AMR Codec Adaptation

ED 02 RELEASED AMR Codec Adaptation
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Site
VELIZY EVOLIUM SAS
Originator(s)
O. VISBECQ
AMR CODEC ADAPTATION
RELEASE B7
System : Alcatel 900/BSS
Sub-system : SYS-TLA
Document Category : SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS
ABSTRACT
This document specifies the system requirements for the AMR codec adaptation.
Approvals
Name
App.
R. MAUGER
SYT DPM
J. ACHARD
SYT CCM
K. LIBERLOO
BSC DPM
Name
App.
R. SABELLEK
BTS DPM
REVIEW
Ed02 Proposal 1 24/09/01 TD/SYT/rma/0436.2001
HISTORY
Ed 01, P01 26/01/2000 O. VISBECQ Creation of the document to introduce AMR feature
Ed 01, P02 14/02/2000 O. VISBECQ Document updated after the review session, see
WG1_0005451.doc
Ed 01, P03 03/03/2000 O. VISBECQ Document updated after the review session, see
WG1_009.doc
Ed 01
Released
27/03/2000 O. VISBECQ Document released and approved by Moderator (E.
Desorbay) after editorial correction.
Ed 02, P1 27/08/2001 R. MAUGER Alignment with implementation.
Ed. 02 RL 24/09/2001 R. MAUGER Document released following review report
TD/SYT/rma/0436.2001
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Definitions.............................................................................................................. 4
2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................... 5
2.1 General description............................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 AMR principle. ................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Codec subset. ................................................................................................ 6
2.2 BSS entities ........................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 TC .................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2 BTS................................................................................................................ 6
2.2.3 BSC................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Functional architecture......................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 In-band signalling functional architecture:....................................................... 7
2.3.2 Codec mode adaptation.................................................................................. 8
2.4 In band signalling on the radio interface............................................................. 9
2.5 In band signalling on the BTS-TC interface......................................................... 9
2.6 Coding rule of the Codec Mode information. .................................................... 10
2.6.1 On the radio Interface................................................................................... 10
2.6.2 On the BTS-TC interface. ............................................................................. 10
2.6.3 Validation of the received codec mode information....................................... 10
3 INITIALISATION PROCEDURE. .................................................................................. 12
3.1 Tta impact on the AMR codec Adaptation. ........................................................ 12
3.1.1 Uplink Codec Mode Adaptation .................................................................... 13
3.1.2 Downlink Codec Mode Adaptation................................................................ 13
4 DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR............................................................................................... 15
4.1 Uplink codec mode adaptation: ......................................................................... 15
4.1.1 Definition. ..................................................................................................... 15
4.1.2 Detailed dynamic behaviour.......................................................................... 16
5 INTERFACE DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 18
5.1 TC / BTS interface................................................................................................ 18
5.1.1 Downlink CMI / CMR synchronisation between TRAU frames and radio frames: 18
5.1.2 TRAU frame format: ..................................................................................... 19
6 ERROR HANDLING. .................................................................................................... 20
6.1.1 CMI error handling........................................................................................ 20
6.1.2 CMR error handling. ..................................................................................... 22
7 RELEASE CHANGES.................................................................................................. 26
8 FEATURES .................................................................................................................. 27
9 GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................. 28
9.1 Abbreviations....................................................................................................... 28
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INTERNAL REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
[I1] 3BK 10204 0479 DTZZA SFD: Adaptive Multi rate Codec
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
[1] 3BK 11202 0286 DSZZA Normal Assignment.
[2] 3BK 11202 0296 DSZZA DTX functional specification.
[3] 3BK 11202 0300 DSZZA TC/BTS interface
[4] 3BK 11203 0043 DSZZA Alcatel BSS Application document to GSM-General
Overview.
[5] 3BK 11202 0225 DSZZA Application document 05.xx.
[6] 3BK 11203 0062 DSZZA BSS telecom parameters.
GSM DOCUMENTS
[7] 05.05 Radio subsystem link control.
[8] 05.08 Radio transmission and reception.
[9] 05.09 Link Adaptation.
[10] 05.10 Radio Sub-system synchronisation.
[11] 06.93 DTX for AMR speech traffic channels.
[12] 08.58 (BSC-BTS)Interface.
[13] 08.60 In-band Control of remote transcoder
Version numbers of the GSM Technical Specifications to be used in this release are given in
[4].
