VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES

The States Parties to the present Convention,

Considering the fnda!enta" ro"e of treaties in the histor# of internationa" re"ations,
Re$ogni%ing the ever&in$reasing i!portan$e of treaties as a sor$e of internationa" "a' and
as a !eans of deve"oping pea$ef" $o&operation a!ong nations, 'hatever their $onstittiona"
and so$ia" s#ste!s,
Noting that the prin$ip"es of free $onsent and of good faith and the pa$ta snt servanda r"e
are niversa""# re$ogni%ed,
Affir!ing that disptes $on$erning treaties, "i(e other internationa" disptes, sho"d )e
sett"ed )# pea$ef" !eans and in $onfor!it# 'ith the prin$ip"es of *sti$e and internationa"
"a',
Re$a""ing the deter!ination of the peop"es of the +nited Nations to esta)"ish $onditions
nder 'hi$h *sti$e and respe$t for the o)"igations arising fro! treaties $an )e !aintained,
Having in !ind the prin$ip"es of internationa" "a' e!)odied in the Charter of the +nited
Nations, s$h as the prin$ip"es of the e,a" rights and se"f&deter!ination of peop"es, of the
sovereign e,a"it# and independen$e of a"" States, of non&interferen$e in the do!esti$ affairs
of States, of the prohi)ition of the threat or se of for$e and of niversa" respe$t for, and
o)servan$e of, h!an rights and fnda!enta" freedo!s for a"",
-e"ieving that the $odifi$ation and progressive deve"op!ent of the "a' of treaties a$hieved
in the present Convention 'i"" pro!ote the prposes of the +nited Nations set forth in the
Charter, na!e"#, the !aintenan$e of internationa" pea$e and se$rit#, the deve"op!ent of
friend"# re"ations and the a$hieve!ent of $o&operation a!ong nations,
Affir!ing that the r"es of $sto!ar# internationa" "a' 'i"" $ontine to govern ,estions not
reg"ated )# the provisions of the present Convention,
Have agreed as fo""o's.
PART I INTRODUCTION
Article 1 Scope of the present Convention
The present Convention app"ies to treaties )et'een States/
Article 2 Use of terms
0/ For the prposes of the present Convention.
1a2 3treat#3 !eans an internationa" agree!ent $on$"ded
)et'een States in 'ritten for! and governed )#
internationa" "a', 'hether e!)odied in a sing"e
instr!ent or in t'o or !ore re"ated instr!ents and
'hatever its parti$"ar designation4
1)2 3ratifi$ation3, 3a$$eptan$e3, 3approva"3 and 3a$$ession3
!ean in ea$h $ase the internationa" a$t so na!ed
'here)# a State esta)"ishes on the internationa" p"ane its
$onsent to )e )ond )# a treat#4
1$2 3f"" po'ers3 !eans a do$!ent e!anating fro! the
$o!petent athorit# of a State designating a person or
persons to represent the State for negotiating, adopting
or athenti$ating the te5t of a treat#, for e5pressing the
$onsent of the State to )e )ond )# a treat#, or for
a$$o!p"ishing an# other a$t 'ith respe$t to a treat#4
1d2 3reservation3 !eans a ni"atera" state!ent, ho'ever
phrased or na!ed, !ade )# a State, 'hen signing,
ratif#ing, a$$epting, approving or a$$eding to a treat#,
'here)# it prports to e5$"de or to !odif# the "ega"
effe$t of $ertain provisions of the treat# in their
app"i$ation to that State4
1e2 3negotiating State3 !eans a State 'hi$h too( part in the
dra'ing p and adoption of the te5t of the treat#4
1f2 3$ontra$ting State3 !eans a State 'hi$h has $onsented
to )e )ond )# the treat#, 'hether or not the treat# has
entered into for$e4
1g2 3part#3 !eans a State 'hi$h has $onsented to )e
)ond )# the treat# and for 'hi$h the treat# is in for$e4
1h2 3third State3 !eans a State not a part# to the treat#4
1i2 3internationa" organi%ation3 !eans an intergovern!enta"
organi%ation/
6/ The provisions of paragraph 0 regarding the se of ter!s in the present Convention are
'ithot pre*di$e to the se of those ter!s or to the !eanings 'hi$h !a# )e given to the!
in the interna" "a' of an# State/
Article 3 International agreements not ithin the scope of the present Convention
The fa$t that the present Convention does not app"# to internationa" agree!ents $on$"ded
)et'een States and other s)*e$ts of internationa" "a' or )et'een s$h other s)*e$ts of
internationa" "a', or to internationa" agree!ents not in 'ritten for!, sha"" not affe$t.
1a2
the "ega" for$e of s$h agree!ents4
1)2
the app"i$ation to the! of an# of the r"es set forth in the present Convention to 'hi$h the#
'o"d )e s)*e$t nder internationa" "a' independent"# of the Convention4
1$2
the app"i$ation of the Convention to the re"ations of States as )et'een the!se"ves nder
internationa" agree!ents to 'hi$h other s)*e$ts of internationa" "a' are a"so parties/
Article ! Non"retroactivit# of the present Convention
Withot pre*di$e to the app"i$ation of an# r"es set forth in the present Convention to
'hi$h treaties 'o"d )e s)*e$t nder internationa" "a' independent"# of the Convention,
the Convention app"ies on"# to treaties 'hi$h are $on$"ded )# States after the entr# into
for$e of the present Convention 'ith regard to s$h States/
Article $ Treaties constit%ting international organi&ations an' treaties a'opte' ithin
an international organi&ation
The present Convention app"ies to an# treat# 'hi$h is the $onstitent instr!ent of an
internationa" organi%ation and to an# treat# adopted 'ithin an internationa" organi%ation
'ithot pre*di$e to an# re"evant r"es of the organi%ation/
Part II Concl%sion an' entr# into force of treaties
Section 1( Concl%sion of treaties
Article ) Capacit# of States to concl%'e treaties
Ever# State possesses $apa$it# to $on$"de treaties/
Article * +%ll poers
0/ A person is $onsidered as representing a State for the prpose of adopting or
athenti$ating the te5t of a treat# or for the prpose of e5pressing the $onsent of the State to
)e )ond )# a treat# if.
1a2
he prod$es appropriate f"" po'ers4 or
1)2
it appears fro! the pra$ti$e of the States $on$erned or fro! other $ir$!stan$es that their
intention 'as to $onsider that person as representing the State for s$h prposes and to
dispense 'ith f"" po'ers/
6/ In virte of their fn$tions and 'ithot having to prod$e f"" po'ers, the fo""o'ing are
$onsidered as representing their State.
1a2
Heads of State, Heads of 7overn!ent and 8inisters for Foreign Affairs, for the prpose of
perfor!ing a"" a$ts re"ating to the $on$"sion of a treat#4
1)2
heads of dip"o!ati$ !issions, for the prpose of adopting the te5t of a treat# )et'een the
a$$rediting State and the State to 'hi$h the# are a$$redited4
1$2 representatives a$$redited )# States to an internationa" $onferen$e or to an internationa"
organi%ation or one of its organs, for the prpose of adopting the te5t of a treat# in that
$onferen$e, organi%ation or organ/
Article , S%-se.%ent confirmation of an act performe' itho%t a%thori&ation
An a$t re"ating to the $on$"sion of a treat# perfor!ed )# a person 'ho $annot )e
$onsidered nder arti$"e 9 as athori%ed to represent a State for that prpose is 'ithot "ega"
effe$t n"ess after'ards $onfir!ed )# that State/
Article / A'option of the te0t
0/ The adoption of the te5t of a treat# ta(es p"a$e )# the $onsent of a"" the States
parti$ipating in its dra'ing p e5$ept as provided in paragraph 6/
6/ The adoption of the te5t of a treat# at an internationa" $onferen$e ta(es p"a$e )# the vote
of t'o&thirds of the States present and voting, n"ess )# the sa!e !a*orit# the# sha"" de$ide
to app"# a different r"e/
Article 11 A%thentication of the te0t
The te5t of a treat# is esta)"ished as athenti$ and definitive. 1a2
)# s$h pro$edre as !a# )e provided for in the te5t or agreed pon )# the States
parti$ipating in its dra'ing p4 or
1)2
fai"ing s$h pro$edre, )# the signatre, signatre ad referend! or initia""ing )# the
representatives of those States of the te5t of the treat# or of the Fina" A$t of a $onferen$e
in$orporating the te5t/
Article 11 2eans of e0pressing consent to -e -o%n' -# a treat#
The $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# !a# )e e5pressed )# signatre, e5$hange of
instr!ents $onstitting a treat#, ratifi$ation, a$$eptan$e, approva" or a$$ession, or )# an#
other !eans if so agreed/
Article 12 Consent to -e -o%n' -# a treat# e0presse' -# signat%re
0/ The $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# is e5pressed )# the signatre of its
representative 'hen.
