JURUSAN TEKNIK KELAUTAN

FTKITS FTK-ITS
Ti M t i l TipeMaterial
T f M t i l TypeofMaterials
Dr Wahyudi Dr. Wahyudi
wahyudictr@oe.its.ac.id
JURUSAN TEKNIK KELAUTAN JURUSAN TEKNIK KELAUTAN
FTK-ITS
Mengapa MengapaMaterial? Material? g p g p
Fungsi
Bentuk
Material
Sifat/kemampuan:
fisik, mekanik,
Bentuk
panas, elektrik,
lingkungan,
ekonomi
Proses
Material Material Teknik Teknik
M t i l T k ik Material Teknik
K it
Keramik
L Pl tik Komposit
Termoplastik Termoset Elastomer
Keramik
&yglain
Logam Plastik
Ferrous Nonferrous Oksida
Plastik bertulang
Amorf
Arkilik
Nilon
ABS
Epoksi
Polimida
Penolik,
Karet
Silikon
Poliuretan
Nitrida
Karbida
Gelas
Keramik
gelas
as be u a g
logam-matriks
Keramik-matriks
Laminasi
dll
Baja
Baja stainless
Besi cor
Peralatan baja
Aluminium
Tembaga
Titanium
Tungsten
dll.
Polietilen
PVC,
dll.
dll.
gelas
Grafit
Intan
Material MaterialTeknik Teknik
carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die steels
aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium, superalloys,
refractory metals beryllium zirconium low-melting alloys
Metal ferrous
Metal
non-ferrous refractory metals, beryllium, zirconium, lowmelting alloys,
gold, silver, platinum,
termoplastik (akrilik, nilon, polietilen, ABS,)
non ferrous
( )
termoset (epoksi, polimida, fenolik, )
elastomer (karet, silikon, poliuretan, )
Plastik
l fit i t C bi B Nit id K ik
reinforced plastics, metal-, komposit matriks keramik Komposit
gelas, grafit, intan, Cubic Boron Nitrida Keramik
shape-memory alloys, superconductors, Nanomaterial
Properti Properti Material Material pp
Properti mekanik
kekuatan,
toughness,
Properti fisik
kekerasan,
duktilitas,
elastisitas,
kelelahan dan rayapan
p
densitas,
panasjenis,
titikdidikdantitikcair,
ekspansi panasdankonduktivitas
kelelahan dan rayapan
ekspansi panasdankonduktivitas,
sifatelektrikdanmagnetik
Properti kimia
oksidasi,
korosi,
if t t h d / i ( d h/tid k d t t b k ) sifat terhadap panas/api (mudah/tidak dapat terbakar),
toksisitas,
Spesifikasi Spesifikasi Material Material pp
K i i Ki i Komposisi Kimia
Properti Mekanik kekuatan, kekerasan (di bawah
b b i k di i t t h idit t k ) berbagai kondisi: temperatur, humiditas, tekanan)
Properti fisik densitas, optik, elektrik, magnetik
Lingkungan ramah lingkungan, recycling
Logam Logam((metals metals)) gg (( ))
Metal Non ferrous
Metal Ferrous
Metal Non-ferrous
Aluminium dan alloy-nya
T b d ll
Metal Ferrous
Besi cor
Baja
S ll
Tembaga dan alloy-nya
Magnesium dan alloy-nya
Nik l d ll
Baja
Super alloys
Berbasis-besi
Nikel dan alloy-nya
Titanium dan alloy-nya
Berbasis-nikel
Berbasis-kobalt
Seng dan alloy-nya
Timbal & perak
Refractory metals
Precious metals
Properti Umum
d A lik i F All dan Aplikasi Ferrous Alloys
Ferrous alloys Ferrous alloys
Logam yang sangat berguna berdasarkan
properti (mekanik fisik dan kimia) n a properti- (mekanik, fisik, dan kimia) -nya
Mengandung besi sebagai logam dasarnya.
Karbon Karbon dan dan baja baja aloy aloy j j yy
B j k b (C b t l ) Baja karbon (Carbon steels)
Diklasifikasikan kedalam low, medium dan high:
1 l b l ild l 1. low-carbon steel atau mild steel:
< 0.3%C, bolts, nuts dan sheet plates.