RELATED DOCUMENTS
[14] SYT/DT/ovi/90742 Guidelines for Link Adaptation
[15] TD/SYT/ovi/20011
7
In-band signalling for AMR
[16] SMG11 255/99 Summary of the AMR Characterisation Phase Test Results
PREFACE
OPEN POINTS / RESTRICTIONS
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
This document aims to provide all the necessary information required to introduce in the
BTS the Codec Adaptation function.
The codec adaptation is an essential part of the AMR; the principle is to adapt the codec
performance to the radio link quality based on a quality metric. In the rest of the current
document the estimation of the quality metric is seen as a black box
The quality metric is based on the carrier to interference ratio C/I measurement performed
at layer 1 level in the receiver, the details of the function allowing to compute this metric is
explained in the document see [14].
1.2 Definitions
TC The TransCoder is the Network Element (NE) of a BSS, which supports the
transcoding and rate adaptation functions. There is one TC per BSS. The TC
is a NE at the same level as the two other types of NE in a BSS i.e. the BSC
and the BTS.
TRAU This is the GSM name given to the rate adaptation and transcoding function
for one traffic channel. A TRAU is connected to one 64 kbit/s A interface
circuit.
TRX Transceiver Unit in the BTS. A TRX handles 8 radio time slots in one TDMA
frame. A TRX is composed of a base-band part and a radio part.
Codec mode adaptation
The codec mode adaptation is the dynamic change from one codec to another codec,
using the same channel (FR or HR). The layer 1 of the BTS performs this adaptation.
Codec subset
List of AMR codecs supported by the network in HR and FR mode on an ongoing call.
Radio Link Estimation
The metric used for codec mode adaptation is based on the measurement of the
signal over interference ratio. This ratio is noted C/I in the current document.
Radio speech frames
Speech frames exchanged between the mobile and the BTS via the Radio interface.
TRAU speech frames
Speech frames exchanged between TC and the BTS via the BTS-TC interface.
Codec Mode Information
Codec Mode information is used as a generic wording to replace Coding Mode
Indication (CMI), Codec Mode Command (CMC) and Codec Mode Request (CMR).
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2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 General description
2.1.1 AMR principle.
The AMR principle is to have a set of codecs and, for any radio conditions, to use the one
with the best speech quality.
Under good radio conditions, a codec with a high bit-rate is used. Speech is encoded with
more information so the quality is better. In the channel coding, only little place is left for
redundancy.
Under poor radio conditions, a codec with a low bit-rate is chosen. Speech is encoded with
less information, but this information can be well protected due to redundancy in the
channel coding.
The BTS adapts dynamically the codec in uplink direction and in downlink direction, taking
into account the quality indicator measured by the BTS (for uplink adaptation) and by the
MS (for downlink adaptation).
The codec used in uplink and used in downlink can be different: the adaptation is
independent in each direction
This permits to use an optimal codec for each C/I value of each direction, as indicated in the
figure below.
C/I [dB]
Speech
Quality
[MOS]
High bit rate (for example 12.2 kbit/s: EFR)
Medium bit rate (for example 7.95 kbit/s)
Low bit rate (for example 5.90 kbit/s)
AMR-FR with codec subset (12.2, 7.95, 5.90) (*)
Figure 1: AMR principle
(*) This codec subset has been used during the characterisation phase performed by ETSI
(identified as codec subset #1). Therefore, It is used in ANNEX B of [9] as a possible
solution for the TCH/AFS.
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The performances of this codec subset have been evaluated, see [14] and [16].
This codec subset is taken as the default codec subset for TCH/AFS in the ALCATEL BSS.
2.1.2 Codec subset.
The BTS adapts the codec to the radio link condition among a subset of codec for the both
modes half and full rate.
A different number of codecs and different subsets may be defined for FR (1 to 4 codecs
out of the 8 codecs available) and for HR (1 to 4 codecs out of the 6 codecs available).
List of supported AMR codecs:
Codec bit-rate Full
Rate
Half
Rate
12.2 kbits/s (EFR) X
10.2 kbits/s X
7.95 kbits/s X X (*)
7.40 kbits/s (IS-
641)
X X (EFR codec for D-AMPS
standard)
6.70 kbits/s X X
5.90 kbits/s X X
5.15 kbits/s X X
4.75 kbits/s X X
(*): Not supported by the Alcatel BSS.
2.2 BSS entities
The functions of the different elements of the BSS are listed below.
