to write a training manual.