WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

This document provides a brief on the local wind regime in place under the
short term Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power
Generation (2006)

The Government of Pakistan (GOP) in order to attract investment into the wind power sector provides coverage against wind speed
variability risk (Wind Risk) for the initial project through its Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation,
2006 (the Policy). The financial implications of provision of Wind Risk are absorbed by the utility procuring power from the wind
power producer (WPP). The mechanism for determining applicability of Wind Risk detailed under the Policy ensures that WPPs are
only awarded immunity (in terms of revenue) against variability in wind speed, and not for non-conformance with performance
parameters.
In order to better understand the working of the Wind Risk coverage, it is necessary to gain an understanding of the following
concepts contained in the Policy and the Energy Purchase Agreement (EPA):

Benchmark Wind Speed is determined based on monthly Mean of Means of wind speeds from the available wind data
(masts maintained by Pakistan Metrological Department at Nooriabad for Jhampir and Gharo for Kuttikun and Bhambore).
This entails determining wind speed benchmarks from the data collected at a certain height above ground level and its
extrapolation by standard formulae to the turbine height of the proposed wind farm. Monthly Mean of Means is the average
of mean monthly wind velocities for a given month over a number of years for which reliable data is available.
The Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) had been entrusted with the task of development of Benchmark Wind
Speed tables for wind farm site to be located at Jhampir and Kuttikun, Sindh. Based on the Mean of Means method
described above, AEDB has developed the following Benchmark Wind Speed tables for different hub heights:
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Annual Average

Kuttikun and Bhambore Sites

30m 50m 60m 67m 80m
4.7
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.1
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.3
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.9
7.0
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.6
8.9
9.4
9.6
9.7
9.8
10.3 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.3
8.4
8.9
9.0
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.8
10.0 10.2 10.3
7.6
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
4.3
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.8
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.6
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3

30m
4.3
4.5
4.8
6.4
8.3
8.8
8.8
8.2
6.6
4.2
3.6
4.0
6.0

Jhampir Sites
50m 60m 67m
4.7
4.9
5.0
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.6
7.0
7.3
7.5
9.1
9.4
9.6
9.5
9.8
10.0
9.6
9.9
10.1
8.9
9.2
9.3
7.3
7.5
7.7
4.7
4.9
5.0
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.7
6.6
6.8
7.0

80m
5.2
5.6
5.9
7.8
9.9
10.3
10.4
9.6
8.0
5.2
4.4
4.9
7.3

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

The GOP guarantees the Benchmark Wind Speeds, provided above, on monthly basis (termed as the Monthly Benchmark
Wind Speeds) for each of the wind farm sites located at Jhampir and Kuttikun.

Monthly Benchmark Energy or MBE is the energy production estimate determined based on the Monthly Benchmark Wind
Speed for each project site based on the selected technology (monthly energy outputs). The MBE value for each month is
specified after taking into account the power curve, availability, wake and electrical losses and auxiliary consumption of the
complex.

Complex Monthly Power Curve Energy table - The quantity of energy a wind farm (all WTGs and other equipment
forming part of the complex / project) is capable of generating and delivering during a given month corresponding to each
node (graded to one-tenth of a meter per second) on the spectrum of wind speed ranging from the cut in wind speed to the
cut out wind speed of the selected wind turbine generators (WTG). The Complex Monthly Power Curve Energy table is

developed by the WPPs and upon approval from AEDB forms part of the EPA (executed between the WPP and power
purchaser / utility company).

Monthly Actual Wind Speed - The mean speed of the wind at the WPP site over a given month (expressed in meters per
second), calculated as the mean of the actual wind speed measurements (expressed in meters per second) recorded in that
month at contiguous intervals at which the data logger records the wind speed (not less than one reading per two (2)
seconds interval) from which a ten (10) minute mean is derived and all the said ten (10) minutes means in a given month are
used to compute the said mean speed over that month.