1a2
the treat# provides that signatre sha"" have that effe$t4
1)2
it is other'ise esta)"ished that the negotiating States 'ere agreed that signatre sho"d have
that effe$t4 or
1$2
the intention of the State to give that effe$t to the signatre appears fro! the f"" po'ers of
its representative or 'as e5pressed dring the negotiation/
6/ For the prposes of paragraph 0.
1a2
the initia""ing of a te5t $onstittes a signatre of the treat# 'hen it is esta)"ished that the
negotiating States so agreed4
1)2
the signatre ad referend! of a treat# )# a representative, if $onfir!ed )# his State,
$onstittes a f"" signatre of the treat#/
Article 13 Consent to -e -o%n' -# a treat# e0presse' -# an e0change of instr%ments
constit%ting a treat#
The $onsent of States to )e )ond )# a treat# $onstitted )# instr!ents e5$hanged )et'een
the! is e5pressed )# that e5$hange 'hen.
1a2
the instr!ents provide that their e5$hange sha"" have that effe$t4 or
1)2
it is other'ise esta)"ished that those States 'ere agreed that the e5$hange of instr!ents
sho"d have that effe$t/
Article 1! Consent to -e -o%n' -# a treat# e0presse' -# ratification3 acceptance or
approval
0/ The $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# is e5pressed )# ratifi$ation 'hen.
1a2
the treat# provides for s$h $onsent to )e e5pressed )# !eans of ratifi$ation4
1)2
it is other'ise esta)"ished that the negotiating States 'ere agreed that ratifi$ation sho"d )e
re,ired4
1$2
the representative of the State has signed the treat# s)*e$t to ratifi$ation4 or
1d2
the intention of the State to sign the treat# s)*e$t to ratifi$ation appears fro! the f""
po'ers of its representative or 'as e5pressed dring the negotiation/
6/ The $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# is e5pressed )# a$$eptan$e or approva"
nder $onditions si!i"ar to those 'hi$h app"# to ratifi$ation/
Article 1$ Consent to -e -o%n' -# a treat# e0presse' -# accession
The $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# is e5pressed )# a$$ession 'hen.
1a2
the treat# provides that s$h $onsent !a# )e e5pressed )# that State )# !eans of a$$ession4
1)2
it is other'ise esta)"ished that the negotiating States 'ere agreed that s$h $onsent !a# )e
e5pressed )# that State )# !eans of a$$ession4 or
1$2
a"" the parties have s)se,ent"# agreed that s$h $onsent !a# )e e5pressed )# that State )#
!eans of a$$ession/
Article 1) 40change or 'eposit of instr%ments of ratification3 acceptance3 approval or
accession
+n"ess the treat# other'ise provides, instr!ents of ratifi$ation, a$$eptan$e, approva" or
a$$ession esta)"ish the $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# pon.
1a2
their e5$hange )et'een the $ontra$ting States4
1)2
their deposit 'ith the depositar#4 or
1$2
their notifi$ation to the $ontra$ting States or to the depositar#, if :; agreed/
Article 1* Consent to -e -o%n' -# part of a treat# an' choice of 'iffering provisions
0/ Withot pre*di$e to arti$"es 0< to 6=, the $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# part of a
treat# is effe$tive on"# if the treat# so per!its or the other $ontra$ting States so agree/
6/ The $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# 'hi$h per!its a $hoi$e )et'een differing
provisions is effe$tive on"# if it is !ade $"ear to 'hi$h of the provisions the $onsent re"ates/
Article 1, O-ligation not to 'efeat the o-5ect an' p%rpose of a treat# prior to its entr#
into force
A State is o)"iged to refrain fro! a$ts 'hi$h 'o"d defeat the o)*e$t and prpose of a treat#
'hen.
1a2
it has signed the treat# or has e5$hanged instr!ents $onstitting the treat# s)*e$t to
ratifi$ation, a$$eptan$e or approva", nti" it sha"" have !ade its intention $"ear not to )e$o!e
a part# to the treat#4 or
1)2
it has e5pressed its $onsent to )e )ond )# the treat#, pending the entr# into for$e of the
treat# and provided that s$h entr# into for$e is not nd"# de"a#ed/
Section 2( Reservations
Article 1/ +orm%lation of reservations
A State !a#, 'hen signing, ratif#ing, a$$epting, approving or a$$eding to a treat#, for!"ate
a reservation n"ess.
1a2
the reservation is prohi)ited )# the treat#4
1)2
the treat# provides that on"# spe$ified reservations, 'hi$h do not in$"de the reservation in
,estion, !a# )e !ade4 or
1$2
in $ases not fa""ing nder s)&paragraphs 1a2 and 1)2, the reservation is in$o!pati)"e 'ith the
o)*e$t and prpose of the treat#/
Article 21 Acceptance of an' o-5ection to reservations
0/ A reservation e5press"# athori%ed )# a treat# does not re,ire an# s)se,ent a$$eptan$e
)# the other $ontra$ting States n"ess the treat# so provides/
6/ When it appears fro! the "i!ited n!)er of the negotiating States and the o)*e$t and
prpose of a treat# that the app"i$ation of the treat# in its entiret# )et'een a"" the parties is
an essentia" $ondition of the $onsent of ea$h one to )e )ond )# the treat#, a reservation
re,ires a$$eptan$e )# a"" the parties/
=/ When a treat# is a $onstitent instr!ent of an internationa" organi%ation and n"ess it
other'ise provides, a reservation re,ires the a$$eptan$e of the $o!petent organ of that
organi%ation/
>/ In $ases not fa""ing nder the pre$eding paragraphs and n"ess the treat# other'ise
provides.
1a2
a$$eptan$e )# another $ontra$ting State of a reservation $onstittes the reserving State a
part# to the treat# in re"ation to that other State if or 'hen the treat# is in for$e for those
States4
1)2
an o)*e$tion )# another $ontra$ting State to a reservation does not pre$"de the entr# into
for$e of the treat# as )et'een the o)*e$ting and reserving States n"ess a $ontrar# intention
is definite"# e5pressed )# the o)*e$ting State4
1$2
an a$t e5pressing a State?s $onsent to )e )ond )# the treat# and $ontaining a reservation is
effe$tive as soon as at "east one other $ontra$ting State has a$$epted the reservation/
:/ For the prposes of paragraphs 6 and > and n"ess the treat# other'ise provides, a
reservation is $onsidered to have )een a$$epted )# a State if it sha"" have raised no o)*e$tion
to the reservation )# the end of a period of t'e"ve !onths after it 'as notified of the
reservation or )# the date on 'hi$h it e5pressed its $onsent to )e )ond )# the treat#,
'hi$hever is "ater/
Article 21 6egal effects of reservations an' of o-5ections to reservations
0/ A reservation esta)"ished 'ith regard to another part# in a$$ordan$e 'ith arti$"es 0<, 6;
and 6=.
