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CLONING





In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in MT/STS1





GROUP # 3

Reno Renzo Lustre
Dave Michael Marimon
Hosue Lorenz Lapinoso
Kesha Joyce Duco
Bianca Ramil
Guia Lauren Tarranza
Roichinne Antoni Ruizo
Lea Monica Maloles
Aubrey Yen Mayuga





Submitted to:



Prof. Hanna May S. Yos, RMT



Date Submitted:



September 23, 2013






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CRITERIA PAGE:





Content 60%
Accuracy 25%
Format 10%
Promptness 5%




















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INTRODUCTION

What is Cloning?

A clone is a cell, group of cells, organ, or a whole organism produced by asexual
reproduction whose genetic information is identical to the parent cell or organism.
Recently, cloning has become an area of major study as recent developments in
technology have brought about the possibility of cloning cells, organs and even whole
organisms like animals and human beings. Recent technology has made it possible to
isolate and make copies of individual genes that direct an organism's development.

Why Clone?

Cloning for medical purposes
Of all the reasons, cloning for medical purposes has the most potential to benefit
large numbers of people. How might cloning be used in medicine?
Cloning animal models of disease. Much of what researchers learn about human
disease comes from studying animal models such as mice. Often, animal models are
genetically engineered to carry disease-causing mutations in their genes. Creating
these transgenic animals is a time-intensive process that requires trial-and-error and
several generations of breeding. Cloning technologies might reduce the time needed to
make a transgenic animal model, and the result would be a population of genetically
identical animals for study.

Cloning stem cells for research. Stem cells are the body's building blocks, responsible
for developing, maintaining and repairing the body throughout life. As a result, they
might be used to repair damaged or diseased organs and tissues. Researchers are
currently looking toward cloning as a way to create genetically defined human stem
cells for research and medical purposes.

"Pharming" for drug production. Farm animals such as cows, sheep and goats are
currently being genetically engineered to produce drugs or proteins that are useful in
medicine. Just like creating animal models of disease, cloning might be a faster way to
produce large herds of genetically engineered animals.

Types of Cloning:
DNA Cloning
In DNA Cloning (a.k.a. "recombinant DNA technology," "molecular cloning, or
"gene cloning") only the DNA of a cell is replicated. A DNA from an organism is
transferred to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. (Plasmids
are circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that exist in bacteria and in the nuclei of
some eukaryotic cells. They can replicate independently of the host cell.) In other
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words, a small piece of the DNA strand is removed and united with a plasmid which
reproduces itself to create multiple copies of the same DNA code. This plasmid is also
known as a vector. (A "vector" is an agent that can carry a DNA fragment into a host
cell. If it is used for reproducing the DNA fragment, it is called a "cloning vector".) This
copied DNA can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. After it is introduced into a
suitable host cell, the recombinant vector can then be reproduced along with the host
cell DNA.
Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the
same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Human cloning
also falls into this category. Dolly was created by reproductive cloning technology. In a
process called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) (Somatic Cell is any biological
cell forming the body of an organism), the DNA information from the nucleus of a donor
adult cell is copied into a cell whose nucleus (thus also its genetic material) has been
removed. Chemicals or electric current are used to stimulate cell division. Once the cells
start dividing and the embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is planted into the uterus of a
female host where it develops until birth.
There is one important fact to know about reproductive cloning. Even though the
DNA from the nucleus in the cloned cells is identical to the original cells, the whole
animal (or human) is not identical. This is because some DNA is stored in the
mitochondria of the cell which is not cloned and is thus unique. The DNA in
mitochondria is believed to play an important role in the aging process.
Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning is like reproductive cloning, except that the embryos are not
allowed to develop fully. The purpose of therapeutic cloning is to extract the stem cells
from the embryos and study them. When the egg has been cloned and divided for 5
days, the stem cells are extracted from it. The embryos are destroyed due to the
extraction process, which raises ethical concerns.
But why the need for stem cells? The answer lies in the composition of these
cells. Stem cells are unspecialized cells which can transform into any of the 220 cell
types that are in the human body. Many researchers hope that one day stem cells can
be used to serve as replacement cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and
various other diseases.
In November 2001, scientists from Advanced Cell Technologies (ACT), a
biotechnology company in Massachusetts, announced that they had cloned the first
human embryos for the purpose of advancing therapeutic research. They had taken
cells from a woman's ovaries and removed their nucleus. Skin cells were then inserted
into the ovary cells to serve as the new nucleus. The cells began dividing, but the
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results were limited in success. The process was carried out with eight eggs and only
one of them successfully divided into six cells before stopping.


