Board of Geology

Syllabi in Geology Courses

I. General Geology..................................................40%
Its scope, branches and relation to other sciences:
The Planet Earth
Earths statistics, size and shape, its atmosphere, hydrosphere, montain belts, oceanic
ridges, trenches, islands arcs, !olcanic chains, earth"a#e distribtion$pattern.
Earth %aterial &elati!e abndance o' elements in the atmosphere and in the earths crst:
minerals and common roc# 'orming minerals: economic !ales and their occrrences
in the Philippines. (escription o' the general roc# types: Igneos, metamorphic and sedimentary.
Igneos roc# classes and !arieties )ith emphasis in those 'ond in the Philippines: origin and
composition o' magma.
E*trsi!e phenomena + la!a and pyroclastics: erption types, prediction and related
phenomena.
Intrsi!e phenomena + di#es, sills, batholiths, Philippine e*amples. (istribtion o' igneos
roc#s in the Philippines.
,eathering + physical and chemical: prodct o' )eathering, soil types and pro'ile.
Erosion + hydrosphere, hydrologic cycle, streams and stream erosion, ocean and )a!e
erosion.
-edimentation and sedimentary roc#s + .asins o' deposition, geosyneline, trans'ormation
o' sedimentary roc#, distribtion o' sedimentary roc#s in the Philippines.
&oc# (e'ormation + 'ractres, 'olding o' roc#s, processes a''ecting sediments,
trans'ormation o' sediments into sedimentary roc#s, types o' sedimentary roc#s, distribtion o'
sedimentary roc#s. /ractring, /alting and 'olding o' roc#s, stri#e+anddip
concept: geologic maps. &ecords in roc#s: 'ossils, relati!e and absolte time scale, geologic age
o' Philippine roc#s. %ontain bilding: Geostasy, processes occrring
in the earths interior, processes related to pli'ting o' geosynclinal deposits, continental dri't,
sea'lo) spreading, plate tectonics, and other theories.
%etamorphic roc#s and metamorphism 0 1gents o' metamorphism, temperatre,
pressre, and chemically acti!e 'lids.
Types o' metamorphism: contact, regional, isograd.
Geologic e!oltion o' the Philippines
Principles o' strctral geology
Earth"a#es, !olcanism and the earths interior
2istorical geology, stratigraphy, geomorphology
/ield)or#s. &eport )riting
/ield methods + geology and geologic mapping
II. 1pplied Geological -ciences ............................... 30%
1. 4re (eposits 5Economic %ineral (eposits and their 4ccrrences6:
7. (e'initions$(escriptions
8. %etallogenic Pro!inces and Epochs
3. 4re genesis and concepts, mode o' 'ormation o' mineral deposits: association
o' ore 'orming mineral )ith igneos, metamorphic and sedimentary roc#s.
9hemical depositional controls o' mineral deposits.
Physical depositional controls o' mineral deposits.
9lassi'ication o' economic mineral deposits.
&ecognition o' associated alterations + hypogene, spergene, cappings, )allroc#
alterations, etc.
4res gides. %ineralogy and petrology as related to association and genesis o' ore
deposits.
a. :se o' crystallography, ;+ray method, ;ray 'lorescence, electron microprobe,
di''erential thermal analysis, etc.
b. /lid inclsion stdies.
c. Polished section and mineragraphic stdy.
4. 9lassi'ication o' &eser!es and &esorces: 9rrent
classi'ication$de'initions$giding principles. -igni'icant aspects o' e*isting
de'initions. 4re reser!e and resorce calclation. 9ategories and aspects.
<antitati!e aspects.
=. E*ploration 'or %ineral (eposits: General de'inition$descriptions o' di''erent
phases o' e*ploration: &egional, reconnaissance and detailed e*ploration
acti!ities. 4rganization o' an e*ploration program. (ata compilation$Preparation
o' base maps.
Geologic 'eatres o' !arios economic mineral deposits.
E*ploration methods + -earch 'or economic mineral deposits. %apping, photogeology,
geophysical and geochemical sr!eys, alteration stdies, strctral analysis, recognition o' path
'inders, etc. Primary target in!estigation. E!alation o' otcrops, sr'ace assessment )or#,
sampling, assays, drilling, core logging, etc. Interpretation and modeling. 9ase stdies.