1a2
!odifies for the reserving State in its re"ations 'ith that other part# the provisions of the
treat# to 'hi$h the reservation re"ates to the e5tent of the reservation4 and
1)2
!odifies those provisions to the sa!e e5tent for that other part# in its re"ations 'ith the
reserving State/
6/ The reservation does not !odif# the provisions of the treat# for the other parties to the
treat# inter se/
=/ When a State o)*e$ting to a reservation has not opposed the entr# into for$e of the treat#
)et'een itse"f and the reserving State, the provisions to 'hi$h the reservation re"ates do not
app"# as )et'een the t'o States to the e5tent of the reservation/
Article 22 7ith'raal of reservations an' of o-5ections to reservations
0/ +n"ess the treat# other'ise provides, a reservation !a# )e 'ithdra'n at an# ti!e and the
$onsent of a State 'hi$h has a$$epted the reservation is not re,ired for its 'ithdra'a"/
6/ +n"ess the treat# other'ise provides, an o)*e$tion to a reservation !a# )e 'ithdra'n at
an# ti!e/
=/ +n"ess the treat# other'ise provides, or it is other'ise agreed.
1a2
the 'ithdra'a" of a reservation )e$o!es operative in re"ation to another $ontra$ting State
on"# 'hen noti$e of it has )een re$eived )# that State4
1)2
the 'ithdra'a" of an o)*e$tion to a reservation )e$o!es operative on"# 'hen noti$e of it has
)een re$eived )# the State 'hi$h for!"ated the reservation/
Article 23 Proce'%re regar'ing reservations
0/ A reservation, an e5press a$$eptan$e of a reservation and an o)*e$tion to a reservation
!st )e for!"ated in 'riting and $o!!ni$ated to the $ontra$ting States and other States
entit"ed to )e$o!e parties to the treat#/
6/ If for!"ated 'hen signing the treat# s)*e$t to ratifi$ation, a$$eptan$e or approva", a
reservation !st )e for!a""# $onfir!ed )# the reserving State 'hen e5pressing its $onsent
to )e )ond )# the treat#/ In s$h a $ase the reservation sha"" )e $onsidered as having )een
!ade on the date of its $onfir!ation/
=/ An e5press a$$eptan$e of, or an o)*e$tion to, a reservation !ade previos"# to
$onfir!ation of the reservation does not itse"f re,ire $onfir!ation/
>/ The 'ithdra'a" of a reservation or of an o)*e$tion to a reservation !st )e for!"ated in
'riting/
Section 3( 4ntr# into force an' provisional application of treaties
Article 2! 4ntr# into force
0/ A treat# enters into for$e in s$h !anner and pon s$h date as it !a# provide or as the
negotiating States !a# agree/
6/ Fai"ing an# s$h provision or agree!ent, a treat# enters into for$e as soon as $onsent to )e
)ond )# the treat# has )een esta)"ished for a"" the negotiating States/
=/ When the $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# is esta)"ished on a date after the treat#
has $o!e into for$e, the treat# enters into for$e for that State on that date, n"ess the treat#
other'ise provides/
>/ The provisions of a treat# reg"ating the athenti$ation of its te5t, the esta)"ish!ent of the
$onsent of States to )e )ond )# the treat#, the !anner or date of its entr# into for$e,
reservations, the fn$tions of the depositar# and other !atters arising ne$essari"# )efore the
entr# into for$e of the treat# app"# fro! the ti!e of the adoption of its te5t/
Article 2$ Provisional application
0/ A treat# or a part of a treat# is app"ied provisiona""# pending its entr# into for$e if.
1a2
the treat# itse"f so provides4 or
1)2
the negotiating States have in so!e other !anner so agreed/
6/ +n"ess the treat# other'ise provides or the negotiating States have other'ise agreed, the
provisiona" app"i$ation of a treat# or a part of a treat# 'ith respe$t to a State sha"" )e
ter!inated if that State notifies the other States )et'een 'hi$h the treat# is )eing app"ied
provisiona""# of its intention not to )e$o!e a part# to the treat#/
Part III O-servance3 application an' interpretation of treaties
Section 1( O-servance of treaties
Article 2) Pacta s%nt servan'a
Ever# treat# in for$e is )inding pon the parties to it and !st )e perfor!ed )# the! in
good faith/
Article 2* Internal la an' o-servance of treaties
A part# !a# not invo(e the provisions of its interna" "a' as *stifi$ation for its fai"re to
perfor! a treat#/ This r"e is 'ithot pre*di$e to arti$"e >@/
Section 2( Application of treaties
Article 2, Non"retroactivit# of treaties
+n"ess a different intention appears fro! the treat# or is other'ise esta)"ished, its provisions
do not )ind a part# in re"ation to an# a$t or fa$t 'hi$h too( p"a$e or an# sitation 'hi$h
$eased to e5ist )efore the date of the entr# into for$e of the treat# 'ith respe$t to that part#/
Article 2/ Territorial scope of treaties
+n"ess a different intention appears fro! the treat# or is other'ise esta)"ished, a treat# is
)inding pon ea$h part# in respe$t of its entire territor#/
Article 31 Application of s%ccessive treaties relating to the same s%-5ect"matter
0/ S)*e$t to Arti$"e 0;= of the Charter of the +nited Nations, the rights and o)"igations of
States parties to s$$essive treaties re"ating to the sa!e s)*e$t&!atter sha"" )e deter!ined in
a$$ordan$e 'ith the fo""o'ing paragraphs/
6/ When a treat# spe$ifies that it is s)*e$t to, or that it is not to )e $onsidered as
in$o!pati)"e 'ith, an ear"ier or "ater treat#, the provisions of that other treat# prevai"/
=/ When a"" the parties to the ear"ier treat# are parties a"so to the "ater treat# )t the ear"ier
treat# is not ter!inated or sspended in operation nder arti$"e :<, the ear"ier treat# app"ies
on"# to the e5tent that its provisions are $o!pati)"e 'ith those of the "atter treat#/
>/ When the parties to the "ater treat# do not in$"de a"" the parties to the ear"ier one.
1a2
as )et'een States parties to )oth treaties the sa!e r"e app"ies as in paragraph =4
1)2
as )et'een a State part# to )oth treaties and a State part# to on"# one of the treaties, the
treat# to 'hi$h )oth States are parties governs their !ta" rights and o)"igations/
:/ Paragraph > is 'ithot pre*di$e to arti$"e >0, or to an# ,estion of the ter!ination or
sspension of the operation of a treat# nder arti$"e @; or to an# ,estion of responsi)i"it#
'hi$h !a# arise for a State fro! the $on$"sion or app"i$ation of a treat#, the provisions of
'hi$h are in$o!pati)"e 'ith its o)"igations to'ards another State nder another treat#/
Section 3( Interpretation of treaties
Article 31 8eneral r%le of interpretation
0/ A treat# sha"" )e interpreted in good faith in a$$ordan$e 'ith the ordinar# !eaning to )e
given to the ter!s of the treat# in their $onte5t and in the "ight of its o)*e$t and prpose/
6/ The $onte5t for the prpose of the interpretation of a treat# sha"" $o!prise, in addition to
the te5t, in$"ding its prea!)"e and anne5es.
1a2
an# agree!ent re"ating to the treat# 'hi$h 'as !ade )et'een a"" the parties in $onne5ion
'ith the $on$"sion of the treat#4
1)2
an# instr!ent 'hi$h 'as !ade )# one or !ore parties in $onne5ion 'ith the $on$"sion of
the treat# and a$$epted )# the other parties as an instr!ent re"ated to the treat#/
=/ There sha"" )e ta(en into a$$ont, together 'ith the $onte5t.
