INTRODUCTION

Anemia is a deficiency state of erythrocytes. This can be caused by blood loss quickly or
too slow erythrocyte production. ( Aryulina.dkk , 2007) .
To meet the definition of anemia, it is necessary to set the limit of hemolobin or
hematocrite is considered to ha!e anemia. "estriction that is commonly used is the #$% criteria
in &'(). *+pressed as anemia if there is !alue with the followin criteria.
- Adult male $b , &- . dl
- Adult women do not et prenant $b , &2 . dl
- /renant women $b , && . dl
- 0hildren aed (1&2 years $b , &2 . dl
- 0hildren aed ( months 1 ( years $b , && . dl
Types and causes of anemia are !ery di!erse, but the most is iron deficiency anemia,
which is caused by iron deficiency anemia which is the main inredient of the formation of
hemolobin, resultin in impaired synthesis of hemolobin, which in turn causes a decrease in
o+yen transport in the blood.
1.1 Problem Formulation
3ased on the abo!e backround, as for formulation of the problem are obtained, namely 4
&.2.& #hat is iron deficiency anemia 5
&.2.2 #hat are the causes of iron deficiency anemia in adolescents 5
&.2.- $ow clinical symptoms of iron deficiency anemia5
&.2.2 $ow medical manaement . treatment of iron deficiency anemia 5
&.2.6 $ow the pre!ention of iron deficiency anemia in the community 5
1.2 Purposes
&.-.& To know the definition of iron deficiency anemia.
&.-.2 To determine the cause of iron deficiency anemia in adolescents.
&.-.- To determine the clinical symptoms of iron deficiency anemia.
&.-.2 To determine the medical treatment . therapy in iron deficiency anemia.
&.-.6 To find out how to pre!ent iron deficiency anemia in the community.
&
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definitions of Iron Deficiency nemia
7ron deficiency anemia is a condition where a person does not ha!e enouh iron to suffice the
needs of the body or the reduction of blood cells due to lack of iron.
2.2 Causes of Iron Deficiency nemia
&. 7ncreased need for iron and . or hematopoiesis
- "apid rowth in infants or youn
- /renancy
- *rythropoietin Therapy
2. 7ncreased blood loss
- 0hronic blood loss
- 8enstruation
- 3lood donation
-. 9ecreased intake or absorption of iron
- 9iets that do not fit
- 8alabsorption of diseases
- 8alabsorption of surery
- Acute or chronic inflammation
2.! Clinical Symptoms
:ymptoms of deficiency anemia can be classified into the followin three ma;or cateories.
( $andy and $aribowo , 200))
&. 0ommon symptoms of anemia
0ommon symptoms of anemia, also known as anemia syndrome obser!ed in anemia
deficiency if hemolobin le!els fall below 71) . dl. These symptoms such as weakness,
lethary, tired, di<<y eyes, and rinin in ears. 7n iron deficiency anemia, due to a decline
in hemolobin le!els slowly, anemia syndrome no too conspicuous if compared with
other anemia is a decrease in hemolobin le!el more quickly.
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2. The typical symptoms of iron deficiency
Typical symptoms encountered in iron deficiency anemia and not found in other types are
as follows.
=oilorikia 4 nail spoon ( spoon nail ) nails become brittle ,!ertical stripes, and
becomes conca!e so that looks like a spoon.
Atrophy of tonue papillae4 4 tonue surface becomes smooth and shiny as the tonue
papillae disappeared
Anular :tomatitis 4 an inflammation of the corners of the mouth, so that it looked as
pale whitish patches.
9ysphaia 4 swallowin pain due to epithelial damae hypopharyn+
>astric mucosal atrophy causin aklorida.
-. 3asic symptoms
7n iron deficiency anemia can be found symptoms of the disease that causes deficiency
anemia. ?or e+ample, in anemia of hookworm disease encountered dyspepsia, parotid
swellin, and yellow leather palms.
2." T#erapy
Therapy on iron deficiency anemia may include the followin therapies. ( $andy and
$aribowo , 200))
&. 0ausal therapy
0ausal therapy depends on the cause, such as hookworm treatment, hemorrhoids, and
menorrhaia.
2. /ro!ision of iron preparations to replace the deficiency of iron in the body
i!in iron preparations are usually administered orally or parenterally.
a. %ral iron
%ral treatment clearly safe and ine+pensi!e compared with parenteral. %ral iron
should qualify that each tablet or capsule contains 601&00 m of elemental iron that is
easily remo!ed in an acidic en!ironment, easily absorbed in the ferrous form, and less
side effects. There are four forms of iron salts can be administered orally, namely
sulfate, luconate, fumarate, and succinate. :ide effect that occurs pirosis and
-
constipation. Treatment was i!en until si+ months after normal hemolobin le!el to
replenish the body@s iron reser!es.
b. /arenteral iron
>i!in it has indication such as malabsorption, lack of tolerance by oral,
uncooperati!e clients, and require a rapid increase in hemolobin (pre surery, the
last trimester of prenancy). /reparations a!ailable are iron dextran complex and iron
sorbitol citic acid complex that can be administered intramuscularly or intra!enously.
:ide effects of intramuscular are usually pain on in;ection site while in the
intra!enous may occur the shock or tromboplebitis.
-. %ther treatments
%ther treatments that are commonly used are as follows.
a. 9iet4 should be i!en nutritious food that is hih in protein, especially animal protein.
b. Aitamin 04 i!en - + &00 m per day to increase iron absorption.
c. 3lood transfusion4 indications i!in blood transfusions on iron deficiency anemia
are4
1 The presence of anemic heart disease
1 :ymptomatic anemia
1 /atients requirin a rapid increase in hemolobin concentration .
2.$ Pre%ention
>i!en the hih pre!alence of iron deficiency anemia in the community, we need a unified
precaution. The pre!enti!e measures may include 4
a. $ealth education 4
- *n!ironmental health, for e+ample, about the use of latrines, impro!ed workin
en!ironment, the use of footwear so as to pre!ent hookworm disease.
- Butritional counselin to encourae the consumption of foods that help the absorption
of iron.
b. *radication of hookworm infection as a source of chronic bleedin most often found in
tropic reions. $ookworm infection control can be done by mass treatment with
antihelmentik and impro!ed sanitation.
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c. 7ron supplementation such as i!in prophylactic iron on !ulnerable sements of the
population. ?or e+ample prenant women and children under fi!e
d. ?ortification of food with iron, for e+ample4 iron mi+in on roceries. 7n #estern
countries made by mi+in flour for bread or milk powder with iron.
C&OSIN'
!.1 Conclusions
3ased on the abo!e discussion it can be concluded that4
7ron deficiency anemia is a condition where a person does not ha!e enouh iron to meet the
needs of the body or the reduction of blood cells due to lack of iron. This can be caused by an
increased need for iron, increased blood loss, and a decrease in the intake or absorption of
iron. :ymptoms may include eneral symptoms, typical symptoms of iron deficiency and
symptoms of the underlyin disease. The actions that can be performed throuh the therapy
and pre!ention efforts early on.
!.2 Su((estion
the suestions can be submitted the writer to the reader are as follows4 7t is e+pected that the
eneral public knows and perform actions that can help pre!ent the occurrence of early iron
deficiency anemia. ?or e+ample4 keepin the body nutrition, hyiene and health of personal
and the en!ironment.
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