Regular Energy - For any month, the sum of the Net Delivered Energy and Non-Project Missed Volume less than or equal to
the Monthly Benchmark Energy for that month. Payments made by the power purchaser against delivery of Regular Energy
are termed as Regular Energy Payments.

Bonus Energy - For any month, the quantity of energy that exceeds the Monthly Benchmark Energy for that month.
Payments made by the power purchaser against delivery of Bonus Energy are termed as Bonus Energy Payments.

Shortfall Energy - The shortfall, if any, of the sum of Net Delivered Energy and Non-Project Missed Volume in a given
month below the Monthly Benchmark Energy for that month, where such shortfall is attributable solely to the Monthly Actual
Wind Speed being less than the Monthly Benchmark Wind Speed. Payments made by the power purchaser against delivery of
Shortfall Energy are termed as Shortfall Energy Payments.

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

Net Delivered Energy - The net electric energy expressed in kWh that is generated by the wind farm and delivered to the
utility at the grid interconnection point.

Non-Project Missed Volume - The volume of Net Delivered Energy not delivered by the wind farm which non delivery is
due solely to any one of the following events:
o
o
o
o
o

constraints on the utilitys grid system,

variations in grid system frequency outside the technical limits of the wind farm,
grid system voltage outside the technical limits of the wind farm,
a despatch instruction restricting generation of energy issued by the utility, and
an emergency.

Energy Price The price of Net Delivered Energy and Non-Project Missed Volume, expressed in US per kWh, determined
by the National Electric Power and Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) for sale of electricity to the power purchaser.

The aggregate of the Monthly Benchmark Energy gives the annual energy production estimate, which is used in the determination of
Energy Price for a WPP, while the monthly revenue due to a WPP is based on the Complex Monthly Power Curve Energy table (the
CMPCE Table). This can be explained better with the assistance of the following example:

Assume that the table below is the Monthly Benchmark Energy table for a WPP, located at Jhampir, and provides the energy
production estimates corresponding to the Monthly Benchmark Wind Speeds which is used for calculating the Regular Energy
and Bonus Energy:
Months
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September

Monthly Benchmark
Wind Speeds (m/s)
5.2
5.6
5.9
7.8
9.9
10.3
10.4
9.6
8.0

Monthly Benchmark
Energy (GWh)
4.94
6.21
7.47
13.52
22.12
21.39
22.79
19.84
14.0

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

October
November
December
Average
Total

5.2
4.4
4.9
7.3
-

4.57
2.83
3.88
143.55

The CMPCE Table (attached as Annex- 1) is used for determining the Shortfall Energy (Wind Risk assessment) of the WPP.

Further, for this example we shall assume that the Energy Price of the WPP is US 9.5 / kWh (the Tariff).

Scenario I Monthly Actual Wind Speed is equal to Monthly Benchmark Wind Speed
o

Provided that the WPP generates and delivers energy equal to the Monthly Benchmark Energy to the utility, the WPP
shall be entitled to receive Regular Energy Payments determined based on the formula below:

In this scenario if in the month of January the Monthly Actual Wind Speed is equal to 5.2 m/s i.e. the Monthly Benchmark
Wind Speed and the WPP produces 4.94 GWh i.e equal to the Monthly Benchmark Energy; the Regular Energy Payment
shall be calculated (as per the formula above) as follows:
NDE January = 4.94 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
NPMV January = 0 kWh (assumed)

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

ME January = 4.94 x 10 ^ 6 kWh

As ME January = MBE January: therefore RE January = MBE January = 4.94 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
REP January = 0.095 x 4.94 x 10 ^ 6 = US$ 469,300

Scenario II Monthly Actual Wind Speed is greater than Monthly Benchmark Wind Speed
o