The e*aminee shold be able to classi'y and identi'y the 'ollo)ing:
1. Genetic types o' Philippine mineral deposits:
1. Gold + >ein: Placer: 9ontact %etasomatic? (isseminated and$or Porphyry
2. Iron + 9ontact metasomatic, -and deposits, laterite deposits, bedded sedimentary
deposits,spring deposits, bog deposits
3. 3. Chromite + Primary podi'orm chromite deposits? &esidal$transported deposits
4. Nickel + Primary nic#el slphide deposits.Epithermal deposits, @aterite deposits
=. Manganese + Primary and secondary manganese deposits
A. Copper + Porphyry deposits: >ein types? Bro#o+type? 9yprs+type? .esshi+type?
contact metasomatic?
C. Lead and zinc + >ein type
D. Molybdenum + 9ontact mesatomatic? porphyry type? >ein type
.. Economic 59ommercial6 9lassi'ications:
7. Precious Metals + E*amples: Gold and sil!er
8. Iron and Ferroalloys + E*amples: Iron, chromite, nic#el, and manganese
3.Non!errous + E*amples: 9opper, lead and zinc, molybdenm, alminm,
mercry
4. E*amples: Gano, phosphate roc#s, limestone, dolomite, magnesite, peat
". Industrial and manu!acturing materials + E*amples: 1sbestos, barite, bentomite,
diatomite, 'eldspar, gypsm, perlite, silica, cement ra) materials, etc.
#. $tructural and building materials + E*amples: %arble, pmice and pmicite, roc#
aggregates, roc# asphalt, sand and gra!el
%. &nergy mineral resources + E*amples: 2ydrocarbons, coal, geothermal energy,
&adioacti!e minerals
D. Gemstone and decorati'e materials + E*amples: Eade, Fasper, te#tite, obsidian,
petri'ield )ood.
9. 4rganization E*ploration Programs
7. 4rganize an E*ploration Program
4bFecti!e setting$E*ploration strategy
-etting 'inancial goals
-canning and target generation
&is# e!alation
Timetable
E*ploration logistics
In'ormation management
@egal aspects
En!ironment and the ecosystem
8. (rilling, -ampling and Estimation o' &eser!es:
(esign and 'inancing o' drilling program
(iamond drilling + core logging
Estimation o' ore reser!es 0 -ampling optimization and assaying: Estimation
practices, geostatistical estimation gides.
%ining and %etallrgical considerations
.. Geophysics
7. (e'initions and general principles applied in di''erent geophysical methods in mineral
e*ploration + gra!ity, magnetic, electrical, seismic, radiometric, satellite remote
sensing, etc.
8. Geologic and economic considerations.
9lassi'ications and scienti'ic basis o'
geophysical methods.
Techni"e o' application
-peci'ic 'actors go!erning application and
choice o' geophysical methods.
/ield application$data interpretation.
Economics o' methods.
9. Geochemistry
7. Types o' sr!eys.
8. Identi'ication o' primary and secondary en!ironments.
Primary en!ironment deals )ith:
distribtion o' elements in minerals and igneos
roc#s.
primary haloes and primary dispersion
path'inders
geochemical pro!inces
geochemical associations
-econdary en!ironment in!ol!es:
chemical )eathering
physical )eathering
en!ironmental 'actors a''ecting )eathering
soil
application o' p2 G Eh !ales
absorption
mobility in secondary en!ironment
grond )ater, ri!er )ater, la#e )ater and
sediments
3. 1ctal application o' 'ield methods 'or stream
sediments, soil, roc#s and )ater and la#e
sediments.
4rientation sr!ey
Identi'ication o' primary and secondary
dispersion patterns both in regional and
detailed sr!eys.
>egetation -r!ey + geobotany and
biogeocheistry
1nalytical methods + collection and preparation
o' samples 'or analysis
-tatistical treatment o' geochemical data +
.ac#grond !ales, regional !ariation,
correlation bet)een elements.
9lassi'ication o' samples, anomaly
detection and interpretation, etc.