2.2.1 TC
The TC is the equipment, which can perform the speech transcoding.
2.2.2 BTS
The BTS is responsible for formatting and transmitting the frames coming from TRAU
towards the mobile as well for receiving and formatting the frames coming from mobile
toward TRAU.
2.2.3 BSC
With respect to the scope of this document, the BSC is responsible for checking the MS and
the cell capability for AMR and must transmit towards the BTS and the MS the AMR-related
information to make the codec adaptation possible.
Remark:
The BSC is also responsible of the channel mode adaptation but it is out of the scope of this
specification.
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MS
BTS
Radiolink
adaptation
BSC
Channel
mode
adaptation
Figure 2: Schematic functional architecture
2.3 Functional architecture
2.3.1 In-band signalling functional architecture:
MS
BTS
Radiolink
adaptation
Channel
coding &
decoding
TC
- Codec Mode Command
- Codec Mode Indication
- Codec Mode Request
- Codec Mode Indication - Codec Mode Request
- Codec Mode Request (1)
Figure 3: Speech and in-band signalling
(1) TFO plus AMR is not on the scope of this release for further details see section 4.1.
Codec Mode Indication (uplink and downlink): indicates the codec of the codec subset that
has been used to encode the current speech frame and the next speech frame.
Codec Mode Request (uplink): after having analysed the downlink quality of the radio link,
the MS requests the more optimal codec of the codec subset. The BTS may apply this
request for the next downlink speech frame containing Codec Mode Indication. The BTS
may also override the request from the mobile considering possible constraints from
network control (see 6.1.2 CMR error handling.).
Codec Mode Command
(new codec mode)
MS BTS TC
C/I evaluation &
thresholds comparison
Codec Mode Indication
(new codec mode)
(new codec mode)
Figure 4: Representation of the in-band signalling in uplink Codec Adaptation.
Code Mode Command (downlink): after analysis of the uplink radio link, the BTS commands
the more optimal codec of the codec subset. The MS shall apply this command for the next
uplink speech frame containing Codec Mode Indication.
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Codec Mode Request
(new codec mode)
MS BTS TC
C/I evaluation &
thresholds comparison
Codec Mode Request
(new codec mode)
(new codec mode)
(new codec mode)
Figure 5: Representation of the in-band
signalling in downlink Codec Adaptation.
A more detailed representation of the uplink and downlink behaviour is given in section 4.
2.3.2 Codec mode adaptation.
This function is the dynamic change from one codec to another codec, using the same
channel rate for the both modes uplink and downlink.
2.3.2.1 Link quality estimation
The quality of the radio link is estimated by evaluating the carrier on interference ratio C/I.
2.3.2.2 Threshold comparison
For each pair of adjacent codecs, a threshold and a hysteresis is given in layer 3 message
CHANNEL ACTIVATION. This set of parameters is defined identically for the BTS and for
the MS.
The figure below shows the case where four codecs are included in the subset.
AMR_THR_3 + AMR_HYST_3
High
Low
CODEC_MODE_4
(less robust)
C/I
norm
AMR_THR_3
CODEC_MODE_3
CODEC_MODE_2
CODEC_MODE_1
(most robust)
AMR_THR_2
AMR_THR_1
Figure 6: Thresholds for codec modification
If only three codecs are present in the subset, then CODEC_MODE_4 is not used and
AMR_THR_3 and AMR_HYST_3 are not defined.
If only two codecs are present, then CODEC_MODE_3 is also not used and AMR_THR_2
and AMR_HYST_2 are also not defined.
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If only one codec is present in the subset, then no threshold is defined because no
adaptation is possible. The codec remains fixed.
2.4 In band signalling on the radio interface.
On the radio interface, the CMI and the CMR/CMC are sent alternately on speech frames.
To synchronise, the following rule is used:
When no DTX is active:
FR: Codec Mode indication is sent on the speech frame starting on TDMA frame number 0
[modulo 26] and then alternately with CMR/CMC.
HR: Codec Mode indication is sent on the speech frame starting on TDMA frame 0 or 1
[modulo 26], depending on sub-channel, and then alternately with CMR/CMC.
When DTX is active:
The same rule is used for speech frames and SID_FIRST frames.
For SID_UPDATE frames, both CMI and CMR/CMC are sent in each frame.
For ONSET frames, CMI of the next speech frame is always sent.