1a2
an# s)se,ent agree!ent )et'een the parties regarding the interpretation of the treat# or
the app"i$ation of its provisions4
1)2
an# s)se,ent pra$ti$e in the app"i$ation of the treat# 'hi$h esta)"ishes the agree!ent of
the parties regarding its interpretation4
1$2
an# re"evant r"es of internationa" "a' app"i$a)"e in the re"ations )et'een the parties/
>/ A spe$ia" !eaning sha"" )e given to a ter! if it is esta)"ished that the parties so intended/
Article 32 S%pplementar# means of interpretation
Re$orse !a# )e had to spp"e!entar# !eans of interpretation, in$"ding the preparator#
'or( of the treat# and the $ir$!stan$es of its $on$"sion, in order to $onfir! the !eaning
res"ting fro! the app"i$ation of arti$"e =0, or to deter!ine the !eaning 'hen the
interpretation a$$ording to arti$"e =0.
1a2
"eaves the !eaning a!)igos or o)s$re4 or
1)2
"eads to a res"t 'hi$h is !anifest"# a)srd or nreasona)"e/
Article 33 Interpretation of treaties a%thenticate' in to or more lang%ages
0/ When a treat# has )een athenti$ated in t'o or !ore "angages, the te5t is e,a""#
athoritative in ea$h "angage, n"ess the treat# provides or the parties agree that, in $ase of
divergen$e, a parti$"ar te5t sha"" prevai"/
6/ A version of the treat# in a "angage other than one of those in 'hi$h the te5t 'as
athenti$ated sha"" )e $onsidered an athenti$ te5t on"# if the treat# so provides or the
parties so agree/
=/ The ter!s of the treat# are pres!ed to have the sa!e !eaning in ea$h athenti$ te5t/
>/ E5$ept 'here a parti$"ar te5t prevai"s in a$$ordan$e 'ith paragraph 0, 'hen a
$o!parison of the athenti$ te5ts dis$"oses a differen$e of !eaning 'hi$h the app"i$ation of
arti$"es =0 and =6 does not re!ove, the !eaning 'hi$h )est re$on$i"es the te5ts, having
regard to the o)*e$t and prpose of the treat#, sha"" )e adopted/
Section !( Treaties an' thir' States
Article 3! 8eneral r%le regar'ing thir' States
A treat# does not $reate either o)"igations or rights for a third State 'ithot its $onsent/
Article 3$ Treaties provi'ing for o-ligations for thir' States
An o)"igation arises for a third State fro! a provision of a treat# if the parties to the treat#
intend the provision to )e the !eans of esta)"ishing the o)"igation and the third State
e5press"# a$$epts that o)"igation in 'riting/
Article 3) Treaties provi'ing for rights for thir' States
0/ A right arises for a third State fro! a provision of a treat# if the parties to the treat# intend
the provision to a$$ord that right either to the third State, or to a grop of States to 'hi$h it
)e"ongs, or to a"" States, and the third State assents thereto/ Its assent sha"" )e pres!ed so
"ong as the $ontrar# is not indi$ated, n"ess the treat# other'ise provides/
6/ A State e5er$ising a right in a$$ordan$e 'ith paragraph 0 sha"" $o!p"# 'ith the
$onditions for its e5er$ise provided for in the treat# or esta)"ished in $onfor!it# 'ith the
treat#/
Article 3* Revocation or mo'ification of o-ligations or rights of thir' States
0/ When an o)"igation has arisen for a third State in $onfor!it# 'ith arti$"e =:, the
o)"igation !a# )e revo(ed or !odified on"# 'ith the $onsent of the parties to the treat# and
of the third State, n"ess it is esta)"ished that the# had other'ise agreed/
6/ When a right has arisen for a third State in $onfor!it# 'ith arti$"e =@, the right !a# not
)e revo(ed or !odified )# the parties if it is esta)"ished that the right 'as intended not to )e
revo$a)"e or s)*e$t to !odifi$ation 'ithot the $onsent of the third State/
Article 3, R%les in a treat# -ecoming -in'ing on thir' States thro%gh international
c%stom
Nothing in arti$"es => to =9 pre$"des a r"e set forth in a treat# fro! )e$o!ing )inding
pon a third State as a $sto!ar# r"e of internationa" "a', re$ogni%ed as s$h/
Part I9 Amen'ment an' mo'ification of treaties
Article 3/ 8eneral r%le regar'ing the amen'ment of treaties
A treat# !a# )e a!ended )# agree!ent )et'een the parties/ The r"es "aid do'n in Part II
app"# to s$h an agree!ent e5$ept in so far as the treat# !a# other'ise provide/
Article !1 Amen'ment of m%ltilateral treaties
0/ +n"ess the treat# other'ise provides, the a!end!ent of !"ti"atera" treaties sha"" )e
governed )# the fo""o'ing paragraphs/
6/ An# proposa" to a!end a !"ti"atera" treat# as )et'een a"" the parties !st )e notified to
a"" the $ontra$ting States, ea$h one of 'hi$h sha"" have the right to ta(e part in.
1a2
the de$ision as to the a$tion to )e ta(en in regard to s$h proposa"4
1)2
the negotiation and $on$"sion of an# agree!ent for the a!end!ent of the treat#/
=/ Ever# State entit"ed to )e$o!e a part# to the treat# sha"" a"so )e entit"ed to )e$o!e a part#
to the treat# as a!ended/
>/ The a!ending agree!ent does not )ind an# State a"read# a part# to the treat# 'hi$h does
not )e$o!e a part# to the a!ending agree!ent4 arti$"e =;, paragraph >1)2, app"ies in re"ation
to s$h State/
:/ An# State 'hi$h )e$o!es a part# to the treat# after the entr# into for$e of the a!ending
agree!ent sha"", fai"ing an e5pression of a different intention )# that State.
1a2
)e $onsidered as a part# to the treat# as a!ended4 and
1)2
)e $onsidered as a part# to the na!ended treat# in re"ation to an# part# to the treat# not
)ond )# the a!ending agree!ent/
Article !1 Agreements to mo'if# m%ltilateral treaties -eteen certain of the parties
onl#
0/ T'o or !ore of the parties to a !"ti"atera" treat# !a# $on$"de an agree!ent to !odif#
the treat# as )et'een the!se"ves a"one if.
1a2
the possi)i"it# of s$h a !odifi$ation is provided for )# the treat#4 or
1)2
the !odifi$ation in ,estion is not prohi)ited )# the treat# and.
1i2
does not affe$t the en*o#!ent )# the other parties of their rights nder the treat# or the
perfor!an$e of their o)"igations4
1ii2
does not re"ate to a provision, derogation fro! 'hi$h is in$o!pati)"e 'ith the effe$tive
e5e$tion of the o)*e$t and prpose of the treat# as a 'ho"e/
6/ +n"ess in a $ase fa""ing nder paragraph 01a2 the treat# other'ise provides, the parties in
,estion sha"" notif# the other parties of their intention to $on$"de the agree!ent and of the
!odifi$ation to the treat# for 'hi$h it provides/
Part 9 Invali'it#3 termination an' s%spension of the operation of treaties
Section 1( 8eneral provisions
Article !2 9ali'it# an' contin%ance in force of treaties
0/ The va"idit# of a treat# or of the $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a treat# !a# )e
i!pea$hed on"# throgh the app"i$ation of the present Convention/
6/ The ter!ination of a treat#, its denn$iation or the 'ithdra'a" of a part#, !a# ta(e p"a$e
on"# as a res"t of the app"i$ation of the provisions of the treat# or of the present
Convention/ The sa!e r"e app"ies to sspension of the operation of a treat#/
Article !3 O-ligations impose' -# international la in'epen'entl# of a treat#
The inva"idit#, ter!ination or denn$iation of a treat#, the 'ithdra'a" of a part# fro! it, or
the sspension of its operation, as a res"t of the app"i$ation of the present Convention or of
the provisions of the treat#, sha"" not in an# 'a# i!pair the dt# of an# State to f"fi" an#
o)"igation e!)odied in the treat# to 'hi$h it 'o"d )e s)*e$t nder internationa" "a'
independent"# of the treat#/
Article !! Separa-ilit# of treat# provisions
0/ A right of a part#, provided for in a treat# or arising nder arti$"e :@, to denon$e,
'ithdra' fro! or sspend the operation of the treat# !a# )e e5er$ised on"# 'ith respe$t to
the 'ho"e treat# n"ess the treat# other'ise provides or the parties other'ise agree/
6/ A grond for inva"idating, ter!inating, 'ithdra'ing fro! or sspending the operation of
a treat# re$ogni%ed in the present Convention !a# )e invo(ed on"# 'ith respe$t to the 'ho"e
treat# e5$ept as provided in the fo""o'ing paragraphs or in arti$"e @;/
=/ If the grond re"ates so"e"# to parti$"ar $"ases, it !a# )e invo(ed on"# 'ith respe$t to
those $"ases 'here.
