FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p1 of 10

Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP Networks

John E. George
OFS Fiber Systems and Development
ofsoptics.com
johngeorge@ofsoptics.com 770-798-2432

Abstract

The optical system designs for Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) systems vary greatly as a function of the data
rate(s), optical specifications of the equipment, cabling system specifications, and distances that must be
supported. Given this variation one must assure that the optical transceivers and cabling system (optical
system) will reliably support the FTTP network to the desired data rates and distances at a minimum cost.
The performance of the lasers, detectors, cable, splitters, connectors, and splices work in concert to enable
the optical system functionality. The system designer can specify a cost and performance optimized
optical system by understanding the relative contributions of the system elements to the optical system
performance. While there are many optical impairments that limit the performance of optical links, it is
most effective to identify and manage a few parameters that have the maximum impact on the system.
FTTP systems are typically deployed in either PON (Passive Optical Network) or P2P (Point to Point)
architectures. We will show that minimizing FTTP cabling system channel insertion loss and using a Full
Spectrum singlemode fiber provides greater reach, future proofing, and cost effectiveness for all standards
based PON and P2P architectures.

Passive Optical Network (PON) Case

PONs utilize a single port at the Central Office/Headend (CO/HE) to serve up to n subscribers through a 1
to n optical split ratio. The split ratio can vary from 2 to 64, but ratios of 32, 16, or 8 are most typically
used. PONs may be configured with a single splitter or multiple concatenated splitters. PONs utilize
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) to enable multiple data streams to be carried over a single
fiber. The performance of both the passive and active portions of the optical system vary as a function of
wavelength. Thus the optical system performance at each wavelength must be analyzed to identify the
reach constraint for the PON. Typical PON architectures and standardized specifications are shown in
Figure 1 and Table 1.

Figure 1 Typical PON architecture















CO/Head End
Splitters
1 fiber per
32 subscribers
1 fiber per
subscriber
ONUs
Wavelength (nm)
1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600
(Upgrade Band)
Broadcast
Video
Data/Voice
Upstream
CWDM
Upgrade Band
Data/Voice
Downstream
Isolation
Bands
Tx/Rx
1310/1490 nm
1550 nm Video
receiver
Tx/Rx
1490/1310 nm
1550 nm Video Transmitter
Through EDFA
OLT
CO/Head End
Splitters
1 fiber per
32 subscribers
1 fiber per
subscriber
ONUs
Wavelength (nm)
1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600
(Upgrade Band)
Broadcast
Video
Data/Voice
Upstream
CWDM
Upgrade Band
Data/Voice
Downstream
Isolation
Bands
Tx/Rx
1310/1490 nm
1550 nm Video
receiver
Tx/Rx
1490/1310 nm
1550 nm Video Transmitter
Through EDFA
OLT
10 20 KM
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p2 of 10

We show in the Figure 1 example the use of Zero Water Peak Singlemode fiber, which enables services
the 1360 1480 nm band not available to standard singlemode fibers, which have a water peak defect that
makes this band un-usable. This 50% added bandwidth might be used for future upgrades or to support
current premium point-to-point overlay services. The Full Spectrum CWDM wavelength grid is specified
in ITU 694.2, from 1270 nm 1610 nm in 20 nm increments, and CWDM provides a 40% optical system
cost savings compared to the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) alternative.
i


Table 1 PON Standards - Key optical specifications

Type and protocol Data Rate(s) and reach Split
ratio
Standard Power budget
1
Fiber type(s)
BPON

Broadband Passive
Optical Network

ATM
622 or 155 Mb/s
downstream 1490 nm

155 Mb/s upstream 1310
nm

20 KM
2
maximum logical
reach.
32 max

ITU G.983.3
2001
(Channel
Insertion loss)
Class A Optics
20 dB
Class B Optics
25 dB
Class C Optics
30 dB

Singlemode
ITU G.652c/d
(low or zero
water peak)
ITU G.652
(std SMF)
GPON

Gigabit capable
Passive Optical
Network

ATM or Ethernet
3


2.488 or 1.244 Gb/s
downstream
2.488 or 1.244 Gb/s or
622 Mb/s or 155 Mb/s
upstream.

