no variabel subvariabel Definisi Opersional Instrumen Skala

pengukuran
Hasil ukur Skala
1 Implementasi
Program
KIA
Inisiasi
Menyusu Din
(IMD)
Inisiasi Menyusu Dini
yang dimaksud dalam
penelitian ini adalah
meletakkan bayi diatas
badan ibunya begitu
setelah melahirkan, skin
to skin, dan membiarkan
bayi mencari puting
ibunya sendiri.
Daftar tilik
yang terdiri
dari 5 item
langkah
Inisiasi
Menyusu Dini
Guttman. Bila
dilakukan nilai
1. Bila tidak
dilakukan nilai 0
Nilai 50% :
dilakukan IMD
Nilai <50% :
tidak dilakukan
IMD
nominal
Rawat
Gabung
Membiarkan ibu dan
bayi dirawat dalam satu
ruangan, bayi berada di
dalam jangkauan ibu
selama 24 jam
Daftar tilik
yang terdiri
dari 2 item
langkah
Guttman. Bila
dilakukan nilai
1. Bila tidak
dilakukan nilai 0
Nilai >50% :
Dilakukan
rawat gabung
Nilai <50% :
Tidak
dilakukan
rawat gabung
nominal
Pemberian
ASI secara on
demand
Pemberian ASI sesuai
keinginan bayi, minimal
8 kali dalam 24 jam, dan
setiap kali bayi
menunjukkan tanda lapar
seperti rooting
kuesioner yang
terdiri dari 4
item
pertanyaan
Guttman. Bila
dilakukan nilai
1. Bila tidak
dilakukan nilai 0
Nilai >50% :
Pemberian ASI
dilakukan
secara on
demand
Nilai <50% :
Pemberian ASI
tidak on
demand
nominal
Pemberian
Pengganti Air
Susu Ibu
(PASI)
Pemberian nutrisi selain
ASI pada bayi, seperti air
putih atau susu formula,
kecuali atas indikasi
medis
Daftar tilik
yang terdiri
dari 1 item
kegiatan
Guttman. Bila
dilakukan nilai
1. Bila tidak
dilakukan nilai 0
Nilai >50% :
Diberikan
PASI
Nilai <50% :
Tidak
diberikan PASI
nominal
2 Sikap tenaga
Kesehatan
Inisiasi
Menyusu Din
(IMD)
Sikap tenaga kesehatan
terhadap pelaksaan
program IMD
kuesioner yang
terdiri dari 5
item
Likert
Sangat Setuju:
nilai 4
Nilai >62% :
dilakukan IMD
Nilai <62% :
nominal
pertanyaan
untuk
subprogram
IMD
Setuju : nilai 3
Tidak Setuju :
nilai 2
Sangat Tidak
Setuju : nilai 1
tidak dilakukan
IMD
Rawat
Gabung
Sikap tenaga kesehatan
terhadap pelaksaan
program KIA (Rawat
Gabung)

kuesioner yang
terdiri 5 item
pertanyaan
subprogram
rawat gabung
Likert
Sangat Setuju:
nilai 4
Setuju : nilai 3
Tidak Setuju :
nilai 2
Sangat Tidak
Setuju : nilai 1
Nilai >62% :
Dilaksanakan
rawat gabung
Nilai <62% :
Tidak
dilaksanakan
rawat gabung
nominal
Pemberian
ASI secara on
demand
Sikap tenaga kesehatan
terhadap pelaksaan
program KIA (pemberian
ASI on demand)
kuesioner yang
terdiri dari 4
item
pertanyaan
untuk sub
Likert
Sangat Setuju:
nilai 4
Setuju : nilai 3
Tidak Setuju :
Nilai >62% :
Pemberian ASI
dilakukan
secara on
demand
nominal
program
pemberian ASI
on demand
nilai 2
Sangat Tidak
Setuju : nilai 1
Nilai <62% :
Pemberian ASI
tidak on
demand
Pemberian
Pengganti Air
Susu Ibu
(PASI)
Sikap tenaga kesehatan
terhadap pelaksaan
program KIA (larangan
pemberian PASI)
kuesioner yang
terdiri dari 4
item
pertanyaan
untuk sub
program
larangan
pemberian ASI
Likert
Sangat Setuju:
nilai 4
Setuju : nilai 3
Tidak Setuju :
nilai 2
Sangat Tidak
Setuju : nilai 1
Nilai >62% :
Tidak diberi
PASI
Nilai <62% :
Diberi PASI
nominal

1) Varaibel : Inisiasi Menyusu Dini
Definisi Operasional : Inisiasi Menyusu Dini yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah meletakkan bayi diatas badan ibunya
begitu setelah melahirkan, skin to skin, dan membiarkan bayi mencari puting ibunya sendiri.