The following figure shows the uplink TDMA frame with a full rate channel and with a half
rate channel, with DTX not active.
TCH/FS (Full rate)
TCH/HS (Half rate)
Sub-channel 0
Sub-channel 1
CMI
0 1 2 3
S
TDMA frame
(modulo 26)
CMI : Speech frame carrying Codec Mode Indication
CMR : Speech frame carrying Codec Mode Request
S : SACCH
I : Idle
(1) : SACCH frame or idle frame, see GSM TS 05.02
TDMA frame
(modulo 26)
. . .
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
I
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 3
One FR speech frame (20 ms),
interleaved over 8 TDMA frames
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CMI
CMR
CMI
CMR
CMR
CMI CMI
CMR CMR
CMI
(1)
(1)
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
CMI
CMR
CMI
CMR
(1)
(1)
. . .
CMI
CMR
0 1 2 3
CMI
CMI CMI
CMR
One HR speech frame (20 ms), interleaved
over 4 TDMA frames of one sub-channel
Figure 7: Multiplexing of CMI and CMR on the radio interface
2.5 In band signalling on the BTS-TC interface.
Only two bits are required for coding all the possible Codec Mode information. For further
details see[3].
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2.6 Coding rule of the Codec Mode information.
2.6.1 On the radio Interface.
For both HR and FR, signalling messages are two bits long (corresponding to one codec
within a set of 4). For normal speech frames i.e. non-SID frames, these two bits are channel
encoded to offer best resistance to the bad radio propagation according to the following
tables:
2.6.1.1 In half rate mode:
Received in-band
data
id(1,0)
Encoded in-band data for
SID frames
ic(15..0)
Encoded in-band
data for speech
frames ic(3..0)
00 0101001100001111 0000
01 0011111010111000 1001
10 1000100001100011 0111
11 1110010111010100 1110
The Euclidean distance between two encoded words is 2 or 3. Therefore some words with
one erroneous bit can be corrected and some of the words with two errors can be detected.
2.6.1.2 In full rate mode:
Received in-band
data
id(1,0)
Encoded in-band data for
SID frames
ic(15..0)
Encoded in-band
data for speech
frames ic(7..0)
00 0101001100001111 00000000
01 0011111010111000 10111010
10 1000100001100011 01011101
11 1110010111010100 11100111
The Euclidean distance between two encoded words is 5 or 6. Therefore words up to two
erroneous bits can be corrected and some of the words with three errors can be detected.
For SID frames, the coding rules are different but the validation process is still available.
The codec mode information is coded with 32 bits in full rate and with 16 bits for Half rate.
For further details, see DTX specification.
2.6.2 On the BTS-TC interface.
No extra coding is required assuming that the probability of error on the interface is close to
0.
2.6.3 Validation of the received codec mode information.
A variable named VALID_CODEC is introduced to validate the decoded codec mode
information.
VALID_CODEC = 1, means that the received codec mode has been successfully decoded.
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VALID_CODEC = 0, means that the received codec mode can not be decoded without
ambiguities.
The VALID_CODEC evaluation shall be based on maximum likelihood algorithm. It consists
to compute a soft correlation factor between the received Codec Mode information with all
the possible allowed values (i.e. number of codecs in the subset).
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3 INITIALISATION PROCEDURE.
The BSC activates the channel in the BTS by sending a CHANNEL ACTIVATION message,
containing the IE Multirate configuration. It indicates the subset of codecs used for FR (or
HR, respectively) link adaptation, the threshold and hysteresis sent to the MS for FR (or HR,
respectively) link adaptation and the start mode (i.e. the initial codec mode).
After reception of the channel activation message, the BTS shall use the initial Codec Mode
specified in the Multirate Configuration IE, if present, or apply the implicit rule defined in [9].
For information, the implicit rule is given below:
If the initial codec is not signalled, the Initial codec mode, which shall be used, is given by
the following rule:
If the codec mode set contains:
- 1 mode, then it is the Initial Code mode.
- 2 or 3 modes, then the most robust mode is chosen (lowest bit rate).
- 4 modes, then second most robust is chosen (second lowest bit rate).
Once the channel is activated within the BTS, the BSC sends all AMR relevant parameters
to the MS in the ASSIGNMENT COMMAND message.