2 Medium-carbon steel: 2. Medium-carbon steel:
0.3% ~ 0.6%C, permesinan, peralatan otomotif dan
pertanian.
3. High-carbon steel:
> 0.60% C, per (springs), peralatan rumah tangga, kabel.
Karbon Karbon dan dan baja baja aloy aloy
CampuranBaja
j j yy
p j
Bajayangmengandung jumlah signifikan dari
campuran unsurunsur. p
Karena kekuatannya,baja aloy kualitas struktur
digunakan untuk industri konstruksi.
Bajacampuranyanglaindigunakankarena
kekuatannya,kekerasan,ketahananterhadapcreep
&fatique,dantoughness.
Dilakukanperlakuanpanasuntukmemperoleh
propertiyangdiinginkan.
Karbon Karbon dan dan baja baja aloy aloy
High strength low alloy steels
j j yy
High-strength low-alloy steels
Meningkatkanrasiokekuatanberat(strengthto
weight) weight).
Digunakanpadabodiotomotifuntukmenurunkan
berat dan pada peralatan pertanian. beratdanpadaperalatanpertanian.
Beberapa contoh:
1 B j d l h 1. Baja dual-phase
2. Baja micro-alloyed
3 B j ll d 3. Baja nano-alloyed
Baja Baja Stainless Stainless j j
Dicirikandariketahananterhadapkorosi,kekuatan p
danduktilitastinggi,dankandungankromiumtinggi..
Stainlesssebagailapisanfilmdarikromiumoksida
melindungilogamdarikorosi.
Baja Baja Stainless Stainless
Lima Lima tipe tipe baja baja stainless stainless
j j
Lima Lima tipe tipe baja baja stainless stainless
1. Austenitic steels
2. Ferritic steels
3 M t iti t l 3. Martensitic steels
4. Precipitation-hardening (PH) steels
5. Duplex-structure steels
Typical Selection of Carbon and Alloy
Steels for Various Applications Steels for Various Applications
TABLE 5 1 TABLE 5.1
Product Steel Product Steel
Aircraft forgings,
tubing, fittings
4140, 8740

Differential gears
Gears (car and truck)
4023
4027, 4032 g, g
Automobile bodies
Axles
Ball bearings and races
Bolts
1010
1040, 4140
52100
1035 4042 4815
( )
Landing gear
Lock washers
Nuts
Railroadrailsandwheels
,
4140, 4340, 8740
1060
3130
1080 Bolts
Camshafts
Chains (transmission)
Coil springs
1035, 4042, 4815
1020, 1040
3135, 3140
4063
Railroad rails and wheels
Springs (coil)
Springs (leaf)
Tubing
1080
1095, 4063, 6150
1085, 4063, 9260, 6150
1040 p g
Connecting rods
Crankshafts (forged)
1040, 3141, 4340
1045, 1145, 3135, 3140
g
Wire
Wire (music)
1045, 1055
1085



Properti Properti mekanis mekanis Karbon Karbon &Baja &BajaAloy Aloy
dalam dalam berbagai berbagai kondisi kondisi dalam dalam berbagai berbagai kondisi kondisi
TABLE 5.2 Typical Mechanical Properties of Selected Carbon and Alloy Steels in the Hot-Rolled,
Normalized, and Annealed Condition
AISI Condition Ultimate
tensile
strength
(MPa)
Yield
Strength
(MPa)
Elongation in
50 mm (%)
Reduction of
area (%)
Hardness
(HB)
( )
1020
1080
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
448
441
393
1010
965
346
330
294
586
524
36
35
36
12
11
59
67
66
17
20
143
131
111
293
293
3140
4340
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
965
615
891
689
1279
744
524
375
599
422
861
472
11
24
19
24
12
22
20
45
57
50
36
49
293
174
262
197
363
217
8620
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
744
632
536
472
385
357
22
26
31
49
59
62
217
183
149
AISI Designation for High-Strength Sheet
S l Steel
TABLE 5 3 TABLE 5.3
Yield Strength Chemical
Composition
Deoxidation
Practice
psi x 10
3
MPa
35 240 S=structural alloy F =killedplussulfideinclusioncontrol 35
40
45
50
60
70
240
275
310
350
415
485
S =structural alloy
X =low alloy
W h i
F =killed plus sulfide inclusion control
K =killed
70
80
100
120
140
485
550
690
830
970
W =weathering
D =dual phase
O =nonkilled
Properti Properti Mekanik Mekanik pada padaSuhu Suhu kamar kamar & &
Aplikasi Aplikasi dari dari Annealed Stainless Annealed Stainless Steels Steels Aplikasi Aplikasi dari dari AnnealedStainless AnnealedStainlessSteels Steels
TABLE 5.4 Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and Typical Applications of Selected Annealed
Stainless Steels
AISI
(UNS)
Ultimate
tensile
strength
(MPa)
Yield
strength
(MPa)
Elongation
in 50 mm
(%) Characteristics and typical applications (UNS) (MPa) (MPa) (%) Characteristics and typical applications
303
(S30300)
550620 240260 5350 Screw machine products, shafts, valves, bolts,
bushings, and nuts; aircraft fittings; bolts; nuts;
rivets; screws; studs.