1a2
the said $"ases are separa)"e fro! the re!ainder of the treat# 'ith regard to their
app"i$ation4
1)2
it appears fro! the treat# or is other'ise esta)"ished that a$$eptan$e of those $"ases 'as not
an essentia" )asis of the $onsent of the other part# or parties to )e )ond )# the treat# as a
'ho"e4 and
1$2
$ontined perfor!an$e of the re!ainder of the treat# 'o"d not )e n*st/
>/ In $ases fa""ing nder arti$"es >< and :; the State entit"ed to invo(e the frad or
$orrption !a# do so 'ith respe$t either to the 'ho"e treat# or, s)*e$t to paragraph =, to the
parti$"ar $"ases a"one/
:/ In $ases fa""ing nder arti$"es :0, :6 and :=, no separation of the provisions of the treat#
is per!itted/
Article !$ 6oss of a right to invo:e a gro%n' for invali'ating3 terminating3
ith'raing from or s%spen'ing the operation of a treat#
A State !a# no "onger invo(e a grond for inva"idating, ter!inating, 'ithdra'ing fro! or
sspending the operation of a treat# nder arti$"es >@ to :; or arti$"es @; and @6 if, after
)e$o!ing a'are of the fa$ts.
1a2
it sha"" have e5press"# agreed that the treat# is va"id or re!ains in for$e or $ontines in
operation, as the $ase !a# )e4 or
1)2
it !st )# reason of its $ond$t )e $onsidered as having a$,ies$ed in the va"idit# of the
treat# or in its !aintenan$e in for$e or in operation, as the $ase !a# )e/
Section 2; Invali'it# of treaties
Article !) Provisions of internal la regar'ing competence to concl%'e treaties
0/ A State !a# not invo(e the fa$t that its $onsent to )e )ond )# a treat# has )een
e5pressed in vio"ation of a provision of its interna" "a' regarding $o!peten$e to $on$"de
treaties as inva"idating its $onsent n"ess that vio"ation 'as !anifest and $on$erned a r"e of
its interna" "a' of fnda!enta" i!portan$e/
6/ A vio"ation is !anifest if it 'o"d )e o)*e$tive"# evident to an# State $ond$ting itse"f in
the !atter in a$$ordan$e 'ith nor!a" pra$ti$e and in good faith/
Article !* Specific restrictions on a%thorit# to e0press the consent of a State
If the athorit# of a representative to e5press the $onsent of a State to )e )ond )# a
parti$"ar treat# has )een !ade s)*e$t to a spe$ifi$ restri$tion, his o!ission to o)serve that
restri$tion !a# not )e invo(ed as inva"idating the $onsent e5pressed )# hi! n"ess the
restri$tion 'as notified to the other negotiating States prior to his e5pressing s$h $onsent/
Article !, 4rror
0/ A State !a# invo(e an error in a treat# as inva"idating its $onsent to )e )ond )# the
treat# if the error re"ates to a fa$t or sitation 'hi$h 'as ass!ed )# that State to e5ist at the
ti!e 'hen the treat# 'as $on$"ded and for!ed an essentia" )asis of its $onsent to )e )ond
)# the treat#/
6/ Paragraph 0 sha"" not app"# if the State in ,estion $ontri)ted )# its o'n $ond$t to the
error or if the $ir$!stan$es 'ere s$h as to pt that State on noti$e of a possi)"e error/
=/ An error re"ating on"# to the 'ording of the te5t of a treat# does not affe$t its va"idit#4
arti$"e 9< then app"ies/
Article !/ +ra%'
If a State has )een ind$ed to $on$"de a treat# )# the frad"ent $ond$t of another
negotiating State, the State !a# invo(e the frad as inva"idating its $onsent to )e )ond )#
the treat#/
Article $1 Corr%ption of a representative of a State
If the e5pression of a State?s $onsent to )e )ond )# a treat# has )een pro$red throgh the
$orrption of its representative dire$t"# or indire$t"# )# another negotiating State, the State
!a# invo(e s$h $orrption as inva"idating its $onsent to )e )ond )# the treat#/
Article $1 Coercion of a representative of a State
The e5pression of a State?s $onsent to )e )ond )# a treat# 'hi$h has )een pro$red )# the
$oer$ion of its representative throgh a$ts or threats dire$ted against hi! sha"" )e 'ithot
an# "ega" effe$t/
Article $2 Coercion of a State -# the threat or %se of force
A treat# is void if its $on$"sion has )een pro$red )# the threat or se of for$e in vio"ation
of the prin$ip"es of internationa" "a' e!)odied in the Charter of the +nited Nations/
Article $3 Treaties conflicting ith a peremptor# norm of general international la
<5%s cogens=
A treat# is void if, at the ti!e of its $on$"sion, it $onf"i$ts 'ith a pere!ptor# nor! of
genera" internationa" "a'/ For the prposes of the present Convention, a pere!ptor# nor! of
genera" internationa" "a' is a nor! a$$epted and re$ogni%ed )# the internationa" $o!!nit#
of States as a 'ho"e as a nor! fro! 'hi$h no derogation is per!itted and 'hi$h $an )e
!odified on"# )# a s)se,ent nor! of genera" internationa" "a' having the sa!e $hara$ter/
Section 3; Termination an' s%spension of the operation of treaties
Article $! Termination of or ith'raal from a treat# %n'er its provisions or -#
consent of the parties
The ter!ination of a treat# or the 'ithdra'a" of a part# !a# ta(e p"a$e.
1a2
in $onfor!it# 'ith the provisions of the treat#4 or
1)2
at an# ti!e )# $onsent of a"" the parties after $ons"tation 'ith the other $ontra$ting States
Article $$ Re'%ction of the parties to a m%ltilateral treat# -elo the n%m-er necessar#
for its entr# into force
+n"ess the treat# other'ise provides, a !"ti"atera" treat# does not ter!inate )# reason on"#
of the fa$t that the n!)er of the parties fa""s )e"o' the n!)er ne$essar# for its entr# into
for$e/
Article $) Den%nciation of or ith'raal from a treat# containing no provision
regar'ing termination3 'en%nciation or ith'raal
0/ A treat# 'hi$h $ontains no provision regarding its ter!ination and 'hi$h does not
provide for denn$iation or 'ithdra'a" is not s)*e$t to denn$iation or 'ithdra'a" n"ess.
1a2
it is esta)"ished that the parties intended to ad!it the possi)i"it# of denn$iation or
'ithdra'a"4 or
1)2
a right of denn$iation or 'ithdra'a" !a# )e i!p"ied )# the natre of the treat#/
6/ A part# sha"" give not "ess than t'e"ve !onths? noti$e of its intention to denon$e or
'ithdra' fro! a treat# nder paragraph 0/
Article $* S%spension of the operation of a treat# %n'er its provisions or -# consent of
the parties
The operation of a treat# in regard to a"" the parties or to a parti$"ar part# !a# )e
sspended.
1a2
in $onfor!it# 'ith the provisions of the treat#4 or
1)2
at an# ti!e )# $onsent of a"" the parties after $ons"tation 'ith the other $ontra$ting States/
Article $, S%spension of the operation of a m%ltilateral treat# -# agreement -eteen
certain of the parties onl#
0/ T'o or !ore parties to a !"ti"atera" treat# !a# $on$"de an agree!ent to sspend the
operation of provisions of the treat#, te!porari"# and as )et'een the!se"ves a"one, if.