When the speech path is established and synchronisation performed between the TC and
the BTS, the BTS checks if the Request or Indication Flag (RIF) given in the TRAU frame is
coherent with the type of Codec Mode (Indication or Command) that should be sent on the
radio interface. If necessary, a CMI_CMR alignment command is sent to the TC, see
section TC / BTS interface.
Once the BTS detects that downlink CMI / CMR is synchronised between the TRAU frames
and the radio interface, it is able to start s codec mode adaptation. According to 08.60 see ,
the codec adaptation shall start once the Time Alignment and the Phase alignment has
been completed
The uplink codec mode adaptation shall start after the first received speech or signalling
frame encoded with the initial codec containing no errors (i.e. the one with a correct CRC)
and when the Link Quality Estimator is able to provide a quality metric (i.e. the initial
measurement period is completed). While the Codec Adaptation is not started, the
transmitted frames are encoded with the start codec (i.e. the modification of the codec is
disabled).
3.1 Tta impact on the AMR codec Adaptation.
During, the initialisation procedure, the BTS shall compare the value of the timer Tta to a
predefined threshold.
If the Tta is value higher or equal to 500 ms, the Codec Adaptation is disabled.
The internal flag EN_TIMER_AMR is set to 0.
On the contrary, if Tta is lower than 500 ms, the AMR codec mode Adaptation is enabled
and shall start after the initialisation procedure described previously.
The internal flag EN_TIMER_AMR is set to 1.
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3.1.1 Uplink Codec Mode Adaptation
In case where the Codec Mode adaptation is disabled, the BTS shall always transmit Codec
Mode Command equals to initial codec mode.
3.1.2 Downlink Codec Mode Adaptation
In case where the Codec Mode adaptation is disabled , the BTS shall override all the
requests coming from the mobile and then shall transmit a CMR towards TC equals to Initial
Codec Mode.
ED 02 RELEASED AMR codec adaptation
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MS BTS TC
CHANnel ACTIVation
ASSIGNment CoManD (1)
CHANnel ACTIVation ACK
Time/Phase Alignment
First valid frame
Signalling or Speech frame
Start Measurement
CMI = Initial Codec
CMC = Initial Codec
End Measurement
End Measurement (3)
Start Measurement
CMI = Initial Codec
CMR from Downlink Codec adaptation
Start uplink Codec
Adaptation
CMI from Downlink Codec Adaptation
CMC from Uplink Codec Adaptation
Uplink Codec Adaptation
Downlink Codec adaptation
CMI from Downlink Codec Adaptation
CMC = Initial Codec
CMI = Initial codec
CMR from Downlink Codec Adaptation
CMI = Initial Codec
CMR = Initial Codec
Start Downlink Codec
adaptation
BSC
Others assignment messages are possible, see [12]
(1) See 5.1 and [12]
(2) The measuremet period inside the MS and the BTS have been chosen different for convenience reason.
Figure 8: Initialisation procedure of the Codec Mode adaptation
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4 DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR
4.1 Uplink codec mode adaptation:
After comparison, the codec mode adaptation evaluates that the uplink codec shall be
changed, then this function sends a Codec Mode Command to the MS in the in-band
signalling.
The TC receives a frame with the new codec indicated in Codec Mode Indication field and is
able to decode the speech.
Codec Mode Adaptation
TC
BTS_
Rx
BTS_
Rx
BTS_
Tx
BTS_
Tx
Trau
Frames
Speech
Burst
CMI
Burst to
Frame
(Speech)
UpLink
Adaptation
Burst
CMC
CMC
CMI
CMR(1)
CMI
SpeechFrame
Frame to
Frame
(TRAU)
CMI
TRAU Frame
Frame to
Frame
(Speech)
Frame to
Burst
(Speech)
Burst
CMC
TRAU Frame
SpeechFrame
Figure 9: Detailed representation of the in-band signalling used in uplink codec mode adaptation.
(1) TFO plus AMR is not on the scope of this release, so the CMR coming from TC does not
contain any valid data and it is ignored by the BTS, it will be overridden by the CMC value
coming from the Uplink Adaptation.
4.1.1 Definition.
The MS evaluates C/I
norm
and compares it to the thresholds sent by the BSS in the layer 3
message Channel Activation.
If the MS evaluates that the downlink codec shall be changed, then the MS sends a Codec
Mode Request to the BTS in the in-band signalling.
If the function agrees to change the downlink codec (see section on error handling, 6.1.2),
then the function forwards immediately the Codec Mode Request to the TC. The TC shall
change its downlink codec at the next or at the latest second TRAU frame containing a
Codec Mode Indication.