304
(S30400)
565620 240290 6055 Chemical and food processing equipment,
brewing equipment, cryogenic vessels, gutters, (S30400) brewing equipment, cryogenic vessels, gutters,
downspouts, and flashings.
316
(S31600)
550590 210290 6055 High corrosion resistance and high creep strength.
Chemical and pulp handling equipment,
photographic equipment, brandy vats, fertilizer
parts, ketchup cooking kettles, and yeast tubs. p p g y
410
(S41000)
480520 240310 3525 Machine parts, pump shafts, bolts, bushings, coal
chutes, cutlery, tackle, hardware, jet engine parts,
mining machinery, rifle barrels, screws, and
valves.
416 480520 275 3020 Aircraft fittings, bolts, nuts, fire extinguisher
(S41600) inserts, rivets, and screws.
Tool and die steels Toolanddiesteels
Designed for high strength, impact toughness, and wear
resistance at a range of temperatures.
Basic Types of Tool and Die Steels BasicTypesofToolandDieSteels
TABLE 5.5
Type AISI
High speed
Hot work
M (molybdenum base)
T (tungsten base)
H1 to H19 (chromium base)
Cold work
( )
H20 to H39 (tungsten base)
H40 to H59 (molybdenum base)
D (high carbon, high chromium)
A (medium alloy, air hardening)
Shock resisting
Mold steels
S i l
O (oil hardening)
S
P1 to P19 (low carbon)
P20 to P39 (others)
L (l ll ) Special purpose
Water hardening
L (low alloy)
F (carbon-tungsten)
W
ProcessingandServiceCharacteristicsof
C T l d Di St l CommonToolandDieSteels
TABLE 5.6 Processing and Service Characteristics of Common Tool and Die Steels
AISI
designation
Resistance to
decarburization
Resistance to
cracking
Approximate
hardness
(HRC) Machinability Toughness
Resistance to
softening
Resistance to
wear
M2 Medium Medium 6065 Medium Low Very high Very high
T1 High High 6065 Medium Low Very high Very high
T5 Low Medium 6065 Medium Low Highest Very high g y g
H11, 12, 13 Medium Highest 3855 Mediumto high Very high High Medium
A2 Medium Highest 5762 Medium Medium High High
A9 Medium Highest 3556 Medium High High Mediumto
high
D2 Medium Highest 5461 Low Low High High to very
high
D3 Medium High 5461 Low Low High Very high
H21 Medium High 3654 Medium High High Mediumto
high
H26 Medium High 4358 Medium Medium Very high High
P20 High High 2837 Mediumto high High Low Low to
medium
P21 High Highest 3040 Medium Medium Medium Medium
W1, W2 Highest Medium 5064 Highest High Low Low to
di medium
Source: Adapted from Tool Steels, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1978.
Aluminium dan aloy aluminium Aluminiumdan aloy aluminium
Properticampuranaluminium p p
1. Rasiokekuatan/beratyangtinggi
2 Tahan terhadap korosi 2. Tahan terhadap korosi
3. Konduktivitas panas dan listrik yangtinggi
4. Mudahdibentuk
5. Nonmagnetik g
Magnesium dan magnesium aloi Magnesiumdanmagnesiumaloi
Magnesium(Mg) metal yangpalingringan. g ( g) y g p g g
Aloi digunakandalamaplikasistruktur dan non
struktur.