Provided that the WPP generates and delivers energy to the utility equal to or above the amount specified in the CMPCE
Table, the WPP shall be entitled to receive Regular Energy Payment up to the amount of Monthly Benchmark Energy and
Bonus Energy Payment for the amount of energy produced above the Monthly Benchmark Energy. The Bonus Energy
Payment due to the WPP shall be in addition to the Regular Energy Payment and shall be limited to 10% of the Energy
Price:

In this scenario, if in the month of February the Monthly Actual Wind Speed is 5.8 m/s, which is greater than the Monthly
Benchmark Wind Speed of 5.6 m/s, and the actual energy production (Net Delivered Energy or Monthly Energy) of the
WPP is 6.79 GWh, which is above the Monthly Benchmark Energy for that month. Then the following calculations for
Regular Energy Payment and Bonus Energy Payment shall apply:
NDE February = 6.79 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
NPMV February = 0 kWh (assumed)
ME February = 6.79 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
As ME February >= MBE February: therefore RE February = MBE February = 6.21 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
REP February = 0.095 x 6.21 x 10 ^ 6 = US$ 589,950

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

BonE February = (6.79 x 10 ^ 6) (6.21 x 10 ^ 6)

BonEP February = 0.095 x 0.58 x 10 ^ 6 x 10% = US$ 5,510

Scenario III (a) Monthly Actual Wind Speed is lower than Monthly Benchmark Wind Speed and Energy Production is in line with
CMPCE Table
o

Provided that the WPP generates and delivers energy to the utility in accordance with the CMPCE Table, the WPP shall be
entitled to receive Regular Energy Payment up to the amount of Net Delivered Energy and shall be entitled to receive
Shortfall Energy Payment for the amount of energy the WPP was unable to produce as a result of unavailability of wind.
The Shortfall Energy Payment due to the WPP shall be in addition to the Regular Energy Payment:

In this scenario, if in the month of March the Monthly Actual Wind Speed is 5.5 m/s, which is lower than the Monthly
Benchmark Wind Speed of 5.9 m/s, and the actual energy production (Net Delivered Energy or Monthly Energy) of the
WPP is in accordance with the CMPCE Table which is 6.14 GWh; then the following calculations for Regular Energy
Payment and Shortfall Energy Payment shall apply:
NDE March = 6.14 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
NPMV March = 0 kWh (assumed)
ME March = 6.14 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
As ME March < MBE March: therefore RE

March

= ME

March

= 6.14 x 10 ^ 6 kWh

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

REP March = 0.095 x 6.14 x 10 ^ 6 = US$ 583,300

X = (6.14 x 10 ^ 6) (6.14 x 10^ 6) = 0
SFE March = (7.47 x 10 ^ 6) (6.14 x 10 ^ 6) = 1.33 x 10 ^ 6
As Variable O&M in local WPPs is negligible
SFEP March = (1.33 x 10 ^ 6 0) x (0.095) = US$ 126,350

Scenario III (b) Monthly Actual Wind Speed is lower than Monthly Benchmark Wind Speed and Energy Production is lower than
that in the CMPCE Table
o

In case the WPP generates and delivers energy to the utility below the amount specified in the CMPCE Table, the WPP
shall be entitled to receive Regular Energy Payment up to the amount of Net Delivered Energy and shall be entitled to
receive Shortfall Energy Payment for the amount of energy the WPP was unable to produce as a result of unavailability of
wind after taking into account the inefficiency of the WPP. The Shortfall Energy Payment due to the WPP shall be in
addition to the Regular Energy Payment:

In this scenario if in the month of April the Monthly Actual Wind Speed is 7.5 m/s, which is lower than the Monthly
Benchmark Wind Speed of 7.8 m/s, and the actual energy production (Net Delivered Energy / Monthly Energy) of the
WPP is not in accordance with the CMPCE Table (assume the WPP produces 12.0 GWh which is below the amount to be
produced as specified in the CMPCE Table); then the following calculations for Regular Energy Payment and Shortfall
Energy Payment shall apply:
NDE March = 12.0 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
NPMV March = 0 kWh (assumed)