Instrumen : Daftar tilik yang terdiri dari 5 item langkah Inisiasi Menyusu Dini
Skala pengukuran : Guttman. Bila dilakukan nilai 1. Bila tidak dilakukan nilai 0
Hasil Ukur : Nilai 50% : dilakukan IMD
Nilai <50% : tidak dilakukan IMD
Skala : Nominal
2) Variabel : Rawat Gabung
Definisi Operasional : Membiarkan ibu dan bayi dirawat dalam satu ruangan, bayi berada di dalam jangkauan ibu selama 24 jam
Alat Ukur : Daftar tilik yang terdiri dari 2 item langkah
Skala pengukuran : Guttman. Bila dilakukan nilai 1. Bila tidak dilakukan nilai 0
Hasil Ukur : Nilai >50% : Dilakukan rawat gabung
Nilai <50% : Tidak dilakukan rawat gabung
Skala : Nominal
3) Variabel : Pemberian ASI secara on demand
Definisi Operasional : Pemberian ASI sesuai keinginan bayi, minimal 8 kali dalam 24 jam, dan setiap kali bayi menunjukkan
tanda lapar seperti rooting
Alat Ukur : kuesioner yang terdiri dari 4 item pertanyaan
Skala pengukuran : Guttman. Bila responden menjawab ya diberi poin 1. Bila menjawab tidak diberi nilai 0
Hasil Ukur : Nilai >50% : Pemberian ASI dilakukan secara on demand
Nilai <50% : Pemberian ASI tidak on demand
Skala : Nominal
4) Variabel : Pemberian PASI (Penngganti Air Susu Ibu)
Definisi Operasional : Pemberian nutrisi selain ASI pada bayi, seperti air putih atau susu formula, kecuali atas indikasi medis
Alat Ukur : Daftar tilik yang terdiri dari 1 item kegiatan
Skala pengukuran : Guttman. Bila dilakukan nilai 1. Bila tidak dilakukan nilai 0
Hasil Ukur : Nilai >50% : Diberikan PASI
Nilai <50% : Tidak diberikan PASI
Skala : Nominal
5) Variabel : Sikap tenaga kesehatan
Definisi Operasional : Sikap tenaga kesehatan terhadap pelaksaan program IMD
Alat Ukur : kuesioner yang terdiri dari 5 item pertanyaan untuk subprogram IMD
Skala pengukuran : Likert. Bila responden menjawab Sangat Setuju diberi poin 4, Setuju diberi poin 3, Tidak Setuju
diberi poin 2, dan Sangat Tidak Setuju diberi poin 1.
Hasil Ukur : Nilai >62% : dilakukan IMD
Nilai <62% : tidak dilakukan IMD
6) Variabel : Sikap tenaga kesehatan
Definisi Operasional : Sikap tenaga kesehatan terhadap pelaksaan program KIA (Rawat Gabung)
Alat Ukur : kuesioner yang terdiri 5 item pertanyaan subprogram rawat gabung
Skala pengukuran : Likert. Bila responden menjawab Sangat Setuju diberi poin 4, Setuju diberi poin 3, Tidak Setuju
diberi poin 2, dan Sangat Tidak Setuju diberi poin 1.
Hasil Ukur : Nilai >62% : Dilaksanakan rawat gabung
Nilai <62% : Tidak dilaksanakan rawat gabung
Skala : Nominal
7) Variabel : Sikap tenaga kesehatan
Definisi Operasional : Sikap tenaga kesehatan terhadap pelaksaan program KIA (pemberian ASI on demand)
Alat Ukur : kuesioner yang terdiri dari 4 item pertanyaan untuk sub program pemberian ASI on demand
Skala pengukuran : Likert. Bila responden menjawab Sangat Setuju diberi poin 4, Setuju diberi poin 3, Tidak Setuju
diberi poin 2, dan Sangat Tidak Setuju diberi poin 1.