60 KM maximum logical
reach
64
max
ITU G 984.2
draft
10/2003
target
publication
(Channel
Insertion loss)
Class A Optics
20 dB
Class B Optics
25 dB
Class C Optics
30 dB
Singlemode
ITU G.652c/d
(low or zero
water peak)
ITU G.652
(std SMF)
EPON

Ethernet Passive
Optical Network
1.25 Gb/s downstream
(D) and upstream (U)

1000BASE-PX10 10KM
1000BASE-PX20 20KM
16
nominal

32
permitted
IEEE
802.3ah
draft
04/2004
target
publication
PX-10U 23 dB
PX-10D 21 dB
PX-20U 26 dB
PX-20D 26 dB
Singlemode
ITU G.652c/d
(low or zero
water peak)
ITU G.652
(std SMF)



BPON Link Modeling

There are two models that will be considered. The first is based on the ITU G.983.3 BPON standard. This
method accounts for the effects of channel insertion loss, and optical dispersion, and noise. Within the
ITU standard it is specified that the optical dispersion and noise penalty for a compliant transceiver is less
than 1 dB total for the link. Therefore the link reach is calculated solely based on the channel insertion
loss. The channel insertion loss in dB for a PON link is calculated as shown below in Equation 1.

1
The power budget for BPON and GPON is for channel insertion loss only and dispersion and noise are accounted for separately
by a 1 dB maximum optical path penalty that the transceiver must meet. The normative power budget for EPONs specified in
IEEE 802.3ah includes channel insertion loss plus dispersion and noise.
2
the 20 KM and 60 KM maximum reach for BPON and GPON is the logical limit constrained by the TMDA specifications. The
reach limit in practice varies and is typically lower than the logical limit depending on the power budget, split ratio, and cabling
system channel insertion loss.
3
GPON employs either the Generic Framing Protocol or GPON Encapsulation Method, either of which can carry ATM or
Ethernet.
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p3 of 10

Equation 1 Channel Insertion Loss
ChIL = (Attncable)(Length)+(Lsplice)(Nsplices)+ (Lconn)(Nconn)+(Lsplit)









The optical budget is the difference between the minimum launch power of the laser and the minimum
sensitivity of the receiver. For the link to provide its rated Bit Error Ratio (BER) performance, all optical
penalties that exist, including channel insertion loss, noise, and dispersion, must sum to less than the
value of the power budget. The ITU G.983.3 standard describes three classifications of optical transceiver
budgets as shown in table 1. Class B optics with a 25 dB channel insertion loss budget are commonly
used for BPON. The model shown in Figure 2 will assume two cases, with the first being the use of a
standard cabling system, and the second the use of a low loss cabling system. In all cases, we assume a
link configuration with 4 connections (mated connector pairs) and 6 hand-held fusion splices. Loss of
cable and splitter is the maximum specification, and of connections and splices is based on a 2 standard
deviation statistical worst-case model.

Figure 2 BPON Link Models using ITU 983.3 Methodology




















* 20 KM is logical reach. Optical reach would be 24.8 KM.