4. 9ompter application in geochemical e*ploration
(esign o' e*ploration programs
(ata collection
(ata redction and interpretation
(. En!ironment Protection
-ocial and political conte*t
Geological and engineering perspecti!e
&eglatory obFecti!es
9orporate strategies
E. E*ercise in the Preparation o' a /easibility -tdy:
The merit o' implementing an e*ploration program and
proFect de!elopment on a scale )hich )ill pro!ide
s''icient in'ormation to indicate clearly )hether
the deposit can be made commercially !iable.
4bFecti!e o' a 'easibility stdy$corporate policy
(ate collection$otline layot
Geological and engineering aspects
Economic aspects
-ensiti!ity analysis
&is# analysis
/inancial strategies
(ecision ma#ing
/. Petrolem Geology
4rigin and petrolem generation
&egional geological 'rame)or#
Identi'ication and classi'ication o' depositional
en!ironments and reser!oirs.
@ithostratigraphic and strctral controls 'a!orable
'or petrolem deposition and accmlation
%igration stdy
-eismic in!estigation o' target strctre$
interpretation
,ell and log e!alation
Prognosis o' prodcing Pala)an o''shore )ells
Petrolem geochemistry
G. Technical &eport ,riting
The e*aminee shold con!ey a clear and coherent
le!el o' commnication s#ill and pro'iciency.
III. Petrology and %ineralogy
1. %ineralogy
7. 9rystallography
a. Internal strctre, properties, symmetry
and notation o' crystals
b. %easrement o' crystal angles and proFection
c. 9lasses o' crystal system
d. Isometric? 2e*agonal? Tetragonal 4rthorhombic,
%onoclimic? Tryclimic system
8. Physical Properties o' %inerals
a. 9leanage, Parting and 'ractre
b. Tenacity, -p. Gra!ity
c. 4ptical properties o' minerals
7. 9olor, strea#, lster
8. &e'lection and &e'raction, Inde* o' re'raction
3. Isotropic crystal and &oche line
method
4. :nia*ial crystals
=. .ia*ial crystals
A. E*tinction angle
C. .ire'ringence
d. Electrical and magnetic properties
3. 9hemistry o' %inerals + Principles o' crystal
strctre o' minerals, coordination principle,
radis ratio, relation o' radis ratio and coordination
nmber o' ions as rigid sphere.
a. -trctre o' silicates
b. @atice energy o' crystals
c. Isomorphism, atomic sbstittion
d. .asic chemical composition o' magma and
igneos roc#s
e. -trctre o' minerals + silica and silicates,
'eldspars, 'elspathoids, pyro*ene grop,
amphibole grop, obli"e grop
'. Hatre o' silicate melt
g. Pyro*ene +Plagioclase system
h. %agmatic crystallization
i. %inor elements o' magmatic crystallization
F. Geochemical process and sedimentation
#. 9hemical and %ineralogical composition
o' sedimentary roc#s
l. Physiochemical 'actors in sedimentary
colloids and colloidal processes
m. Prodcts o' sedimentation
4. Identi'ication o' common roc# 'orming minerals
=. Homenclatre and classi'ication o' igneos
roc#s
a. 9hemical and <asi chemical classi'ication
b. Te*tral classi'ication
c. <alitati!e mineral classi'ication
d. 9alcalic+basic igneos roc#s
e. 1l#ali+rich basic igneos roc#s
'. :ltrabasic roc#s and lamprophyres
g. Intermediate roc#s
h. 1cid ingneos roc#s
i. Phyroclastic roc#s
A. %etamorphism and metamorphic roc#s
a. 9hemical composition o' metamorphic roc#s
b. %ineralogy o' metamorphism
c. -tability o' minerals
d. Thermodynamic o' metamorphism
e. Phase rle in metamorphism
'. /acies Principle
g. %ineral trans'ormation and the 'acies principle
h. %etamorphism and metasomatism
i. 1ccessory elements in metamorphism
F. Petrographic criteria and prodcts o' metamorphism
#. 9onditions controlling metamorphism
l. Types o' metamorphism
m. 9haracteristics o' metamorphic /abric
n. .asis o' classi'ication o' metamorphic roc#s
o. Te*tral class o' metamorphic roc#s
p. 9hemical classes o' metamorphic roc#s
". 2orn'elses and slates
r. 9ataclasites, mylomites and phyllomites
s. -lates, phyllites and lo) metamorph schists
t. 2igh grade schists, amphibolites, granlites
and eclogites