MAIN BODY

Human Cloning

Do you think that human cloning is impossible? If you do then you're wrong. South
Korean scientists where the first, and only, to successfully clone a human embryo and
harvest stem cells from it. This procedure may one day lead to replacing tissue to treat
diseases that have destroyed certain parts of the body, like diabetes and Parkinson's
disease.

The South Korean scientists extracted 242 eggs and were able to create 30 early
stage embryos each containing 100 cells. From those they harvested one colony of
stem cells.

The stem cells are unspecialized cells, meaning that when they develop they can
become many different cell types to form skin, organs, bones, or other parts of the body.
Scientists and doctors hope to take advantage of this property to replace all kinds of
tissue and cure some diseases.

An international conflict has erupted over whether or not to ban human cloning
completely, or to allow some form of therapeutic cloning. The U.S. has called for a total
ban on cloning, Britain was the only European country that would allow it.

Canada is almost the last country not to vote on this subject.

The South Korean announcement that they had cloned a human embryo came in at
the same time that Paul Martin reintroduced a bill ,or want to be law, that would ban
human cloning and prohibit the sale of human sperm, eggs, and embryos. This bill
would still allow stem cell research though.

Some members of the British government are against the proposed bill because it will
allow stem cell research.

They say that embryos are the beginning of a new life and that they should not be
tampered with or researched.

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Animal Cloning
Dolly the Sheep

Dolly the sheep was one of the first cloned animals. She was born on July 5,
1996. It took 277 tries to successfully clone Dolly. Of those, some of the sheep came
out profoundly malformed. Dolly, however, came out very healthy. A little of the
process that was used on Dolly was used on a few other experiments as well.

Dollys creators had to take a cell and de-program it. Scientists replaced the
nucleus of the egg cell with the nucleus from the parent cell, an udder cell in Dollys
case. Somehow, the cell reprogrammed the DNA contained within its new nucleus, and
Dolly was the result. The resulting embryo was implanted into the womb of a third
sheep. Dolly was born on July 5, 1996, and her birth was announced in early 1997. She
died on Friday 14, 2003. She had been suffering from a progressive lung disease, not
from deformations of the cloning.

Copy Cat

Carbon Copy, or CC for short, was the very first cloned cat. She was born on
December 22, 2001. She was cloned from eighty seven cloned embryos implanted into
eight female cats. Her birth was announced on Valentines Day after DNA analysis
confirmed that she was indeed a genetic clone. She was cloned from cumulus cells,
which surround mammalian eggs before ovulation. This is not an easy cell type to gain
access to if the technique were to become widely used.

The idea to clone a cat came from a man who wanted to clone his dog.

The Missyplicity Project

A man named John Sperling the founder of Genetics Saving & Clone, donated
3.7 million dollars to fund the cloning of his mixed-breed dog, Missy. They named this
project The Missyplicity Project. This began in 1997. The news spread quickly. Calls
and emails poured in from people around the world who wanted to clone their own pets.
Dr. Sperling and other members of the Missyplicity Project founded Genetic Savings &
Clone in February 2000 in response to this demand.

Missy died at age 15 in 2002 before efforts to clone her had succeeded. Her
DNA remains available for use in cloning, thanks to gene banking. We still believe
ongoing research efforts will result in Missy being the first cloned dog.



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How to Clone: The Process
Have you ever wondered how exactly the scientists clone? The process can be
long and complicated, requiring much care. Here is the basic outline of how to clone, in
eight simple steps:

1. Isolate a cell from a donor female.
2. Take an unfertilized egg from another female.
3. Remove the nucleus from the egg cell.
4. Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell.
5. Once you have switched the egg cell nucleus with a different type of nucleus, you
need to let the new DNA adjust to the egg cell. The egg cell will have to sit for a couple
of hours to let the DNA reprogram so it can act as if it belongs to that egg cell.
6. Now you have to stimulate the egg cell, so that the egg can begin cell division. You
add a drop of a liquid chemical that copies the cellular events that happen when an egg
cell is fertilized. Then wait until the cell has divided a few times, creating a ball of sixteen
cells. This should take a few hours.
7. Once the embryo is fully formed, insert it in the surrogate mother.
8. Now you wait until the baby is born, and you might have a clone!


History of Cloning:

Cloning of plants (such as growing a plant from a cutting) has been a common
practice of mankind for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. Even cloning of
small animals has a long history dated back to the 1960's. However, human cloning had
not been thought possible until the successful cloning of the first mammal, Dolly the
sheep, in 1997. The birth of Dolly is a major scientific and technological breakthrough.
However, it also raised the possibility that one day humans will be cloned, as well as
many medical and ethical issues and concerns associated with this possibility.
Following the cloning of Dolly, many other animals, including cows and mice, have been
successfully cloned. Though Clonaid, a human cloning company founded by the
religious movement group Raelian, claimed that a clone human baby was born in
December 2002, no human cloning has been scientifically confirmed thus far.