Hasil Ukur : Nilai >62% : Pemberian ASI dilakukan secara on demand
Nilai <62% : Pemberian ASI tidak on demand
Skala : Nominal
8) Variabel : Sikap tenaga kesehatan
Definisi Operasional : Sikap tenaga kesehatan terhadap pelaksaan program KIA (larangan pemberian PASI)
Alat Ukur : kuesioner yang terdiri dari 4 item pertanyaan untuk sub program larangan pemberian ASI
Skala pengukuran : Likert. Bila responden menjawab Sangat Setuju diberi poin 4, Setuju diberi poin 3, Tidak Setuju
diberi poin 2, dan Sangat Tidak Setuju diberi poin 1.
Hasil Ukur : Nilai >62% : Tidak diberi PASI
Nilai <62% : Diberi PASI
Skala : Nominal


Infant and young child feeding
Fact sheet N342
July 2010

Key facts
Every infant and child has the right to good nutrition according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Undernutrition is associated with 35% of the disease burden in children under five.
Globally, 30% (or 186 million) of children under five are estimated to be stunted and 18% (or 115 million) have low weight-for-height, mostly as
a consequence of poor feeding and repeated infections, while 43 million are overweight.
On average about 35% of infants 0 to 6 months old are exclusively breastfed.
Few children receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods; in many countries only a third of breastfed infants 6-23 months of age
meet the criteria of dietary diversity and feeding frequency that are appropriate for their age.
Optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices can save the lives of 1.5 million children under five every year.
Recommendations address the needs of HIV-infected mothers and their infants.

Overview
Undernutrition is associated with 35% of the disease burden for children under five. Infant and young child feeding is a key area to improve child
survival and promote healthy growth and development. The first two years of a child's life are particularly important, as optimal nutrition during
this period will lead to reduced morbidity and mortality, to reduced risk of chronic diseases and to overall better development. In fact, optimal
breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices are so critical that they can save the lives of 1.5 million children under five every year. WHO
and UNICEF recommendations for optimal infant and young child feeding are:
early initiation of breastfeeding with one hour of birth;
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life; and
the introduction of nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods at six months together with continued breastfeeding up to two years and
beyond.
However many infants and children do not receive optimal feeding; for example, on average only around 35% of infants 0 to 6 months old are
exclusively breastfed.
Recommendations have been refined to address the needs for infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Antiretroviral drug interventions now allow
these children to exclusively breastfeed until six months old and continue breastfeeding until at least 12 months of age with a significantly
reduced risk of HIV transmission.
Breastfeeding
Exclusive breastfeeding for six months has many benefits for the infant and the mother. Chief among these is protection against gastro-intestinal
infections which is observed not only in developing but also in industrialized countries. Early initiation of breastfeeding, within one hour of birth,
protects the newborn from acquiring infections and reduces newborn mortality. The risk of mortality due to diarrhoea and other infections can
increase in infants who are either partially breastfed or not breastfed at all.
Breast milk is also an important source of energy and nutrients in children 6 to 23 months of age. It can provide one half or more of a child's
energy needs between 6 and 12 months of age, and one third of energy needs between 12 and 24 months. Breast milk is also a critical source of
energy and nutrients during illness and reduces mortality among children who are malnourished.
Adults who were breastfed as babies often have lower blood pressure and lower cholesterol, as well as lower rates of overweight, obesity and
type-2 diabetes. Breastfeeding also contributes to the health and well-being of mothers; it reduces the risk of ovarian and breast cancer and helps
space pregnancies -- exclusive breastfeeding of babies under six months has a hormonal effect which often induces a lack of menstruation. This is
a natural (though not fail-safe) method of birth control known as the Lactation Amenorrhoea Method.