1a2
the possi)i"it# of s$h a sspension is provided for )# the treat#4 or
1)2
the sspension in ,estion is not prohi)ited )# the treat# and.
1i2
does not affe$t the en*o#!ent )# the other parties of their rights nder the treat# or the
perfor!an$e of their o)"igations4
1ii2
is not in$o!pati)"e 'ith the o)*e$t and prpose of the treat#/
6/ +n"ess in a $ase fa""ing nder paragraph 01a2 the treat# other'ise provides, the parties in
,estion sha"" notif# the other parties of their intention to $on$"de the agree!ent and of
those provisions of the treat# the operation of 'hi$h the# intend to sspend/
Article $/ Termination or s%spension of the operation of a treat# implie' -# concl%sion
of a later treat#
0/ A treat# sha"" )e $onsidered as ter!inated if a"" the parties to it $on$"de a "ater treat#
re"ating to the sa!e s)*e$t&!atter and.
1a2
it appears fro! the "ater treat# or is other'ise esta)"ished that the parties intended that the
!atter sho"d )e governed )# that treat#4 or
1)2
the provisions of the "ater treat# are so far in$o!pati)"e 'ith those of the ear"ier one that the
t'o treaties are not $apa)"e of )eing app"ied at the sa!e ti!e/
6/ The ear"ier treat# sha"" )e $onsidered as on"# sspended in operation if it appears fro! the
"ater treat# or is other'ise esta)"ished that s$h 'as the intention of the parties/
Article )1 Termination or s%spension of the operation of a treat# as a conse.%ence of
its -reach
0/ A !ateria" )rea$h of a )i"atera" treat# )# one of the parties entit"es the other to invo(e the
)rea$h as a grond for ter!inating the treat# or sspending its operation in 'ho"e or in part/
6/ A !ateria" )rea$h of a !"ti"atera" treat# )# one of the parties entit"es.
1a2
the other parties )# nani!os agree!ent to sspend the operation of the treat# in 'ho"e or
in part or to ter!inate it either.
1i2
in the re"ations )et'een the!se"ves and the defa"ting State, or
1ii2
as )et'een a"" the parties4
1)2
a part# spe$ia""# affe$ted )# the )rea$h to invo(e it as a grond for sspending the operation
of the treat# in 'ho"e or in part in the re"ations )et'een itse"f and the defa"ting State4
1$2
an# part# other than the defa"ting State to invo(e the )rea$h as a grond for sspending the
operation of the treat# in 'ho"e or in part 'ith respe$t to itse"f if the treat# is of s$h a
$hara$ter that a !ateria" )rea$h of its provisions )# one part# radi$a""# $hanges the position
of ever# part# 'ith respe$t to the frther perfor!an$e of its o)"igations nder the treat#/
=/ A !ateria" )rea$h of a treat#, for the prposes of this arti$"e, $onsists in.
1a2
a repdiation of the treat# not san$tioned )# the present Convention4 or
1)2
the vio"ation of a provision essentia" to the a$$o!p"ish!ent of the o)*e$t or prpose of the
treat#/
>/ The foregoing paragraphs are 'ithot pre*di$e to an# provision in the treat# app"i$a)"e
in the event of a )rea$h/
:/ Paragraphs 0 to = do not app"# to provisions re"ating to the prote$tion of the h!an
person $ontained in treaties of a h!anitarian $hara$ter, in parti$"ar to provisions
prohi)iting an# for! of reprisa"s against persons prote$ted )# s$h treaties/
Article )1 S%pervening impossi-ilit# of performance
0/ A part# !a# invo(e the i!possi)i"it# of perfor!ing a treat# as a grond for ter!inating or
'ithdra'ing fro! it if the i!possi)i"it# res"ts fro! the per!anent disappearan$e or
destr$tion of an o)*e$t indispensa)"e for the e5e$tion of the treat#/ If the i!possi)i"it# is
te!porar#, it !a# )e invo(ed on"# as a grond for sspending the operation of the treat#/
6/ I!possi)i"it# of perfor!an$e !a# not )e invo(ed )# a part# as a grond for ter!inating,
'ithdra'ing fro! or sspending the operation of a treat# if the i!possi)i"it# is the res"t of
a )rea$h )# that part# either of an o)"igation nder the treat# or of an# other internationa"
o)"igation o'ed to an# other part# to the treat#/
Article )2 +%n'amental change of circ%mstances
0/ A fnda!enta" $hange of $ir$!stan$es 'hi$h has o$$rred 'ith regard to those e5isting
at the ti!e of the $on$"sion of a treat#, and 'hi$h 'as not foreseen )# the parties, !a# not
)e invo(ed as a grond for ter!inating or 'ithdra'ing fro! the treat# n"ess.
1a2
the e5isten$e of those $ir$!stan$es $onstitted an essentia" )asis of the $onsent of the
parties to )e )ond )# the treat#4 and
1)2
the effe$t of the $hange is radi$a""# to transfor! the e5tent of o)"igations sti"" to )e
perfor!ed nder the treat#/
6/ A fnda!enta" $hange of $ir$!stan$es !a# not )e invo(ed as a grond for ter!inating
or 'ithdra'ing fro! a treat#.
1a2
if the treat# esta)"ishes a )ondar#4 or
1)2
if the fnda!enta" $hange is the res"t of a )rea$h )# the part# invo(ing it either of an
o)"igation nder the treat# or of an# other internationa" o)"igation o'ed to an# other part# to
the treat#/
=/ If, nder the foregoing paragraphs, a part# !a# invo(e a fnda!enta" $hange of
$ir$!stan$es as a grond for ter!inating or 'ithdra'ing fro! a treat# it !a# a"so invo(e
the $hange as a grond for sspending the operation of the treat#/
Article )3 Severance of 'iplomatic or cons%lar relations
The severan$e of dip"o!ati$ or $ons"ar re"ations )et'een parties to a treat# does not affe$t
the "ega" re"ations esta)"ished )et'een the! )# the treat# e5$ept in so far as the e5isten$e of
dip"o!ati$ or $ons"ar re"ations is indispensa)"e for the app"i$ation of the treat#/
Article )! 4mergence of a ne peremptor# norm of general international la <5%s
cogens=
If a ne' pere!ptor# nor! of genera" internationa" "a' e!erges, an# e5isting treat# 'hi$h is
in $onf"i$t 'ith that nor! )e$o!es void and ter!inates/
Section !; Proce'%re
Article )$ Proce'%re to -e folloe' ith respect to invali'it#3 termination3 ith'raal
from or s%spension of the operation of a treat#
0/ A part# 'hi$h, nder the provisions of the present Convention, invo(es either a defe$t in
its $onsent to )e )ond )# a treat# or a grond for i!pea$hing the va"idit# of a treat#,
ter!inating it, 'ithdra'ing fro! it or sspending its operation, !st notif# the other parties
of its $"ai!/ The notifi$ation sha"" indi$ate the !easre proposed to )e ta(en 'ith respe$t to
the treat# and the reasons therefor/
6/ If, after the e5pir# of a period 'hi$h, e5$ept in $ases of spe$ia" rgen$#, sha"" not )e "ess
than three !onths after the re$eipt of the notifi$ation, no part# has raised an# o)*e$tion, the
part# !a(ing the notifi$ation !a# $arr# ot in the !anner provided in arti$"e @9 the !easre
'hi$h it has proposed/
=/ If, ho'ever, o)*e$tion has )een raised )# an# other part#, the parties sha"" see( a so"tion
throgh the !eans indi$ated in arti$"e == of the Charter of the +nited Nations/
>/ Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs sha"" affe$t the rights or o)"igations of the parties
nder an# provisions in for$e )inding the parties 'ith regard to the sett"e!ent of disptes/
:/ Withot pre*di$e to arti$"e >:, the fa$t that a State has not previos"# !ade the
notifi$ation pres$ri)ed in paragraph 0 sha"" not prevent it fro! !a(ing s$h notifi$ation in
ans'er to another part# $"ai!ing perfor!an$e of the treat# or a""eging its vio"ation/
Article )) Proce'%res for 5%'icial settlement3 ar-itration an' conciliation
If, nder paragraph = of arti$"e @:, no so"tion has )een rea$hed 'ithin a period of 06
!onths fo""o'ing the date on 'hi$h the o)*e$tion 'as raised, the fo""o'ing pro$edres sha""
)e fo""o'ed.