Attncable Attenuation for Cable dB/KM
Length Length of cable from OLT to ONU KM
Lsplice Loss per splice dB
Nsplices Number of splices -
Lconn Loss per connector dB
Nconn Number of connections (mated optical connector pairs) -
Lsplit Loss total for splitter(s) dB
Statistical max loss of concatenated connections/splices (2 std dev model)
Insertion loss (dB) Qty Mean Std Deviation Total
LC Connections 4 0.06 0.06 0.48
Typical SC connections 4 0.3 0.3 2.40
Superior Fusion splices 6 0.03 0.03 0.33
std Fusion splices 6 0.04 0.04 0.44
BPON ONU to OLT (1310 nm). 25 dB Budget ITU Class B Optics. 155 Mb/s
4 typical SC connections max 2.40 dB 4 LC Connections max 0.48 dB
6 splices max 0.44 dB 6 splices max 0.33 dB
1:32 typical splitter max 18.5 dB 1:32 low loss splitter max 17 dB
Maintenance Margin 1 dB Maintenance Margin 1 dB
Budget remaining for fiber 2.66 dB Budget remaining for fiber 6.19 dB
Fiber cable attenuation max 0.4 dB/KM ZWPF Cable attenuation max 0.35 dB/KM
Reach 6.7 KM 17.7 KM
Standard FTTP Cabling System Low Loss FTTP Cabling System
BPON OLT to ONU (1490 nm). 25 dB Budget ITU Class B Optics. 622 Mb/s
4 typical SC connections max 2.40 dB 4 LC Connections max 0.48 dB
6 splices 0.44 dB 6 splices 0.33 dB
1:32 typical splitter max 18.5 dB 1:32 low loss splitter max 17 dB
Maintenance Margin 1 dB Maintenance Margin 1 dB
Budget remaining for fiber 2.66 dB Budget remaining for fiber 6.19 dB
Fiber cable attenuation (max 0.3 dB/KM ZWPF Cable attenuation max 0.25 dB/KM
Reach 8.9 KM 20.0* KM
Standard FTTP Cabling System Low Loss FTTP Cabling System
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p4 of 10

The Fusion splice performance is that which can be expected from use of a good quality hand held unit.
The superior fusion splice performance for the Low Loss FTTP cabling system is enabled by use of Zero
Water Peak Fiber (ZWPF) with tighter core centering tolerances. Improved splicing performance of 0.01
dB mean and 0.01 dB standard deviation is achievable with ZWPF fiber using a state of the art table top
fusion splice machine, resulting in 0.9 KM of added reach at 1310 nm, for total reach of 18.6 KM, for the
Low Loss FTTP cabling system in the Figure 2 example.

It is clear from the above example that for BPON a low loss cabling system can provide over 2.5 times
the reach of a standard cabling system. The reach of the network is constrained by the higher attenuation
of optical fiber at 1310 nm, resulting in margin (up to 1.77 dB in the example) for the 1490 nm link at the
1310 nm constrained length. Since the OLT serves up to 32 users with a single 1490 nm laser, the 1490
nm loss margin may be considered a fortuitous safety margin for the PON.


IEEE Ethernet PON Link Modeling

The IEEE 802.3ah task force is expected to publish a standard for Ethernet Subscriber Access Networks
in the first half of 2004. The Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) standard, as it is known, includes
specifications for EPON systems operating at 1 Gb/s and Ethernet Point to Point (P2P) systems operating
at 1 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s. IEEE also recently published a standard for 10 Gigabit Ethernet, which was
developed by the 802.3ae task force. The 10 Gigabit Ethernet application can also serve subscriber access
applications as can any other existing Ethernet standard. In all modeling below, the reach has been
calculated using what is typically described as the IEEE Link Model
ii
. The IEEE Link model uses inputs
of transmitter, receiver, and cabling system specifications, converts all resulting optical link impairments
such as dispersion, noise, and channel insertion loss to a power level in dBm, and compares the total
power consumed to the total available power budget of the link to determine compliance to the desired
reach. The link model and specifications for 802.3ah are drafts at this time, but are not expected to change
substantially in the final standard. An example of the outputs of the IEEE link model for cases of 1:16 and
1:32 split ratios are shown below in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3 1000BASE-PX10-U Power Budget vs Distance 1:16 Split Ratio

Conventional FTTP Cabling System Low Loss FTTP Cabling System
10 KM Reach 15 KM Reach














Power penalties + Channel IL vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 7 9 11 13 15
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

+

C
h

I
L

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
_
Power penalties + Channel IL vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 7 9 11 13 15
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

+

C
h

I
L

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
_
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p5 of 10