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

ME March = 12.0 x 10 ^ 6 kWh

As ME March < MBE March: therefore RE March = ME March = 12.0 x 10 ^ 6 kWh
REP March = 0.095 x 12.0 x 10 ^ 6 = US$ 1,140,000
SFE April = (13.52 x 10 ^ 6) (12.43 x 10 ^ 6) = 1.09 x 10 ^ 6
As Variable O&M in local WPPs is negligible
SFEP April = (1.09 x 10 ^ 6) x (12.0 x 10 ^ 6) / (12.43 x 10 ^ 6) x (0.095)
SFEP April = US$ 99,968

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

ANNEX I
Average Wind
Speed (m/s)
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

January

February

March

April

Energy Production Estimate GWH

May June July August September

0.56
0.66
0.77
0.89
1.02
1.15
1.30
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.98
2.17
2.37
2.58
2.81
3.04
3.28
3.54
3.80
4.07
4.35
4.64
4.94
5.25
5.57
5.90
6.23
6.57
6.91
7.26
7.62
7.98
8.34
8.71
9.07

0.74
0.85
0.97
1.10
1.24
1.38
1.54
1.70
1.87
2.05
2.24
2.44
2.65
2.86
3.08
3.31
3.55
3.79
4.04
4.30
4.56
4.83
5.10
5.37
5.65
5.93
6.21
6.50
6.79
7.08
7.37
7.66
7.94
8.23
8.52

0.67
0.78
0.90
1.03
1.17
1.32
1.47
1.64
1.81
2.00
2.19
2.39
2.61
2.83
3.06
3.30
3.54
3.80
4.06
4.34
4.62
4.91
5.21
5.51
5.82
6.14
6.46
6.79
7.13
7.47
7.81
8.16
8.51
8.86
9.21

0.44
0.53
0.63
0.73
0.84
0.97
1.09
1.23
1.38
1.53
1.70
1.87
2.05
2.24
2.44
2.65
2.87
3.09
3.33
3.58
3.83
4.10
4.37
4.65
4.95
5.25
5.56
5.88
6.21
6.54
6.88
7.23
7.58
7.94
8.31

0.29
0.37
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.76
0.88
1.01
1.15
1.30
1.45
1.61
1.78
1.96
2.15
2.35
2.56
2.77
3.00
3.23
3.47
3.73
3.99
4.26
4.54
4.83
5.14
5.45
5.77
6.10
6.44
6.79
7.16
7.53
7.91

0.39
0.47
0.56
0.66
0.77
0.88
1.01
1.14
1.28
1.43
1.59
1.76
1.93
2.12
2.31
2.52
2.73
2.95
3.18
3.42
3.66
3.92
4.18
4.46
4.74
5.03
5.33
5.64
5.95
6.27
6.60
6.93
7.28
7.62
7.98

0.36
0.44
0.53
0.63
0.73
0.85
0.98
1.11
1.25
1.40
1.56
1.73
1.91
2.09
2.29
2.49
2.70
2.92
3.16
3.40
3.65
3.91
4.18
4.46
4.75
5.05
5.36
5.68
6.01
6.35
6.69
7.05
7.42
7.79
8.17

0.39
0.47
0.57
0.66
0.77
0.89
1.02
1.15
1.29
1.44
1.61
1.77
1.95
2.14
2.34
2.54
2.76
2.98
3.21
3.46
3.71
3.97
4.24
4.52
4.81
5.10
5.41
5.72
6.05
6.38
6.71
7.06
7.41
7.77
8.13

0.38
0.46
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.87
0.99
1.12
1.26
1.41
1.56
1.72
1.90
2.08
2.27
2.47
2.68
2.89
3.12
3.35
3.60
3.85
4.12
4.39
4.67
4.96
5.26
5.57
5.89
6.21
6.54
6.88
7.23
7.58
7.94