1a2
an# one of the parties to a dispte $on$erning the app"i$ation or the interpretation of arti$"es
:= or @> !a#, )# a 'ritten app"i$ation, s)!it it to the Internationa" Cort of Asti$e for a
de$ision n"ess the parties )# $o!!on $onsent agree to s)!it the dispte to ar)itration4
1)2
an# one of the parties to a dispte $on$erning the app"i$ation or the interpretation of an# of
the other arti$"es in Part V of the present Convention !a# set in !otion the pro$edre
spe$ified in the Anne5 to the Convention )# s)!itting a re,est to that effe$t to the
Se$retar#&7enera" of the +nited Nations/
Article )* Instr%ments for 'eclaring invali'3 terminating3 ith'raing from or
s%spen'ing the operation of a treat#
0/ The notifi$ation provided for nder arti$"e @: paragraph 0 !st )e !ade in 'riting/
6/ An# a$t de$"aring inva"id, ter!inating, 'ithdra'ing fro! or sspending the operation of a
treat# prsant to the provisions of the treat# or of paragraphs 6 or = of arti$"e @: sha"" )e
$arried ot throgh an instr!ent $o!!ni$ated to the other parties/ If the instr!ent is not
signed )# the Head of State, Head of 7overn!ent or 8inister for Foreign Affairs, the
representative of the State $o!!ni$ating it !a# )e $a""ed pon to prod$e f"" po'ers/
Article ), Revocation of notifications an' instr%ments provi'e' for in articles )$ an'
)*
A notifi$ation or instr!ent provided for in arti$"es @: or @9 !a# )e revo(ed at an# ti!e
)efore it ta(es effe$t/
Section $; Conse.%ences of the invali'it#3 termination or s%spension of the operation of
a treat#
Article )/ Conse.%ences of the invali'it# of a treat#
0/ A treat# the inva"idit# of 'hi$h is esta)"ished nder the present Convention is void/ The
provisions of a void treat# have no "ega" for$e/
6/ If a$ts have neverthe"ess )een perfor!ed in re"ian$e on s$h a treat#.
1a2
ea$h part# !a# re,ire an# other part# to esta)"ish as far as possi)"e in their !ta" re"ations
the position that 'o"d have e5isted if the a$ts had not )een perfor!ed4
1)2
a$ts perfor!ed in good faith )efore the inva"idit# 'as invo(ed are not rendered n"a'f" )#
reason on"# of the inva"idit# of the treat#/
=/ In $ases fa""ing nder arti$"es ><, :;, :0 or :6, paragraph 6 does not app"# 'ith respe$t to
the part# to 'hi$h the frad, the a$t of $orrption or the $oer$ion is i!pta)"e/
>/ In the $ase of the inva"idit# of a parti$"ar State?s $onsent to )e )ond )# a !"ti"atera"
treat#, the foregoing r"es app"# in the re"ations )et'een that State and the parties to the
treat#/
Article *1 Conse.%ences of the termination of a treat#
0/ +n"ess the treat# other'ise provides or the parties other'ise agree, the ter!ination of a
treat# nder its provisions or in a$$ordan$e 'ith the present Convention.
1a2
re"eases the parties fro! an# o)"igation frther to perfor! the treat#4
1)2
does not affe$t an# right, o)"igation or "ega" sitation of the parties $reated throgh the
e5e$tion of the treat# prior to its ter!ination/
6/ If a State denon$es or 'ithdra's fro! a !"ti"atera" treat#, paragraph 0 app"ies in the
re"ations )et'een that State and ea$h of the other parties to the treat# fro! the date 'hen
s$h denn$iation or 'ithdra'a" ta(es effe$t/
Article *1 Conse.%ences of the invali'it# of a treat# hich conflicts ith a peremptor#
norm of general international la
0/ In the $ase of a treat# 'hi$h is void nder arti$"e := the parties sha"".
1a2
e"i!inate as far as possi)"e the $onse,en$es of an# a$t perfor!ed in re"ian$e on an#
provision 'hi$h $onf"i$ts 'ith the pere!ptor# nor! of genera" internationa" "a'4 and
1)2
)ring their !ta" re"ations into $onfor!it# 'ith the pere!ptor# nor! of genera"
internationa" "a'/
6/ In the $ase of a treat# 'hi$h )e$o!es void and ter!inates nder arti$"e @>, the
ter!ination of the treat#.
1a2
re"eases the parties fro! an# o)"igation frther to perfor! the treat#4
1)2
does not affe$t an# right, o)"igation or "ega" sitation of the parties $reated throgh the
e5e$tion of the treat# prior to its ter!ination4 provided that those rights, o)"igations or
sitations !a# thereafter )e !aintained on"# to the e5tent that their !aintenan$e is not in
itse"f in $onf"i$t 'ith the ne' pere!ptor# nor! of genera" internationa" "a'/
Article *2 Conse.%ences of the s%spension of the operation of a treat#
0/ +n"ess the treat# other'ise provides or the parties other'ise agree, the sspension of the
operation of a treat# nder its provisions or in a$$ordan$e 'ith the present Convention.
1a2
re"eases the parties )et'een 'hi$h the operation of the treat# is sspended fro! the
o)"igation to perfor! the treat# in their !ta" re"ations dring the period of the sspension4
1)2
does not other'ise affe$t the "ega" re"ations )et'een the parties esta)"ished )# the treat#/
6/ Bring the period of the sspension the parties sha"" refrain fro! a$ts tending to o)str$t
the res!ption of the operation of the treat#/
Part 9I 2iscellaneo%s provisions
Article *3 Cases of State s%ccession3 State responsi-ilit# an' o%t-rea: of hostilities
The provisions of the present Convention sha"" not pre*dge an# ,estion that !a# arise in
regard to a treat# fro! a s$$ession of States or fro! the internationa" responsi)i"it# of a
State or fro! the ot)rea( of hosti"ities )et'een States/
Article *! Diplomatic an' cons%lar relations an' the concl%sion of treaties
The severan$e or a)sen$e of dip"o!ati$ or $ons"ar re"ations )et'een t'o or !ore States
does not prevent the $on$"sion of treaties )et'een those States/ The $on$"sion of a treat#
does not in itse"f affe$t the sitation in regard to dip"o!ati$ or $ons"ar re"ations/
Article *$ Case of an aggressor State
The provisions of the present Convention are 'ithot pre*di$e to an# o)"igation in re"ation
to a treat# 'hi$h !a# arise for an aggressor State in $onse,en$e of !easres ta(en in
$onfor!it# 'ith the Charter of the +nited Nations 'ith referen$e to that State?s aggression/
Part 9II Depositaries3 notifications3 corrections an' registration
Article *) Depositaries of treaties
0/ The designation of the depositar# of a treat# !a# )e !ade )# the negotiating States, either
in the treat# itse"f or in so!e other !anner/ The depositar# !a# )e one or !ore States, an
internationa" organi%ation or the $hief ad!inistrative offi$er of the organi%ation/
6/ The fn$tions of the depositar# of a treat# are internationa" in $hara$ter and the depositar#
is nder an o)"igation to a$t i!partia""# in their perfor!an$e/ In parti$"ar, the fa$t that a
treat# has not entered into for$e )et'een $ertain of the parties or that a differen$e has
appeared )et'een a State and a depositar# 'ith regard to the perfor!an$e of the "atter?s
fn$tions sha"" not affe$t that o)"igation/
Article ** +%nctions of 'epositaries
0/ The fn$tions of a depositar#, n"ess other'ise provided in the treat# or agreed )# the
$ontra$ting States, $o!prise in parti$"ar.