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TC
BTS
Codec Mode Adaptation
BTS_
Rx
BTS_
Rx
BTS_
Tx
BTS_
Tx
Air Interface BTS-TC
I t f
Trau
Frames
Speec
hBurst
Burst to
Frame
(Speech
) Burst
DownLink
Adaptation
Speec
h
Frame
Frame
t Frame
(TRAU)
TRAU
F
Frame
t Frame
(Speech
) TRAU
F
Frame
t Burst
(Speech
)
Speech
F
CMR
CMI
Burst
CMI CMI CMI
CMR
CMR
CMR
Figure 10: Detailed representation of the in-band signalling used in Downlink Adaptation.
4.1.2 Detailed dynamic behaviour.
The different steps of the downlink are described below using state diagram representation.
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Speech frame coming from UE
CMR
Decoding Process
Validation
?
Encoding Process
with CMI = CMR
Yes
CMR is overridden
Error
?
No
CMR is agreed
Yes
Air Interface
Reference = CMR
Transmit CMR
Towards TC
Reference
BTS/TC Interface
No
The Validation and the Error Handling test tests are respectively described in 2.6.3 and
6.1.2.
According to the above diagram, the Reference shall be based on the last received CMR, if
it has been successfully decoded (i.e. without ambiguities) and has fulfilled the Validation
test. This solution allows a faster adaptation compared to the other solution, based on the
selection of the CMI coming from TRAU as reference.
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5 INTERFACE DESCRIPTION
5.1 TC / BTS interface
5.1.1 Downlink CMI / CMR synchronisation between TRAU frames and radio frames:
When the speech path is established after an assignment or a handover, the TC and the
BTS are not synchronised. An existing mechanism is performed to synchronise the TRAU
frames with the radio frames (time alignment mechanism, see [13].
Once this first synchronisation is performed, the BTS checks if the Request or Indication
Flag (RIF) given in the TRAU frame is coherent with the type of Codec Mode (Indication or
Command) that should be sent on the radio interface.
If the BTS detects a desynchronisation, then it sends an Align_CMI_CMR command to the
TC in the next uplink frame.
The TC inverts the Request or Indication Flag (RIF) to align the CMI / CMR,
So, in order to avoid loosing frames, the BTS shall be able to buffer up to 2 speech frames
during the phase alignment process.
Note 1: During the whole synchronisation phase, the Codec Mode Indication and the Codec Mode
Command sent by the BTS on the radio interface are equal to the startup value.
Note 2: When TFO is not active, the BTS ignores the Codec Mode Request from the TC. The BTS
monitors only the Codec Mode Indication.
Once the BTS detects that downlink CMI / CMR is synchronised between the TRAU frames
and the radio interface, it starts codec mode adaptation.
TRAU (CMR)
MS BTS TC
Speech (CMI) delay
TRAU (time alignment command)
TRAU (CMI)
Speech (CMC)
delay
TRAU (time alignment command)
TRAU (CMR) Speech (CMI)
no delay
Codec mode
adaptation is frozen
TRAU ("Align_CMI_CMR")
TRAU (CMI) Speech (CMC)
TRAU
TRAU (CMI) Speech (CMI)
Codec mode
adaptation is started
Figure 11: TRAU frames synchronisation
In case of AMR full rate, the time alignment and phase alignment (CMI / CMR alignment)
can not be processed in parallel without stealing uplink speech frame, see [3]. So, it is
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requested that time and phase alignment shall no be processed in parallel (the stealing flag
solution is not allowed in this case).
In case of AMR Half rate, the time alignment and phase alignment (CMI / CMR alignment)
shall be processed in parallel because the synchronisation process already required one no
speech frame, see [3] (i.e. no additional speech frame is requested to process phase and
time alignment in parallel)
5.1.2 TRAU frame format:
The existing principles for the speech frames are used with the existing synchronisation
mechanism.
The description of the frames, codec per codec, is given in [13].
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6 ERROR HANDLING.
The following algorithm has been chosen during the simulation phase, see [15].
Notation
We introduce the function VALID_CODEC_FUNCTION see 2.6.3, which is defined by:
VALID_CODEC [Codec Mode information] = 1, means that the received Codec Mode
information has been successfully decoded.