Some of the most significant events in the history of cloning are listed below:

1880's - August Weismann, professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the
University of Freiberg, proposed that the genetic information of a cell would diminish
with each cell division.

1880's - Wilhelm Roux experimentally confirmed Weismann's theory. When he
destroyed one cell of a 2-cell frog embryo with a hot needle, only a half-embryo
developed.
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1894 - Hans Dreisch experimentally challenged the theory of Weismann and Roux.
Dreisch showed that blastomeres isolated from 2- and 4-cell sea urchin embryos could
develop into small larvae.

1901 - Hans Spemann split a 2-cell salamander embryo into two parts, which developed
into two complete organisms. This result showed that early embryo cells retain all the
genetic information necessary to develop into a new organism.

1902 - Walter Sutton, in "On the Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachyotola
magna", hypothesized that chromosomes hold the genetic information in the nucleus.

1914 - Hans Spemann performs the first successful nuclear transfer experiments.

1938 - Hans Spemann published the results of his 1928 nuclear transfer experiments. In
his book "Embryonic Development and Induction", Spemann proposed a "fantastical
experiment" to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a nucleus, providing the
basis for subsequent cloning experiments.

1962 - John Gurdon of Oxford University claimed that he had cloned South African frogs
from the nucleus of fully differentiated adult intestinal cells.

1963 - The British biologist J.B.S. Haldane used the term "clone" in a speech.

1964 - F. E. Steward of Cornell University successfully grew a complete carrot plant
from a fully differentiated carrot root cell. This surprising result proved that cloning from
differentiated cells was possible.

1969 - James Shapiero and Johnathan Bechwith of Harvard University isolated the first
gene. Their discovery added to the growing power of molecular biologists.

1972 - Paul Berg of Stanford University created the first recombinant DNA molecules.

1979 - Karl Illmensee claimed to have cloned three mice.

1983 - Kary Mullis invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR. PCR allows the
rapid replication of designated fragments of DNA. This technique greatly facilitated
every aspect of molecular biology.

1984 - Danish scientist Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep from embryonic cells. This was
the first confirmed case of mammalian cloning. Willadsen used a method called nuclear
transfer.

1986 - Steen Willadsen, working for the biotechnology company Grenada Genetics,
cloned a cow using differentiated cells extracted from one-week-old embryos.

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1986 - Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone of the University of Wisconsin
also cloned a cow from embryonic cells.

1990 - The Human Genome Project began. This international collaborative effort
attempted to sequence the entire genetic makeup of humans, consisting of more than 3
billion nucleotides.

1995 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell of the Roslin Institute in Scotland successfully
cloned two sheep, Megan and Morag, using cells extracted from differentiated embryos.

1996 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell cloned the first animal from adult cells. Dolly the
sheep, born on July 5, 1996, was created using the so-called Roslin Technique. The
cloning of Dolly is one of the most important milestones in the history of animal cloning,
as it proves that cloning of adult animals is possible.

1997 - Two Rhesus Monkeys were cloned by nuclear transfer from the 8-cell stage in
the laboratory of Don Wolf at Oregan Regional Primate Research Center.

1997- President Clinton signed a five-year moratorium on the use of federal funds for
human cloning.

1997 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell cloned a poll Dorset lamb, Polly, from skin cells
grown in a lab and genetically altered to contain a human gene.

1998- Dolly gave birth to three healthy lambs, conceived by natural mating.

1998 - Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Toni Perry and Teruhiko Wakayama of the University of
Hawaii reported cloning fifty mice from adult cells. They have employed a technique
called "The Honolulu Technique" that is more efficient than "The Roslin Technique"
used by Wilmut and Campbell to clone Dolly.

2001 - Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. announced the birth of a cloned
baby bull gaur (a large wild ox) named Noah. Noah was the first endangered animal to
be cloned. Although Noah died of an infection unrelated to the cloning procedure, the
experiment opened the door to saving endangered species through cloning.

2003 - Dolly the sheep was put down by a lethal anesthetic injection. She suffered from
lung cancer caused by a virus. She was six and a half years old. Apart from the cancer
and her well-publicized arthritis, she was relatively healthy and normal.