Penggunaanaloi magnesiumdalampesawatdan
komponenrudal(missile).
Jugabaikdalamperedamgetaran.
Tembaga dan aloy tembaga Tembaga dan aloy tembaga
Aloi tembaga mempunyai properti Aloitembagamempunyaiproperti
mekanikdanelektrik,tahankorosi,
k d ktifit d t h d l konduktifitaspanas,dantahandalam
pemakaian.
Aplikasi:komponen elektronik ,springdan
heat exchangers. heatexchangers.
Brassaloy dari tembaga dan seng
Bronzealoy dari tembaga dan tin
Nikel Nikel dan dan aloy aloy nikel nikel Nikel Nikel dan dan aloy aloy nikel nikel
Nickel (Ni) mempunyai kekuatan toughness dan Nickel(Ni)mempunyaikekuatan,toughness dan
ketahananterhadapkorosi.
Digunakan dalam baja stainless dan aloi berbasis nikel Digunakandalambajastainlessdan aloiberbasisnikel.
Aloidigunakandalamaplikasitemperaturtinggi
seperti komponen mesin jet dan roket. sepertikomponenmesinjetdanroket.
Superalloys Superalloys Superalloys Superalloys
Aloitemperaturtinggidipakaidalammesinjet, p gg p j ,
turbingas,gasturbin dan mesinbertenagatinggi.
Titanium Titanium dan dan titanium titanium aloy aloy Titanium Titaniumdan dan titanium titaniumaloy aloy
Titanium(Ti)sangatmahal,mempunyairasio ( ) g , p y
kekuatan/beratyangtinggi,dan tahankorosi.
Digunakan sebagai komponen untuk pesawat Digunakansebagaikomponen untukpesawat
terbang,mobilbalap,dankapallaut.
Metal Metal rrefractory efractory Metal Metal rrefractory efractory
Refractory metals have a high melting point and Refractory metals have a high melting point and
retain their strength at elevated temperatures.
A li i l i l d Applications are electronics, nuclear power and
chemical industries.
Molybdenum, columbium, tungsten, and tantalum
are referred to as refractory metal.
Metal Metal nonferrous nonferrous lain lain Metal Metalnonferrous nonferrouslain lain
1. Beryllium 1. Beryllium
2. Zirconium
3 Low-melting-point metals: 3. Low-melting-point metals:
- Lead
- Zinc
- Tin
4. Precious metals:
- Gold
- Silver
Pl i - Platinum
MMetal etal dan dan aloy aloy sspesial pesial MMetal etal dan dan aloy aloy sspesial pesial
1 Shape-memory alloys (i e eyeglass frame 1. Shape-memory alloys (i.e. eyeglass frame,
helical spring)
2 Amorpho s allo s (Metallic Glass) 2. Amorphous alloys (Metallic Glass)
3. Nanomaterials
4. Metal foams
Perlakuan Perlakuan panas panas Metal Metal
Annealing
Perlakuan Perlakuan panas panas Metal Metal
Annealing
Full annealing
Normalising (faster rate of cooling) Normalising (faster rate of cooling)
Recovery annealing (longer holding time, slower rate of
cooling,)
Stress relieving (lower temperature)
Martensite formation in steel
Austenitizing (conversion to austenite)
Quenching (control cooling rate
Tempering (reduce brittleness)
Perlakuan Perlakuan panas panas Metal Metal Perlakuan Perlakuan panas panas Metal Metal
Precipitation hardening Precipitation hardening
Solution treatment (-phase conversion)
quenching quenching
precipitation treatment (aging)
Surface hardening Surface hardening
Carburizing
Nitriding N d g
Carbonitriding
Chromizing and Boronizing g g
Perlakuan Perlakuan panas panas baja baja Perlakuan Perlakuan panas panas baja baja
Presipitasi pengerasan Presipitasi pengerasan
S l ti t t t Solution treatment
Quenching
Precipitation
treatment
Perlakuanpanasdengantungku/oven Perlakuanpanasdengantungku/oven p g g p g g
Fuel fire furnaces
gas
oil
Electric furnaces
batch furnaces
box furnaces - door