VALID_CODEC [Codec Mode information] = 0, means that the received Codec Mode
information can not be decoded without ambiguities or is not a part of the codec subset
(when the codec subset contains less than 4 codecs).
VALID_CODEC[(x ; y)] represents the decision of the algorithm with the sum of 2 correlation
vectors as input.
We introduce an internal variable named MEMO,
MEMO aims to keep in memory the last received and correctly decoded Codec Mode
Information. During the initialisation phase, MEMO is set to INITIAL_CODEC.
We introduce the function ABS, which is defined by:
ABS(X) = X, if X 0 and ABS(X)= -X, if X < 0
Received_CMI, it represents the received CMI
OLD_CMI, it represents the last valid received CMI (the CMI used to decode the previous speech
frame).
NEW_CMI, it represents the CMI used to decode the received speech frames
Received_CMR, it represents the received CMR
OLD_CMR, it represents the last valid received CMR.
NEW_CMR, it represents the CMI used to encode the next speech frames
Remark
The Codec Mode Information are coded using their relative position in the codec subset. As
the number of codec modes is limited to 4 per subset, only two bits are necessary:
00 CODEC_MODE_1 Lowest codec mode (lowest bit-rate).
01 CODEC_MODE_2 Second lowest mode, if the subset contains more than 1
mode.
10 CODEC_MODE_3 Third lowest mode, if the subset contains more than 2
modes.
11 CODEC_MODE_4 Highest mode, if the subset contains 4 modes.
So, we are able to compute the arithmetical difference between two Codec Mode
Information.
6.1.1 CMI error handling.
6.1.1.1 General principle.
If (EN_TIMER_AMR is equal to 1 (the value of the timer Tta is lower than 500 ms) AND
If (VALID_CODEC [Received_CMI] is equal to 1 and if the decoded CMI is adjacent to
the previous used) or If (VALID_CODEC [Received_CMI] is equal to 1 and the decoded
CMI has been received with the same value two consecutive times).
Then
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-The BTS shall decode the speech frame with the received CMI.
Else
If (VALID_CODEC [(MEMO ; Received_CMI)] is equal to 1 and if the
decoded CMI is adjacent to the previous used) or If (VALID_CODEC [(MEMO ;
Received_CMI)] is equal to 1 and the decoded CMI has been received with the same
value two consecutive times).
Then
-The BTS shall decode the speech frame with the CMI decoded from (MEMO ;
Received_CMI).
ELSE
-The BTS shall decode the speech frame with the previous valid CMI.
ELSE
-The BTS shall not take into account the received CMI.
6.1.1.2 Detailed pseudo-code.
The algorithm is described below using a software approach.
Initialisation:
MEMO = INITIAL_CODEC,
If (EN_TIMER_AMR is equal to 1)
{ If (VALID_CODEC [Received_CMI] is equal to 1)
{
If (ABS( OLD_CMI Received_CMI) < 2)
{
NEW_CMI = Received_CMI
OLD_CMI = Received_CMI
}
Else
{
If ( MEMO == Received_CMI)
{
NEW_CMI = Received_CMI
OLD_CMI = Received_CMI
}
}
MEMO = Received_CMI
}
Else
{ If (VALID_CODEC [(Received_CMI ; OLD_CMI)] is equal to 1)
{
If (ABS( (Received_CMI; OLD_CMI) Received_CMI) < 2)
{
NEW_CMI = (Received_CMI; OLD_CMI)
OLD_CMI = (Received_CMI; OLD_CMI)
}
Else
{
If ( MEMO == (Received_CMI ; OLD_CMI))
{
NEW_CMI = (Received_CMI; OLD_CMI)
OLD_CMI = (Received_CMI; OLD_CMI)
}
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}
MEMO = NEW_CMI
}
Else NEW_CMI = OLD_CMI
}
Else
NEW_CMI = INITIAL_CODEC
6.1.2 CMR error handling.
6.1.2.1 General principle.
If (EN_TIMER_AMR is equal to 1 (the value of the timer Tta is lower than 500 ms)
{
If (VALID_CODEC [Received_CMR] is equal to 1 and if the decoded CMR is adjacent
to the previous correctly decoded) or (If (VALID_CODEC [Received_CMR] is equal to 1
and the decoded CMR has been received with the same value two consecutive times).