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ADVANTAGES OF CLONING


Organ transplants

Cloning also offers hope to persons needing organ transplants. People requiring
organ transplants to survive an illness often wait years for a suitable donor. In many
cases these patients die waiting, as there are long lists of people requiring organs.
Theoretically, cloning could eliminate this by producing more animals that can act as
suitable donors. Pig livers have been successfully transplanted to human beings, as an
interim measure until a human liver is found. Additionally, cloning of these animals not
put a burden on the worlds food supply.

Helping infertile couples

Cloning offers couples dealing with fertility the chance to have a child of their
own. Many infertile couples cant be helped by the techniques currently available. In
fact, although some states have already banned human cloning because of ethical
issues, more couples struggling to have children are starting to consider the possibilities
that cloning offer.

Protecting Endangered Species

Despite the best efforts of conservationists worldwide, some species are nearing
extinction. The successful cloning of Dolly represents the first step in protecting
endangered wildlife.

Improving food supply

Cloning could provide a means of cultivating plants that are stronger and more
resistant to diseases, while producing more. The same could happen to livestock as
well where diseases such as foot and mouth disease could be eradicated.Cloning could
therefore effectively solve the worlds food problem and minimize or possible eadicate
starvation









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DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING

Cloning is playing God
The clergymen opined human cloning is playing the role of god. Bishop of
Catholic Albert Moraczewski mentioned that the power that God gives humans is over
the fish, the birds, and all animals, domestic and wild, large and small. (Genesis,
chapter1, verse 26). Adam and Eve have all the power, except they cannot eat the fruit
of the tree that gives knowledge of what is good and what is bad. If they do so, they will
die. So, Albert Moraczewski believes that human cloning is out of the Gods permission.
There is no evidence that proves humans have the right to change Gods will.
Transgressing the nature
Human cloning transgresses nature, because it is not via the natural reproductive
process, which is by a man and a woman. Human cloning is creating life.
Inhumane
A clone makes no differences as us. A clone must hear, drink and carry out any
other metabolic processes in order to survive. The clone may even be better than his
original host. It would be inhumane to treat them as special species. If human is
cloned, this will turn us to be a property which can be sold to anybody else. In other
words, selling humans is unethical, inhumane and immoral.
Devastate parenting and family life
The basic concept of a family is a couple falls in love and determines to care
each other. Then the couple may decide to have children which they will love them
dearly. But parents of clones might value their children according to how much they look
like to themselves. Cloning, at a result, undermine the basic elements of loving,
nurturing family and to accept each child as an unique individual.
Cause unbalance to the society
Cloning may arouses social side effects. It is ridiculous that reproduction is
separated from love and other human relationship. The entire world may use cloning for
eugenics that would lead to efforts to selectively breed children who are of more
intelligent, heavier and extraordinary.



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REFLECTION

Cloning opens windows of opportunities for closing the doors of morality and
ethics. It gives humanity the opportunity of survival but giving up the thing we call
diversity. In this article I will tackle the validity of cloning rather than facing the moral and
ethical obligations of man in the act of playing GOD.
Let me first define words that will appear in this article. Moral as defined by
Merriam Webster's is relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior. Ethical is the
discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.
The thing that we call morality is what they say as the determinant of being
human. We govern our decisions with the rules created by men which are morally and
ethically good for the society. Then, what makes cloning lesser moral and ethical?
Activists present to the public the reason of death to a fellow man. Religious sectors
presents the reason of imperfection of man to create things and the sin we will create in
the face of GOD. In a man's perspective who has a lesser belief in GOD, believes that
the sacrifice of the few for the lives of many is better than the death of all. The grounds
for his belief are the numerous advantages of human cloning in the field of medicine.
Though facing the fact that men will have to be sown and killed at the same time of
maturation. It gives man the promise of better health or better yet IMMORTALITY. It's
no doubt that cloned men are also Homo Sapiens that performs metabolic processes
the same as their hosts. The only thing that separates them from the hosts are the
experiences of the host in his lifetime. What become moral and ethical for men are the
goodness of the act and the relevance of the act. If the relevance of cloning gives a
greater impact to the sick and will be sick and if the goodness it shares to men is larger;
then how was cloning morally and ethically wrong?
Is man ready to change its acts and its ethics to suit its needs of survival?










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REFERENCE PAGE

1. http://cloning-for-dummies.tripod.com/

2. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whyclone/

3. http://cloning-for-dummies.tripod.com/keyterms.html#plasmid

4. http://cloning-for-dummies.tripod.com/types_of_cloning.html

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cell

6. http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01880/cloning_experiments.htm

7. https://bsp.med.harvard.edu/?q=node%2F18

8. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122429/ethics/disadvantages.htm

9. http://schools.sd68.bc.ca/ceds/library/cloning.htm