car bottom furnaces track for moving large parts car-bottom furnaces - track for moving large parts
bell-type furnaces - cover/bell lifted by gantry crane
continuous furnaces continuous furnaces
Perlakuan panas dengan tungku/oven Perlakuan panas dengan tungku/oven Perlakuanpanasdengantungku/oven Perlakuanpanasdengantungku/oven
Vacuum furnaces Vacuumfurnaces
Saltbathfurnaces
Fl idi d b d f Fluidizedbedfurnaces
beberapapemanasanperlukondisikhusus,
sepertiudarayangkayakarbondannitrogen
Metod Metodeperkerasanpermukaan eperkerasanpermukaan p p p p
Flame hardening Flame hardening
Induction heating
High frequency resistance heating High-frequency resistance heating
Electron beam heating
L b h ti Laser beam heating
Metod Metodeperkerasanpermukaan eperkerasanpermukaan p p p p
Pemanasan Pemanasan
denganinduksi denganinduksi
Pemanasandengan Pemanasandengan
frekuensitinggi frekuensitinggi
Klasifikasi keramik Klasifikasi keramik
K ik Keramik
Keramik Keramik Keramik
tradisional
Keramik
baru
Gelas
L
Silika:
Silik
Oksida Karbida: Nitrida:
k
Lempung:
kaolin
Silika:
Kwarsa,
batupasir
Alumina
Silikon
karbida
Oksida
keramik:
Alumina
Karbida:
Silikon
&titanium
karbida
Nitrida:
Silikon &
boron
nitrida
Produk
gelas
Keramik
gelas
polikristalin
Kaca jendela
Kontainer kaca
Kaca bolalampu
Gelas laborat
Gelas optik
Gelas fiber
Klasifikasi Polimer KlasifikasiPolimer
Berubahkefasesemuladenganpemanasan
danpendinginan kembali
Fasesolidpadasuhukamar,danlikuiddengan
Thermoplastics
p , g
peningkatansuhu
Tak kembali ke fase semula dengan pemanasan dan
Thermosets
Tak kembali ke fase semula dengan pemanasan dan
pendinginan kembali
Berubah menjadi fase likuid dengan peningkatan
suhu, diikuti dengan irreversible exothermic chemical
Thermosets
reaction. Kemudian tetap dalam fase solid
Karet Elastomer
Termoplastik p
Acetals
Acrylics - PMMA
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene - ABS
Cellulosics
Fluoropolymers - PTFE , Teflon
Polyamides (PA) - Nylons, Kevlar
Polysters - PET
Polyethylene (PE) - HDPE, LDPE
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Termoset
Amino resins Amino resins
Epoxies
Phenolics Phenolics
Polyesters
P l h Polyurethanes
Silicones
Elastomer
Karet Alam Karet Alam
Karet Sintetis
butadiene rubber butadiene rubber
butyl rubber
chloroprene rubber
ethylene-propylene rubber
isoprene rubber
nitrile rubber nitrile rubber
polyurethanes
silicones
styrene-butadiene rubber
thermoplastic elastomers
Klasifikasi Material Komposit as as Ma e a o pos
Masa dasar logam
Metal Matrix Composites = MMC Metal Matrix Composites = MMC
Masa dasar keramik
C i M t i C it = CMC Ceramic Matrix Composites = CMC
Masa dasar plastik
Polymer Matrix Composites = PMC
Material Komposit p
Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
Campuran keramik dengan logam kekuatan dan kekakuan
yang tinggi dari serat.
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
Keramik (aluminum oksida dan silikon karbida) dengan ( ) g
serat untuk meningkatkan properti, terutama aplikasi
temperatur tinggi.
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
Termoset atau termoplastik dicampur dengan penguatan
b b k serat atau bubuk.
Material Komposit p
1D fibre
Woven fabric
Random fibre
Material Material Komposit Komposit pp
Ta Taks ksonom onomi i untukpemilihan untukpemilihan
material material material material
Ashby,: Material
Selection in Mechanical
Design