ANALYSIS:

In this experiment, we used two convex lenses (converging lens) and

measured the focal length using various positions of the object and by
graphical method.

The first position of an object was at infinity. Using the window as
the object having the sun as its light source, thus, the objects distance would
be infinity. The image formed is real, inverted and smaller than the object.
To focus a distant object, the object distance must be equal to infinity. The
term

is very small and thus, can be negligible compare to

and

.
Therefore:

For a lens with a focal length of 10 cm the image is located 10.2 cm.
for a lens with a focal length of 20 cm, the image is located 20 cm. As a
result, the image distance is equal to the focal length.
Lens 1 Lens 2
Object
distance, s
Image
distance, s
Focal
length
Object
distance, s
Image
distance, s
Focal
length

10.2 10.2

20 20

10 10

19.5 19.5

Object at a finite distance was the second position. The distance
between the screen and the light sore is 100cm. Likewise, this part of the
experiment was composed of two parts using different convex lens at each
part. We measured the distance of the object and image distance through
adjusting the convex lens. The fist position of the convex lens was near the
screen or far away from the light source. After adjusting the lens until it
formed an image, we measured the image and objects distance from the lens.
The image formed is real, inverted and behind the lens. The image is also
larger than the object. The second position was near the light source, the
image formed same with the first lens yet, smaller than the object. By the
given formula

we compute the value of the focal length.

Distance between screen
and light source
Lens1 Lens 2
Position 1 Position 2 Position 1 Position 2
Object distance 88 10 72 26
Image distance 12 90 28 74
Focal length

10.56 9 20.16 19.24
Ave focal length 9.78 19.7

As the results, object distance decreases as the image distance increases.
Thus, to produce a real image object should be place to a distance greater
than the focal length. The fairly measurement lead us to a lower percentage
error which is 2.2 percentage at the first lens and 1.5 percent at the second
lens. Therefore, our measurements were accurate to the actual value.

Likewise to the second position with finite distance, yet with various
gaps between the screen and light source. We used the second lens with
20cm as the actual value of the focal length and the object size as reference
which is 3 cm. Similarly, by adjusting the convex lens, we measure the
image and object distance with the image size.

Gap between screen and
light source
Position 1 Position 2
s s h
1
s s h
1

80 42.5 37.5 2.5 35 41 3.6
90 59.5 30.5 1.5 28.5 65.5 6
100 72 28 1 27.5 73 7.9

At the first position, we can say that. As the gap increases the smaller
the size of the image yet, at the second position the gap increases the larger
the size of the image formed.
Gap between screen and
light source
Position 1 Position 2

80 0.024 0.027 0.029 0.02
90 0.017 0.033 0.035 0.016
100 0.014 0.036 0.036 0.014

We are asked to plot the values above, for us to determine the x and y
intercepts. This can lead us to the value of the focal length.

0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
1/s Vs 1/s'
Based on the graph, it intercept at (0.05, 0) and (0, 0.05). So, the x-
interecpt is 0.05 and the y-intercept is 0.05. using the values of the x and y
intercept and through the given formula. We are able to compute for the
value of the focal length which varies to the intecepts. And we got 19.87 cm
for the x- intercept and 20.01 cm for the y-intercept. The values were fairly
accurate to the actual value of the focal length therefore, we got a small
value of percentage error.

The magnification of a lens is the ratio of the image height to the
object height. It is also related to the image distance to the object distance;

. In our data, we obtained a negative magnification, that means

the image is inverted.














CONCLUSION:

In this experiment we used a convex or a converging lens and
determined its focal length. The focal point of such a lens can be defined as
the point where light from a distant source is focused by the lens, and its
focal length as the distance from the lens to the focal point. In our
experiment, a real image was formed. In here a light actually passes through
the points at which the image is formed. It is real image because the image
formed on the other side of a converging lens while it is a virtual if it is
located in the side the same as the location of the object.

When the image is located at a distance from the lens that is great than
twice focal length. The ray diagram, indicates that the image is real, inverted
and smaller than the object.

Yet, when the object is placed between 2F and F, the image is still real
and inverted; however, the image is now larger than the object.

And when the object is located at the 2F point, the image will also be
located at the 2F point on the other side of the lens. In this case, the image
will be inverted and real. The image height is equal to the object height.