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petti and troop 2006
petti 1998 (First, the context withinwhich intergroup contact occurs has been shown to influence the contactprejudice
link, suggesting that the generalizability of the effects of contact beyondtheimmediate contact situationmaydependona range
of broader factors )
i od 2005 sas tropp

Thomas F. Pettigrew i Linda R. Tropp WHEN GROUPS MEET The Dynamics of Intergroup Contact. (English) book

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Internationaljournal of Sociology, vol. 37, no. 3, Fall 2007, pp. 75-95. ? 2007 m.e. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN 0020-
7659/2007 $9.50 + 0.00. DOI 10.2753/IJS0020-7659370304 Kristen Ringdal, Albert Simkus, and
Ola Listhaug Disaggregating Public Opinion on the Ethnic Conflict in
Macedonia
- diagregates the differences among Macedonians on two issue on the basis of a three-level model:
municipalities, neighborhoods, individuals
- za interpretation: povikaj se na stranu 81, i pobi gi hipoteze
- We assume a three-level hierarchical model where about 2,500 individual respondents constitute level 1, about 450
sample clusters constitute level 2, and the 88 municipalities represented in our sample make up level 3.
- FORMULA: Yijk =?o,* + vo* + uojk + eijk --> The subscript i represents respondents, subscript j the sample points, and
subscript k the municipalities.
- MY FORMULA: Yij =?o,* + vo* + uojk + eijk --> The subscript i represents respondents, subscript j the municipalities.
Thomsen, 2012 Social psychologists report that intergroup contact is a source of mutual
acceptance (Allport 1979 [1954]; Pettigrew & Tropp 2005), and numerous studies report that
intergroup contact reduces prejudice toward ethnic minority members in a number of
different countries (Voci & Hewstone 2003; Dovidio et al. 2003; McLaren 2003; Pettigrew
1997;Wagner et al. 2003; 2006; Pettigrew & Tropp 2006; 2008;Ward & Masgoret 2006). u lit
rew
(Pettigrew. 2011) Consider, too, research conducted in Northern Ireland (Hewstone, Cairns,
Voci, Hamberger, & Niens, 2006). It found that intergroup friendship engendered forgiveness
and trust of the other religious group. Indeed, this dramatic effect was especially strong
among those Catholics and Protestants who had suffered personally from the provinces
sectarian violence quite the opposite from what conventional wisdom might expect.

Turner et al. 2011
Supporting this supposition, Pettigrew (1997) found that majority group participants from
across Europe who had friends in minority groups reported significantly less prejudice.
Longitudinal studies have provided additional evidence. Feddes, Noack, and Rutland (2009)
showed that majority group school children who had intergroup friendships at the beginning
of the school year held more positive outgroup evaluat
Petermann. 2013 This article investigates consequences of different levels of spatial
context on interethnic contact. Interethnic contact is not only a key aspect of integrating
immigrants in the host society (Esser, 1986; Gijsberts and Dagevos, 2007) but an important
asset for societal integration in general, as bridging ties can create valuable social capital
(Briggs, 2007;
Woolcock, 1998). Interethnic relationships are valuable for social life where they foster
tolerant attitudes and mutual acceptance, expand social identities and resolve intergroup
conflicts (Farwick, 2009; Hewstone, 2009; Pettigrew and Tropp, 2006).
Stein et al. 2000 Less extensive research has been conducted regarding the impact of
context on Anglo attitudes toward other minority groups, such as Hispanics and Asians, as
well as policies targeted at those groups. This body of research indicates that context has a
mixed effect on Anglo attitudes and opinions about Hispanics and Asians and related public
policies. Hood and Morris (1997: 34) find that the impact of context on whites' attitudes
toward Hispanics is state sensitive. Using a national sample, they report an insignificant
relationship between Anglo attitudes toward Hispanics and the proportion of Hispanics
residing in the respondent's county. Anglos living in California, a state with significant
concentrations of Hispanics, have significantly more negative attitudes toward Hispanics than
residents of other states. Hood and Morris suggest that "living in a state with a sizeable and
growing Hispanic population, but not in close proximity to these groups, may produce
negative Anglo affect toward Hispanics and liberal immigration policies." Citrin, Reingold,
and Green (1990) do not detect a significant relationship between the proportion of Hispanic
county residents and white policy positions on voting rights for non-English speakers,
bilingual education, and affirmative action for Hispanics. The concentration of Asians in the
respondent's county of residence is also unrelated to either the perceived impact of Asian
immigration or immigration policy preference
Stein et al. Previous research hypothesizes that whites' geographic proximity to large
populations of racial and ethnic minorities is thought to trigger perceptions of threat and
competition with racial and ethnic minorities. As the proportion of minority population
grows, this threat manifests itself in the majority groups' negative disposition toward minority
groups and minority-based policies. This hypothesis has been tested primarily when studying
Anglo attitudes and opinions toward blacks (Key 1949; Matthews and Prothro 1966; Black
1976; Giles 1977; Wright 1977; Giles and Evans 1985, 1986; Fossett and Kiecolt 1989; Giles
and Hertz 1994; Glaser 1994; Taylor 1998).


kiki lyoness kartica - viki!!!
mama bal
ask laci is it hard to use MPLUS

These theories, jointly referred to as the social identity perspective, recognise
that peoples individual characteristics and their group memberships play a
significant role in shaping attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior. Given this
focus, interest in these theories mirrors the growing popularity of group-based
management techniques applied to topics such as group decision-making, team
building, group performance, organizational culture and organizational change

WOW - great: http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7650.html

intro
In spite of the consideration of identity as one among the most normatively significant and
behaviorally consequential aspects of politics (Rogers Smith 2002: 302) and the vast amount
of attention to the concept of identity (Kuo and Margalit, [year]), it seems to be a universal,
yet largely implicit concept what makes it difficult to isolate and understand its use (Bruland
and Horowitz 2003, p.1).

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MEASURES:
Turner et al. 2011 Intimacy of disclosure was measured by asking the following three
questions: In general, how intimate do you think interactions with your nominated friend
were? (1 = Not at all intimate, 7=Very intimate), How personal do you think interactions
were? (1 = Not at all personal, 7=Very personal) and In general, how important were the
issues you talked about with your nominated friend? (1 = Not at all important, 7=Very
important). These items formed a reliable scale at Time 1 (ingroup friend, a = .75, outgroup
friend, a = .72) and Time 2 (ingroup friend, a = .92, outgroup friend, a = .91), with higher
scores indicating greater intimacy of disclosure

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for qualitative:4language barier for contact (Petermann)
personal preferences(Kanas)