Figure 4 1000BASE-PX10-U Power Budget vs Distance 1:32 Split Ratio

Conventional FTTP Cabling System Low Loss FTTP Cabling System
1.5 KM Reach 10 KM Reach












Assumptions for Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6.
1310 nm nominal upstream (ONT to OLT) specification in IEEE 802.3ah.
PX10-U has 10 KM target reach with 1:16 split ratio
PX20-U has 20 KM target reach with 1:16 split ratio
4 typical SC connections and 6 splices with loss calculated as shown in Figure 2.
Cabled attenuations as shown in Figure 2.
All inputs for transmitter and receiver within worst case limits specified in IEEE 802.3ah draft 2.0.
IEEE Link model EFM_Pbud0_0_1.xls

The examples in figures 3 and 4 show 50% to 900% extended EPON reach enabled by the use of the low
channel insertion loss cabling system. Channel insertion loss (Ch IL) accounts for over 90% of the total
link penalty in each case, and the low loss cabling system liberates over 3.4 dB in this example. The
additional 3.4 dB is used to extend the reach of the link while remaining within the power budget. Noise
and dispersion impairments account for the remaining link penalties and can ultimately limit the reach
independently of Channel Insertion Loss, and this dispersion limit primarily depends on the laser
specifications of the particular transceiver used in the system.

In the 1:16 split ratio case shown in Figure 3, the conventional cabling system just reaches the 10 KM
IEEE objective, while the low loss system enables a 15 KM reach by utilizing a combination of low loss
cable, connectors, splitters, and splices. The low loss system also significantly reduces system costs for
links between 10 and 15 KM by avoiding the need for more expensive 1000BASE-PX20 optical
transceivers. In the 1:32 split ratio case the conventional cabling systems loss consumes nearly all of the
power budget, resulting in an impractical 1 KM reach, while the low loss system supports a very useful
10 KM reach.

IEEE also specifies the 1000BASE-PX20 PMD (Physical Medium Dependent sublayer) to provide
additional budget and tighter laser specifications intended to support a 20 KM EPON with a 1:16 split
ratio. While this reach is supported in the standard for a 1:16 split ratio by allocating 16 dB for channel
insertion loss, a conventional cabling system with a typical number of connections and splices will
significantly exceed 16 dB and thus is unable to support the 20 KM reach, while a low loss cabling
system can far exceed the 20 KM reach goal. The advantages of the low loss cabling system for PX20 are
shown in Figures 5 and 6 for the 1:16 and 1:32 split ratio cases.

Power penalties + Channel IL vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 2 4 6 8 10
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

+

C
h

I
L

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
_
`
Power penalties + Channel IL vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 2 4 6 8 10
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

+

C
h

I
L

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
_
`
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p6 of 10

Figure 5 1000BASE-PX20-U Power Budget vs Distance 1:16 Split Ratio

Conventional FTTP Cabling System Low Loss FTTP Cabling System
17.5 KM Reach 24 KM Reach

















Figure 6 1000BASE-PX20-U Power Budget vs Distance 1:32 Split Ratio

Conventional FTTP Cabling System Low Loss FTTP Cabling System
8 KM Reach 18 KM Reach







Assumptions:








The 1000BASE-PX20-U reach is extended by 45% to 125% by the low loss cabling system vs. the
conventional cabling system.

The IEEE EPON configurations shown in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 were all for upstream 1310 nm links
between the ONU (Home or Business) and OLT (CO or Head End). The low loss cabling system also
provides extended reach for the downstream 1490 nm link as well as shown in Figure 7.