Mothers and families need to be supported for their children to be optimally breastfed. Actions that help protect, promote and support
breastfeeding include:
adoption of policies such as the ILO Maternity Protection Convention 183 and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes;
implementation of the Ten Steps to successful breastfeeding specified in the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative, including:
o Skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby immediately after birth and initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of life
o Breastfeeding on demand (that is, as often as the child wants, day and night)
o Rooming-in (allowing mothers and infants to remain together 24 hours a day)
o Babies should not be given additional food or drink, not even water;
supportive health services providing infant and young child feeding counselling during all contacts with caregivers and young children, such as
during antenatal and postnatal care, well-child and sick child visits, and immunization; and;
community support including mother support groups and community-based health promotion and education activities.
Complementary feeding
Around the age of six months, an infant's need for energy and nutrients starts to exceed what is provided by breast milk and complementary foods
are necessary to meet those needs. At about six months of age, an infant is also developmentally ready for other foods. If complementary foods
are not introduced when a child has reached six months, or if they are given inappropriately, an infant's growth may falter. Guiding principles for
appropriate complementary feeding are:
continue frequent, on demand breastfeeding until two years old or beyond;
practise responsive feeding (e.g. feed infants directly and assist older children. Feed slowly and patiently, encourage them to eat but do not force
them, talk to the child and maintain eye contact);
practise good hygiene and proper food handling;
start at six months with small amounts of foods and increase gradually as the child gets older;
gradually increase food consistency and variety;
increase the number of times that the child is fed, 2-3 meals per day for infants 6-8 months of age, and 3-4 meals per day for infants 9-23 months
of age, with 1-2 additional snacks as required;
feed a variety of nutrient rich foods;
use fortified complementary foods or vitamin-mineral supplements, as needed; and
increase fluid intake during illness, including more breastfeeding, and offer soft, favourite foods.
Feeding in exceptionally difficult circumstances
Families and children in difficult circumstances require special attention and practical support. Wherever possible, mothers and babies should
remain together and be provided with the support they need to exercise the most appropriate feeding option available. Breastfeeding remains the
preferred mode of infant meeting in almost all difficult situations for instance:
low-birth-weight or premature infants;
HIV-infected mothers;
adolescent mothers;
infants and young children who are malnourished;
families suffering the consequences of complex emergencies; and
children living in special circumstances such as foster care, or with mothers who have physical or mental disabilities, or children whose mothers
are in prison or are affected by drug or alcohol abuse.
HIV and infant feeding
Breastfeeding, and especially early and exclusive breastfeeding, is one of the most significant ways to improve infant survival rates. However, a
woman infected with HIV, can transmit the virus to her child during pregnancy, labour or delivery, and also through breast milk. In the past, the
challenge was to balance the risk of infants acquiring HIV through breastfeeding versus the higher risk of death from causes other than HIV, in
particular malnutrition and serious illnesses such as diarrhoea and pneumonia, when infants were not breastfed.
The evidence on HIV and infant feeding shows that giving antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to either the HIV-infected mother or the HIV-exposed
infant can significantly reduce the risk of transmitting HIV through breastfeeding. This enables HIV-infected mothers to breastfeed with a low
risk of transmission (1-2%). These mothers can therefore offer their infants the same protection against the most common causes of child
mortality and the benefits associated with breastfeeding.
Even when ARVs are not available, mothers should be counselled to exclusively breastfeed in the first six months of life and continue
breastfeeding thereafter unless environmental and social circumstances are safe for, and supportive of, replacement feeding.
WHO's response
The Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, endorsed by WHO Member States and the UNICEF Executive Board in 2002, aims to
protect, promote and support appropriate infant and young child feeding. The Strategy is the framework through which WHO prioritizes research
and development work in the area of infant and young child feeding, and provides technical support to countries to facilitate implementation.
WHO and UNICEF developed the 40-hour Breastfeeding Counselling: A Training Course and more recently the five-day Infant and Young Child
Feeding Counselling: An Integrated Course to train health workers to provide skilled support to breastfeeding mothers and help them overcome
problems. Basic breastfeeding support skills are also part of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesstraining course for health workers.
In 2010, WHO released revised guidelines on infant feeding in the context of HIV. At the same time, new recommendations were also released
on antiretroviral therapy for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Together, the recommendations provide simple, coherent and
feasible guidance to countries for promoting and supporting improved infant feeding by HIV-infected mothers.
For more information contact:
WHO Media centre
Telephone: +41 22 791 2222
E-mail: mediainquiries@who.int