Then
-The next frame shall be encoded with a CMI equals to the received CMR,
Else
If (VALID_CODEC [(MEMO ; Received_CMR)] is equal to 1 and if the
decoded CMR is adjacent to the previous used) or If (VALID_CODEC [(MEMO ;
Received_CMR)] is equal to 1 and the decoded CMR has been received with the
same value two consecutive times).
Then
-The next frame shall be encoded with a CMI equals to the CMR decoded from
(MEMO ; Received_CMR).
ELSE
-The next frame shall be encoded with a CMI equals to the previously received CMR.
ELSE
-The BTS shall override the request from the mobile; all the downlink speech frames shall
be encoded with INITIAL_CODEC
6.1.2.2 Detailed pseudo-code.
The same algorithm is described below using a software approach.
If (EN_TIMER_AMR is equal to 1)
{If (VALID_CODEC [Received_CMR] is equal to 1) {
If (ABS( OLD_CMR Received_CMR) < 2)
{
NEW_CMR = Received_CMR
OLD_CMR = Received_CMR
}
Else
{
If ( MEMO == Received_CMR)
{
NEW_CMR = Received_CMR
OLD_CMR = Received_CMR
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}
}
MEMO == NEW_CMR
}
Else {
If (VALID_CODEC [(Received_CMR ; OLD_CMR)] is equal to 1)
{
If (ABS( (Received_CMR; OLD_CMR) Received_CMR) < 2)
{
NEW_CMR = (Received_CMR; OLD_CMR)
OLD_CMI = (Received_CMR; OLD_CMR)
}
Else
{
If ( MEMO == (Received_CMR ; OLD_CMR))
{
NEW_CMR = (Received_CMR; OLD_CMR)
OLD_CMR = (Received_CMR; OLD_CMR)
}
}
MEMO = NEW_CMR
}
Else NEW_CMR = OLD_CMR
}
ELSE
NEW_CMR = INITIAL_CODEC
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The following figure shows the timing of different steps required performing downlink adaptation:
Step 1 Step 3 Step 5 Step 7
CMC CMI
CMI CMR CMI CMR
CMI
CMI CMR
2 2
2 1 3
2 2 1
CMI CMI
CMI CMR CMI
1 1
3
2
1
3
CMC CMC CMC CMC
16 TDMA Frames
3
Received Codec Mode
Reference
Step 2 Step 4 Step 6 Step 8
Codec mode indication
used to encode the speech
MEMO
Rx side
Tx side
CMR
CMI
Step 10
Figure 12: Downlink Codec Mode adaptation (BS located), reference is taken from the last received CMR.
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The Figure 12 deals with the downlink adaptation (i.e. the CMI values on Received side and
the CMC values on transmitter side are not represented in the above figure).
Step1: The BTS received a CMR equals to Codec_Mode_2 from the UE, it is successfully
decoded and compared to the current reference which is Codec_Mode_2. The request from
the UE is agreed and becomes the new reference.
Step2: The BTS transmits the speech frame encoded with CMI equals to Codec_Mode_2
previously received.
received in step1.
Step5: The BTS received a CMR equals to Codec_mode_3 from the UE, it is successfully
the UE is rejected (i.e. the difference between the previous CMR and the one received is
higher than one). The request from the UE is overridden. The reference is frozen to the
previous value.
received in step 3.
the UE is agreed because this CMR has been received two consecutive times. So, in this
case even if the difference between the CMR received and the reference is higher than one,
the request is agreed and becomes the new reference.
Step8: The BTS transmits the speech frame encoded with the reference equals to
Codec_Mode_1.
received in step 7.
Remark.
We made the assumption that all the received CMR are correctly decoded as defined in
2.6.3
We made the assumption, that the TC has applied the requested CMR in the second
speech frames comporting a CMI.
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9 GLOSSARY
9.1 Abbreviations
AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate speech codec
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BTS Base Transceiver Station
C/I Carrier to Interferer ratio
CMC Codec Mode Command
CMI Codec Mode Indication
CMR Codec Mode Request
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FR Full Rate
HR Half Rate
MOS Mean Opinion Score
MS Mobile Station
O&M Operation and Maintenance
RX Receiver
SFD System Feature Description
SID Silence Description
TC Transcoder
TCH/AFS Traffic Channel / AMR Full rate
TCH/AHS Traffic Channel / AMR Half rate
TFO Tandem Free Operation
TRAU Transcoder and Rate Adaptator Unit
Tta Minimum delay between two consecutive time alignment changes
TX Transmitter
END OF DOCUMENT

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