October

November

December

0.51
0.60
0.70
0.81
0.93
1.05
1.19
1.33
1.48
1.65
1.82
2.00
2.18
2.38
2.59
2.80
3.03
3.26
3.51
3.76
4.02
4.29
4.57
4.86
5.15
5.46
5.77
6.08
6.40
6.73
7.07
7.41
7.75
8.10
8.45

0.61
0.71
0.82
0.94
1.06
1.20
1.34
1.50
1.66
1.83
2.01
2.20
2.40
2.61
2.83
3.05
3.29
3.53
3.78
4.04
4.31
4.58
4.87
5.16
5.45
5.75
6.06
6.37
6.68
7.00
7.33
7.65
7.98
8.31
8.64

0.51
0.60
0.70
0.82
0.94
1.07
1.21
1.35
1.51
1.68
1.86
2.04
2.24
2.44
2.66
2.88
3.11
3.36
3.61
3.88
4.15
4.43
4.73
5.03
5.34
5.66
5.99
6.32
6.66
7.01
7.37
7.73
8.10
8.47
8.84

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

10

ANNEX I
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10
10.1

9.44
9.81
10.18
10.56
10.92
11.29
11.66
12.02
12.39
12.74
13.10
13.45
13.80
14.14
14.48
14.82
15.14
15.47
15.79
16.10
16.41
16.72
17.02
17.31
17.60
17.88
18.15
18.43
18.69
18.95
19.21
19.46
19.70
19.94
20.18
20.40
20.63

8.81
9.10
9.38
9.67
9.95
10.23
10.50
10.77
11.05
11.31
11.58
11.84
12.10
12.35
12.60
12.85
13.09
13.33
13.57
13.80
14.03
14.25
14.47
14.69
14.90
15.11
15.31
15.51
15.71
15.90
16.09
16.27
16.45
16.62
16.79
16.96
17.12

9.57
9.92
10.28
10.63
10.98
11.34
11.68
12.03
12.37
12.71
13.05
13.38
13.71
14.03
14.35
14.66
14.97
15.27
15.56
15.85
16.14
16.42
16.69
16.95
17.21
17.47
17.72
17.96
18.20
18.43
18.65
18.87
19.08
19.29
19.49
19.69
19.88

8.68
9.05
9.42
9.80
10.18
10.55
10.93
11.31
11.68
12.06
12.43
12.80
13.16
13.52
13.88
14.23
14.58
14.92
15.26
15.59
15.91
16.23
16.54
16.85
17.15
17.44
17.73
18.01
18.28
18.55
18.81
19.07
19.32
19.56
19.80
20.03
20.25

8.29
8.69
9.10
9.51
9.93
10.35
10.78
11.22
11.65
12.10
12.54
12.99
13.43
13.88
14.32
14.77
15.21
15.65
16.08
16.51
16.93
17.35
17.76
18.17
18.57
18.96
19.34
19.72
20.09
20.45
20.80
21.14
21.47
21.80
22.12
22.42
22.72

8.34
8.70
9.07
9.44
9.82
10.19
10.57
10.96
11.34
11.73
12.11
12.50
12.88
13.26
13.64
14.02
14.40
14.77
15.14
15.51
15.87
16.23
16.58
16.92
17.26
17.60
17.93
18.25
18.57
18.88
19.19
19.49
19.78
20.06
20.34
20.61
20.88

8.56
8.96
9.36
9.77
10.18
10.59
11.01
11.43
11.86
12.28
12.70
13.12
13.54
13.96
14.38
14.79
15.20
15.60
16.00
16.40
16.78
17.16
17.54
17.91
18.27
18.62
18.97
19.31
19.64
19.96
20.28
20.59
20.89
21.18
21.47
21.74
22.02