Power penalties vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
`
Power penalties vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
`
Power penalties vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
`
Power penalties vs. distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25
L (km)
P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
d
B
)
Ch IL
Pisi central
P_DJ central
Prin
Preflection central
Pmpn
Pcross
Ptotal
Budget
`
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p7 of 10
Figure 7 Summary of 1000BASE-PX Reach vs Cabling System Type
4
















PMD, Up or Downstream, Split ratio

In addition to the reach benefits of a low loss cabling system, Figure 7 also reveals that both the upstream
and downstream links should be modeled to identify which constrains the reach of the network. The
upstream link for the IEEE EPON nominally operates at 1310 nm, while the downstream link nominally
operates at 1490 nm. While optical fiber attenuation is typically 10% to 30% lower at 1490 nm, this
advantage may be offset (depending on the laser specifications) by higher dispersion penalties that can
result at 1490 nm when operating on G652 or G.652c/d fibers, which have a worst case zero-dispersion
wavelength at around 1300 nm. In addition, the 1000BASE-PX10-D IEEE standard reduces the power
budget by 2 dB relative to the PX10-U budget in order to lower the cost of the transceiver. The result is
that the 1490 nm downstream link tends to the constraint for PX-10, and the 1310 nm upstream link tends
to be the constraint for PX-20, as shown in Figure 9 below:

Figure 8 Summary of 1000BASE-PX Reach vs Wavelength















PMD, Low Loss or Conventional, Split ratio


4
Calculated using IEEE link model EFM_Pbud0_0_1.xls, with all inputs for transmitter and receiver within worst
case limits specified in IEEE 802.3ah draft 2.0. Cabling system specification assumptions are from Figure 2.

0
5
10
15
20
25
KM
U-
16
D-
16
U-
32
D-
32
U-
16
D-
16
U-
32
D-
32
1000BASE-PX10 1000BASE-PX20
Low Loss System
Conventional
0
5
10
15
20
25
KM
LL-
16
C-
16
LL-
32
C-
32
LL-
16
C-
16
LL-
32
C-
32
1000BASE-PX10 1000BASE-PX20
Upstream (1310 nm)
Downstream (1490 nm)
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p8 of 10
Point to Point Case

A Point to Point (P2P) architecture is typically deployed either with a dedicated port in the CO/HE
connected to a port at each subscriber location, or more commonly with a remote switch within 1 KM to
the subscribers, that aggregates the bandwidth of many subscribers on to a few fibers connected to ports
in the CO/HE. There are also FTTP systems available that use P2P to connect to a PON close to the
subscribers. The remote switched P2P architecture is shown below in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Remote Switched Ethernet Architecture and PMD options.














Table 2 P2P Ethernet Selected Standards Suitable for Access Networks - Key optical specifications

Standard Data Rate(s) and reach Standard Power budget Fiber type(s)
Ethernet in the
First Mile
(EFM)


100 Mb/s 10 KM
- 100BASE-LX10 1310 nm
dual fiber.
- 100BASE-BX10
1310/1490nm Bi-directional
single fiber
IEEE
802.3ah
draft 2.0

100BASE-LX10
10.0 dB
100BASE-BX10
14.2 dB

Singlemode
ITU G.652c/d (low or
zero water peak)
ITU G.652 (std SMF)
Ethernet in the
First Mile
(EFM)


1000 Mb/s 10 KM
- 1000BASE-LX10
1310 nm dual fiber.
- 1000BASE-BX10
1310/1490nm
Bi-directional single fiber
IEEE
802.3ah
draft 2.0
100BASE-LX10
10.0 dB
100BASE-BX10
14.2 dB

Singlemode
ITU G.652c/d (low or
zero water peak)
ITU G.652 (std SMF)
Gigabit
Ethernet
(low cost
multimode
fiber solution)
1000 Mb/s 220 1000m
- 1000BASE-SX
- 850 nm dual fiber
* 1000 meter support on ISO
OM-3 50 micron fiber cable.
IEEE
802.3
1000BASE-SX
7.5 dB
Multimode 50 and 62.5
micron specified in ISO
11801 2
nd
Edition.

