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    The Circulatory System, Third Edition
    The Circulatory System, Third Edition
    The Circulatory System, Third Edition
    Ebook121 pages1 hour

    The Circulatory System, Third Edition

    By Donna Bozzone and Susan Whittemore

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    About this ebook

    Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, the circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to every tissue in the body. At the center of this incredibly complex system is the heart, a strong muscle that continuously pumps blood throughout the body. Striving to promote a basic understanding of the fundamental physical and biological principles underlying circulatory functions, The Circulatory System, Third Edition describes the anatomical features of the system and examines how it responds to a broad range of challenges, such as increased activity, the microgravity of space, and hemorrhage. Packed with full-color photographs and illustrations, this absorbing book provides students with sufficient background information through references, websites, and a bibliography.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherChelsea House
    Release dateAug 1, 2021
    ISBN9781646937189
    The Circulatory System, Third Edition

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      Book preview

      The Circulatory System, Third Edition - Donna Bozzone

      title

      The Circulatory System, Third Edition

      Copyright © 2021 by Infobase

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For more information, contact:

      Chelsea House

      An imprint of Infobase

      132 West 31st Street

      New York NY 10001

      ISBN 978-1-64693-718-9

      You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web

      at http://www.infobase.com

      Contents

      Chapters

      Overview of the Human Circulatory System

      The Composition of Blood

      Oxygen Transport: The Role of Hemoglobin

      Anatomy of the Circulatory System

      Pumping Blood: How the Heart Works

      Control of Blood Pressure and Distribution

      Circulatory Responses to Hemorrhage and Exercise

      Support Materials

      Glossary

      Bibliography

      Further Resources

      About the Authors

      Index

      Chapters

      Overview of the Human Circulatory System

      Have you ever wondered how the all the parts of your body–organs, tissues, and cells–get the nutrients and oxygen they need and get rid of the waste products they produce? This is one of the main jobs of the circulatory system. Working with the respiratory system, the circulatory system keeps cells supplied with the materials they need to survive and to be free of toxic waste buildup.

      The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and a closed system of vessels that includes the arteries, veins, and capillaries. This system carries oxygen, brought into the body when we inhale, and nutrients taken in when we eat, to all body cells.  It also picks up waste produced by the body's chemical reactions. The circulatory system delivers these waste products to the liver, kidneys, and lungs where they are broken down and eliminated by the body. It is easy to understand why all body systems depend on a healthy, functioning circulatory system.

      The movement of molecules, at the cellular level, depends on diffusion, the process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is an adequate mechanism for getting oxygen and nutrients into cells and moving waste out.  However, diffusion only works effectively over very short distances. It is not fast enough to support the oxygen and nutrient demands of a large multicellular organism like a human. Although humans do rely on diffusion between the blood and the air in the lungs, and between the blood and the cells in the capillaries, the delivery of blood to these sites of exchange needs something more rapid and efficient. Therefore, blood is transported throughout the human body by the process of bulk flow. During this process, blood is moved from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure by the actions of the heart, the pump that pressurizes the blood to drive its flow. Such a system allows for the rapid transport of blood over long distances so it can deliver nutrients to, and carry away wastes from, all of the body's cells.

      In humans, the heart and its delivery system have two separate circuits. The pulmonary circuit, supplied by the right side of the heart, receives blood returning to the heart from the body and pumps it to the lungs for reoxygenation and unloading of carbon dioxide. The systemic circuit, supplied by the left side of the heart, delivers the oxygenated blood to the entire body. In both circuits, the heart pressurizes the blood, which then travels through a series of blood vessels leading ultimately to the capillaries where the exchange of materials with the cells occurs. The blood is then returned to the heart so it can be delivered to the pulmonary circuit.

      The human circulatory system consists of two separate circuits: the pulmonary circuit, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the systemic circuit, which supplies the entire body with oxygenated blood. The blood is shown in blue where it has reduced oxygen content and red when fully oxygenated. Note that in both circuits, arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood returning to the heart.

      Source: Infobase Learning.

      The circulatory system is composed of each of the four basic types of tissues in the body: epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective. Epithelial tissue, the type that makes up the outer layers of the skin and the innermost layer of the digestive system, lines the heart and blood vessels. Nervous tissue controls important cardiovascular functions such as heart rate and blood pressure. Muscle tissue is involved in the pumping of blood. Finally, blood itself is a type of connective tissue.

      The Composition of Blood

      Blood does more than carry and transport oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products. For example, it may also contain so-called markers that signal the presence of certain diseases, such as cancer, or indicate chemical imbalances, such as an iron deficiency. An individual's risk of suffering heart disease or level of exposure to a toxic substance can be determined from a blood sample. Blood levels of alcohol or other drugs can indicate a person's degree of impairment for performing certain tasks, such as driving. No other bodily tissue can provide such a range of information about a person's health.

      Blood Is a Fluid Tissue

      Unlike other connective tissues like cartilage or bone, blood is fluid. Blood is classified as a connective tissue because like all connective tissues, its cells are surrounded by a fluid.  The fluid in blood is called plasma. Blood distributes a wide variety of substances that are critical to life. It transports nutrients from their site of absorption in the digestive tract to the

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