8.50
8.87
9.25
9.63
10.02
10.41
10.80
11.19
11.58
11.97
12.37
12.76
13.15
13.54
13.93
14.31
14.69
15.07
15.45
15.82
16.18
16.54
16.90
17.25
17.59
17.93
18.27
18.59
18.91
19.23
19.54
19.84
20.13
20.42
20.70
20.98
21.25

8.31
8.68
9.05
9.43
9.81
10.19
10.57
10.96
11.34
11.73
12.11
12.50
12.88
13.25
13.63
14.00
14.37
14.73
15.09
15.44
15.79
16.14
16.47
16.80
17.13
17.45
17.76
18.07
18.37
18.66
18.95
19.23
19.51
19.78
20.04
20.30
20.55

8.80
9.15
9.51
9.86
10.22
10.58
10.93
11.29
11.64
11.99
12.34
12.68
13.03
13.36
13.70
14.03
14.35
14.68
14.99
15.30
15.61
15.91
16.21
16.50
16.78
17.06
17.34
17.61
17.87
18.13
18.38
18.63
18.87
19.11
19.34
19.57
19.79

8.97
9.30
9.63
9.96
10.29
10.61
10.94
11.26
11.58
11.90
12.21
12.53
12.83
13.14
13.44
13.73
14.02
14.31
14.59
14.87
15.14
15.41
15.67
15.93
16.18
16.43
16.68
16.92
17.15
17.38
17.61
17.83
18.04
18.25
18.46
18.66
18.86

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

9.22
9.59
9.98
10.36
10.74
11.12
11.50
11.88
12.26
12.63
13.00
13.37
13.74
14.10
14.46
14.81
15.16
15.50
15.84
16.17
16.50
16.82
17.13
17.44
17.75
18.05
18.34
18.63
18.91
19.18
19.45
19.71
19.97
20.22
20.47
20.71
20.95

11

ANNEX I
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8

20.85
21.06
21.27
21.48
21.68
21.87
22.06
22.25
22.43
22.60
22.78
22.94
23.11
23.27
23.42
23.57
23.71
23.85
23.99
24.12
24.24
24.36
24.48
24.59
24.69
24.79
24.88
24.97
25.06
25.13
25.20
25.27
25.33
25.39
25.44
25.48
25.52

17.27
17.43
17.57
17.72
17.85
17.99
18.12
18.24
18.36
18.48
18.59
18.70
18.80
18.90
19.00
19.09
19.17
19.25
19.33
19.40
19.47
19.54
19.60
19.65
19.70
19.75
19.80
19.84
19.88
19.91
19.94
19.96
19.99
20.01
20.02
20.03
20.04

20.07
20.25
20.42
20.59
20.76
20.92
21.08
21.23
21.37
21.52
21.65
21.79
21.92
22.04
22.16
22.28
22.39
22.50
22.60
22.70
22.80
22.89
22.98
23.06
23.14
23.21
23.28
23.35
23.41
23.47
23.52
23.57
23.61
23.65
23.69
23.72
23.74

20.47
20.69
20.90
21.10
21.30
21.49
21.68
21.87
22.05
22.22
22.39
22.56
22.72
22.88
23.03
23.18
23.32
23.46
23.60
23.73
23.86
23.99
24.11
24.23
24.34
24.45
24.56
24.66
24.76
24.85
24.94
25.02
25.10
25.18
25.25
25.31
25.37

23.01
23.30
23.57
23.84
24.09
24.34
24.59
24.82
25.05
25.27
25.48
25.69
25.89
26.08
26.27
26.45
26.63
26.80
26.96
27.12
27.27
27.42
27.57
27.71
27.84
27.97
28.10
28.22
28.34
28.45
28.56
28.67
28.77
28.88
28.97
29.07
29.16

21.14
21.39
21.64
21.88
22.11
22.34
22.56
22.77
22.98
23.18
23.38
23.57
23.76
23.94
24.11
24.28
24.44
24.60
24.75
24.90
25.04
25.17
25.31
25.43
25.55
25.67
25.78
25.89
25.99
26.09
26.18
26.27
26.35
26.43
26.51
26.58
26.64

