8.

26
Procedures for Load Path Approach
Find reactions
Subdivide loads and internal forces
- Replace stresses with resultants
- Replace asymmetrical stresses with
couple and resultant
Provide struts and ties to provide load
path
Locate ties using practical dimensions
8.27
STM from Tests - Dapped Beam
8.28
Dapped Beam
8.29
Types of Nodes
(Schlaich et al. 1987)
C - Compression
T - Tension
TTT
CTT
CCT
CCC
8.30
Assumptions
Ties yield before struts crush (for ductility)
Reinforcement adequately anchored
Forces in struts and ties are uniaxial
Tension in concrete is neglected
External forces applied at nodes
Prestressing is a load
Equilibrium must be maintained
8.31
Strut-and-Tie Model Design Procedure
8.32
Examples of Good and Poor
Strut-and-Tie Models
8.33
Factors Affecting Size of Strut
Width of the strut is affected by:
Location and distribution of reinforcement (tie)
and its anchorage
Size and location of bearing
8.34
Strut-and-Tie vs.
Traditional Analysis/Design
Traditional section analysis/design
Linear strain over member depth
Uniform shear stress distribution
Not valid for D-regions
Strut-and-tie
Regions with nonlinear strain distribution
Deep beams, pile caps
Brackets, beam ledges, P/T anchors
Shear span/member height < 2
8.35
a/d
V/bdf
c

Source: Prestressed Concrete Structures by Collins & Mitchell

8.36
LRFD 5.2 - Definitions
Strut-and-Tie Model - A model used
principally in regions of concentrated
forces and geometric discontinuities to
determine concrete proportions and
reinforcement quantities and patterns
based on assumed compression struts in
the concrete, tensile ties in the
reinforcement, and the geometry of nodes
at their points of intersection
8.37
5.6.3.1 D-Regions
Strut-and-tie models may be used to
determine internal force effects near supports
and the points of application of concentrated
loads at strength and extreme event limit
states.
The strut-and-tie model should be
considered for the design of deep footings and
pile caps or other situations in which the
distance between the centers of applied load
and the supporting reactions is less than about
twice the member thickness.
8.38
5.8.1.1 D-Regions
Components in which the distance from
the point of zero shear to the face of the
support is less than 2d, or components for
which a load causing more than of the
shear at a support is closer than 2d from the
face of the support, may be considered to be
deep components for which the provisions
of Article 5.6.3 and the detailing
requirements of Article 5.13.2.3 apply.
8.39
Strength Limit State for STM
P
r
= P
n
(5.6.3.2-1)
where:
P
r
= Factored resistance
P
n
= Nominal resistance of strut or tie
= Resistance factor for tension or compression (5.5.4.2)
8.40
LRFD 5.6.3.3
Unreinforced strut:
P
n
= f
cu
A
cs
(5.6.3.3.1-1)
Reinforced strut:
P
n
= f
cu
A
cs
+ f
y
A
ss
(5.6.3.3.4-1)
where:
= 0.70 for compression in strut-and-tie models
(LRFD 5.5.4.2.1)
A
cs
= effective cross-sectional area of strut
(LRFD 5.6.3.3.2)
A
ss
= area of reinforcement in the strut
Strength of Struts
8.41
STM for Deep Beam
LRFD Fig. C5.6.3.2-1
8.42
LRFD 5.6.3.3.2
Determined by considering available concrete area
and anchorage conditions.
When anchored by reinforcement, strut may extend
from the anchored bar.
C-T-T Node
a) Strut Anchored by Reinforcement
Effective Cross-Sectional Area of Strut, A
cs
8.43
Effective Cross-Sectional Area of Strut, A
cs
LRFD 5.6.3.3.2
C-C-T Node
b) Strut Anchored by Bearing and Reinforcement
8.44
Effective Cross-Sectional Area of Strut, A
cs
LRFD 5.6.3.3.2
C-C-C Node
c) Strut Anchored by Bearing and Strut
8.45
Limiting Compressive Stress in Strut
LRFD 5.6.3.3.3
where:
( )
(IN/IN) tie tension the of direction the in
concrete the in strain tensile the
(DEG) ties tension
adjoining and strut e compressiv
the between angle smallest the
stress e compressiv limiting the f
cot 0.002
f 85 .
170 0.8
f
f
s
s
cu
s
2
s s 1
c
1
c
cu
=
=
=
+ + =

+

=

0
8.46
Strength of Tie
LRFD 5.6.3.4.1
P
n
= A
st
f
y
+ A
ps
( f
pe
+ f
y
)
where
A
st
= Total area of longitudinal mild steel reinforcement
on the tie
A
ps
= Area of prestressing steel
f
y
= Yield strength of mild steel longitudinal
reinforcement
f
pe
= Stress in prestressing steel due to prestress after
losses
8.47
Development of Ties
If x < l
d
f
s
= f
y
(x/l
d
)
Critical
Section
= x
8.48
Development of Ties (ACI 318)
8.49
Element Limiting Stress
1 - CCC Node 0.85 f
c
0.70
2 - CCT Node 0.75f
c
0.70
3 - CTT or TTT Node 0.65f
c
0.70
4 - Strut f
cu
0.70
5 - Tie f
y
or (f
pe
+ f
y
) 0.90 or 1.00
Limiting Stresses for STM Elements
LRFD 5.6.3.3 - 5.6.3.5
8.50
Crack Control Reinforcement
LRFD 5.6.3.6
Provide orthogonal grid of reinforcement
near each face of D-Region
Maximum Bar Spacing = 12 in.
Ratio A
s
/ A
g
0.003 in each of the
orthogonal directions
Crack control reinforcement, located
within tie, considered as part of tie
8.51
Summary
1. Visualize flow of stresses
2. Sketch an idealized strut-and-tie model
3. Select area of ties
4. Check nodal zone stresses
5. Check strength of struts
6. Provide adequate anchorage for ties
8.52
8.53
Strut-and-Tie Model
8.54
Strut-and-Tie Model
8.55
Design Examples
1. Two Column Bent Cap
2. Spread Footing
3. Pile Cap
4. Dapped-End Beam
5. Hammerhead Pier