1a2
(eeping $stod# of the origina" te5t of the treat# and of an# f"" po'ers de"ivered to the
depositar#4
1)2
preparing $ertified $opies of the origina" te5t and preparing an# frther te5t of the treat# in
s$h additiona" "angages as !a# )e re,ired )# the treat# and trans!itting the! to the
parties and to the States entit"ed to )e$o!e parties to the treat#4
1$2
re$eiving an# signatres to the treat# and re$eiving and (eeping $stod# of an# instr!ents,
notifi$ations and $o!!ni$ations re"ating to it4
1d2
e5a!ining 'hether the signatre or an# instr!ent, notifi$ation or $o!!ni$ation re"ating
to the treat# is in de and proper for! and, if need )e, )ringing the !atter to the attention of
the State in ,estion4
1e2
infor!ing the parties and the States entit"ed to )e$o!e parties to the treat# of a$ts,
notifi$ations and $o!!ni$ations re"ating to the treat#4
1f2
infor!ing the States entit"ed to )e$o!e parties to the treat# 'hen the n!)er of signatres
or of instr!ents of ratifi$ation, a$$eptan$e, approva" or a$$ession re,ired for the entr# into
for$e of the treat# has )een re$eived or deposited4
1g2
registering the treat# 'ith the Se$retariat of the +nited Nations4
1h2
perfor!ing the fn$tions spe$ified in other provisions of the present Convention/
6/ In the event of an# differen$e appearing )et'een a State and the depositar# as to the
perfor!an$e of the "atter?s fn$tions, the depositar# sha"" )ring the ,estion to the attention
of the signator# States and the $ontra$ting States or, 'here appropriate, of the $o!petent
organ of the internationa" organi%ation $on$erned/
Article *, Notifications an' comm%nications
E5$ept as the treat# or the present Convention other'ise provide, an# notifi$ation or
$o!!ni$ation to )e !ade )# an# State nder the present Convention sha"".
1a2
if there is no depositar#, )e trans!itted dire$t to the States for 'hi$h it is intended, or if
there is a depositar#, to the "atter4
1)2
)e $onsidered as having )een !ade )# the State in ,estion on"# pon its re$eipt )# the State
to 'hi$h it 'as trans!itted or, as the $ase !a# )e, pon its re$eipt )# the depositar#4
1$2
if trans!itted to a depositar#, )e $onsidered as re$eived )# the State for 'hi$h it 'as
intended on"# 'hen the "atter State has )een infor!ed )# the depositar# in a$$ordan$e 'ith
arti$"e 99, paragraph 0 1e2/
Article */ Correction of errors in te0ts or in certifie' copies of treaties
0/ Where, after the athenti$ation of the te5t of a treat#, the signator# States and the
$ontra$ting States are agreed that it $ontains an error, the error sha"", n"ess the# de$ide pon
so!e other !eans of $orre$tion, )e $orre$ted.
1a2
)# having the appropriate $orre$tion !ade in the te5t and $asing the $orre$tion to )e
initia""ed )# d"# athori%ed representatives4
1)2
)# e5e$ting or e5$hanging an instr!ent or instr!ents setting ot the $orre$tion 'hi$h it
has )een agreed to !a(e4 or
1$2
)# e5e$ting a $orre$ted te5t of the 'ho"e treat# )# the sa!e pro$edre as in the $ase of the
origina" te5t/
6/ Where the treat# is one for 'hi$h there is a depositar#, the "atter sha"" notif# the signator#
States and the $ontra$ting States of the error and of the proposa" to $orre$t it and sha""
spe$if# an appropriate ti!e&"i!it 'ithin 'hi$h o)*e$tion to the proposed $orre$tion !a# )e
raised/ If, on the e5pir# of the ti!e&"i!it.
1a2
no o)*e$tion has )een raised, the depositar# sha"" !a(e and initia" the $orre$tion in the te5t
and sha"" e5e$te a pro$Cs&ver)a" of the re$tifi$ation of the te5t and $o!!ni$ate a $op# of
it to the parties and to the States entit"ed to )e$o!e parties to the treat#4
1)2
an o)*e$tion has )een raised, the depositar# sha"" $o!!ni$ate the o)*e$tion to the signator#
States and to the $ontra$ting States/
=/ The r"es in paragraphs 0 and 6 app"# a"so 'here the te5t has )een athenti$ated in t'o or
!ore "angages and it appears that there is a "a$( of $on$ordan$e 'hi$h the signator# States
and the $ontra$ting States agree sho"d )e $orre$ted/
>/ The $orre$ted te5t rep"a$es the defe$tive te5t a) initio, n"ess the signator# States and the
$ontra$ting States other'ise de$ide/
:/ The $orre$tion of the te5t of a treat# that has )een registered sha"" )e notified to the
Se$retariat of the +nited Nations/
@/ Where an error is dis$overed in a $ertified $op# of a treat#, the depositar# sha"" e5e$te a
pro$Cs&ver)a" spe$if#ing the re$tifi$ation and $o!!ni$ate a $op# of it to the signator#
States and to the $ontra$ting S"ates/
Article ,1 Registration an' p%-lication of treaties
0/ Treaties sha"", after their entr# into for$e, )e trans!itted to the Se$retariat of the +nited
Nations for registration or fi"ing and re$ording, as the $ase !a# )e, and for p)"i$ation/
6/ The designation of a depositar# sha"" $onstitte athori%ation for it to perfor! the a$ts
spe$ified in the pre$eding paragraph/
Part 9III +inal provisions
Article ,1 Signat%re
The present Convention sha"" )e open for signatre )# a"" States 8e!)ers of the +nited
Nations or of an# of the spe$ia"i%ed agen$ies or of the Internationa" Ato!i$ Energ# Agen$#
or parties to the Statte of the Internationa" Cort of Asti$e, and )# an# other State invited
)# the 7enera" Asse!)"# of the +nited Nations to )e$o!e a part# to the Convention, as
fo""o's. nti" =; Nove!)er 0<@<, at the Federa" 8inistr# for Foreign Affairs of the
Rep)"i$ of Astria, and s)se,ent"#, nti" =; Apri" 0<9;, at +nited Nations Head,arters,
Ne' Dor(/
Article ,2 Ratification
The present Convention is s)*e$t to ratifi$ation/ The instr!ents of ratifi$ation sha"" )e
deposited 'ith the Se$retar#&7enera" of the +nited Nations/
Article ,3 Accession
The present Convention sha"" re!ain open for a$$ession )# an# State )e"onging to an# of the
$ategories !entioned in arti$"e E0/ The instr!ents of a$$ession sha"" )e deposited 'ith the
Se$retar#&7enera" of the +nited Nations/
Article ,! 4ntr# into force
0/ The present Convention sha"" enter into for$e on the thirtieth da# fo""o'ing the date of
deposit of the thirt#&fifth instr!ent of ratifi$ation or a$$ession/
6/ For ea$h State ratif#ing or a$$eding to the Convention after the deposit of the thirt#&fifth
instr!ent of ratifi$ation or a$$ession, the Convention sha"" enter into for$e on the thirtieth
da# after deposit )# s$h State of its instr!ent of ratifi$ation or a$$ession/
Article ,$ A%thentic te0ts
The origina" of the present Convention, of 'hi$h the Chinese, Eng"ish, Fren$h, Rssian and
Spanish te5ts are e,a""# athenti$, sha"" )e deposited 'ith the Se$retar#&7enera" of the
+nited Nations/
In 'itness 'hereof the ndersigned P"enipotentiaries, )eing d"# athori%ed thereto )# their
respe$tive 7overn!ents, have signed the present Convention/
Bone at Vienna, this t'ent#&third da# of 8a#, one thosand nine hndred and si5t#&nine/