10 Gigabit
Ethernet
10 Gb/s 300 m 40 KM
10GBASE-S 300 meters
5

- 850 nm dual fiber
10BBASE-L 10 KM
- 1310 nm dual fiber
10BBASE-E 40 KM
- 1550 nm dual fiber
IEEE
802.3
10GBASE-S
7.3 dB
10GBASE-L
9.4 dB
10GBASE-E
15.0 dB
Multimode 50 and 62.5
micron specified in ISO
11801 2
nd
Edition.


5
300 meter support on 2000 MHz-km ISO OM-3 50 micron fiber cable.
Ethernet
Switch
Node
WDM WDM
850 nm
1490 nm
1310 nm
850 nm
1490 nm
1310 nm
CO/Head End
1310 nm 1310 nm
Zero water peak fiber
(ITU G652c/d compliant)
Laser Optimized 50
micron Multimode fiber
10 20 KM 100 m 2 KM
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p9 of 10

The single-mode fiber based PMDs described in Table 2 can also support extended reach using a low loss
FTTP cabling system, as shown in Figure 10. We see from the link modeling a 30 50% reach
improvement enabled from the power liberated by the low loss FTTP cabling system.

Figure 10 Reach of various Ethernet Point to Point Singlemode Fiber Based Options
6















A common implementation of the P2P switched Ethernet architecture uses multimode fiber from the
switch to the subscribers. This lowers the link cost by enabling the use of lower cost optical transceivers
that employ LEDs or 850 nm VCSELs. One cost effective upgrade path for such an architecture would be
to use ISO OM-3 Multimode Fiber from the switch to the subscribers to support 100 Mb/s Ethernet
(100BASE-FX), and then upgrade to 1 Gb/s using 1000BASE-SX.. The reach advantage of using OM-3
fiber compared to lower grade multimode fibers is shown in Figure 11.


Figure 11 OM-3 Reach vs conventional multimode fiber for 100 Mb/s 1 Gb/s upgrade path













6
Calculated using relevant IEEE link models, with all inputs for transmitter and receiver within worst case limits
specified in IEEE 802.3ah draft 2.0 for 100BASE-LX10 and 1000BASE-LX10, and IEEE 802.3ae for 10GBASE-L
and E. Cabling system specification assumptions are from Figure 2.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
100BASE-LX10 1000BASE-LX10 10GBASE-L
KM
Low Loss System
Conventiional System
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
10GBASE-E
Low Loss System
Conventiional System
0
500
1000
1500
2000
OM-3 50 micron
2000 MHz-km
Conventional
50-micron
Conventional
62.5 micron
100 Mb/s
100BASE-FX
1 Gb/s
1000BASE-SX
FTTH Conference 2003 Optical System Design Considerations for FTTP John George p10 of 10




Conclusion

The optical system designs for Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) systems vary greatly as a function of the data
rate(s), optical specifications of the equipment, cabling system specifications, and distances. It has been
shown that the performance of the lasers, detectors, cable, splitters, connectors, and splices work in
concert to enable the optical system functionality. The system designer can specify a cost and
performance optimized optical system by understanding the relative contributions of the system elements
to the optical system performance. While there are many optical impairments that limit the performance
of optical links, it is most effective to identify and manage a few parameters that have the maximum
impact on the system. FTTP systems are typically deployed in either PON (Passive Optical Network) or
P2P (Point to Point) architectures. One finding of this analysis is that with links employing Bi-directional
WDM the reach at both wavelengths must be understood to identify the link length constraint. The key
finding is that minimizing FTTP cabling system channel insertion loss and using a Full Spectrum Zero
Water Peak singlemode fiber provides greater reach, future proofing, and cost effectiveness for all
standards based PON and P2P architectures.







i
Full Spectrum CWDM PONs with Zero Water Peak Single-mode Fiber for FTTH and Business. J. E. George
and B. Eichenbaum, FTTH Conference 2002, New Orleans, LA.
ii
IEEE link model was developed by Hanson, Cunningham, Dawe, and Dolphi of Agilent Technologies, and is
described in Gigabit Ethernet Networking by D. G. Cunningham and W. G. Lane, Macmillan Technical Publishing,
1999.