22.28
22.54
22.79
23.03
23.26
23.49
23.72
23.93
24.15
24.35
24.55
24.74
24.93
25.11
25.29
25.46
25.63
25.79
25.95
26.11
26.26
26.40
26.54
26.68
26.81
26.94
27.07
27.19
27.31
27.42
27.53
27.64
27.74
27.84
27.94
28.03
28.12

21.51
21.76
22.01
22.26
22.50
22.73
22.95
23.17
23.38
23.59
23.79
23.99
24.18
24.37
24.55
24.72
24.89
25.06
25.22
25.37
25.52
25.67
25.80
25.94
26.07
26.19
26.31
26.43
26.54
26.65
26.75
26.84
26.94
27.02
27.10
27.18
27.26

20.79
21.03
21.26
21.48
21.71
21.92
22.13
22.33
22.53
22.72
22.91
23.10
23.27
23.45
23.62
23.78
23.94
24.10
24.25
24.39
24.54
24.67
24.81
24.94
25.07
25.19
25.31
25.42
25.53
25.64
25.74
25.83
25.93
26.02
26.10
26.18
26.25

20.00
20.22
20.42
20.62
20.82
21.01
21.19
21.38
21.55
21.72
21.89
22.05
22.21
22.36
22.51
22.66
22.80
22.93
23.06
23.19
23.31
23.42
23.54
23.64
23.75
23.84
23.94
24.03
24.11
24.19
24.27
24.34
24.40
24.46
24.52
24.57
24.61

19.05
19.23
19.42
19.59
19.77
19.94
20.10
20.26
20.42
20.57
20.71
20.85
20.99
21.12
21.25
21.37
21.49
21.61
21.72
21.82
21.92
22.02
22.11
22.20
22.28
22.36
22.43
22.50
22.56
22.62
22.68
22.73
22.77
22.82
22.85
22.88
22.91

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

21.18
21.40
21.62
21.83
22.04
22.24
22.44
22.64
22.83
23.01
23.19
23.36
23.53
23.70
23.86
24.02
24.17
24.32
24.46
24.60
24.74
24.86
24.99
25.11
25.23
25.34
25.44
25.54
25.64
25.73
25.82
25.90
25.97
26.04
26.11
26.16
26.22

12

ANNEX I
13.9
14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15

25.55
25.58
25.60
25.61
25.62
25.63
25.63
25.62
25.61
25.60
25.58
25.56

20.05
20.05
20.05
20.05
20.04
20.03
20.02
20.00
19.99
19.97
19.94
19.92

23.76
23.78
23.79
23.80
23.80
23.80
23.79
23.78
23.76
23.74
23.72
23.69

25.43
25.48
25.52
25.56
25.60
25.63
25.65
25.67
25.68
25.69
25.69
25.69

29.24
29.33
29.41
29.49
29.56
29.63
29.70
29.76
29.82
29.88
29.93
29.98

26.71
26.76
26.82
26.87
26.92
26.96
27.00
27.03
27.06
27.09
27.11
27.13

28.20
28.29
28.36
28.43
28.50
28.57
28.63
28.68
28.73
28.78
28.82
28.85

27.32
27.39
27.45
27.50
27.55
27.60
27.64
27.67
27.70
27.73
27.75
27.77

26.33
26.39
26.45
26.51
26.56
26.61
26.65
26.69
26.72
26.74
26.76
26.78

24.65
24.69
24.72
24.75
24.77
24.78
24.80
24.80
24.80
24.80
24.79
24.78

22.93
22.95
22.97
22.98
22.98
22.98
22.98
22.98
22.97
22.95
22.93
22.91

WIND REGIME IN PAKISTAN

26.27
26.31
26.34
26.37
26.40
26.42
26.43
26.44
26.45
26.44
26.44
26.42

13