TERMS OF REFERENCE

SITING STUDY FOR SANITARY LANDFILL

[],[]
General
The Government of [] has identified solid waste disposal as a priority problem and requires assistance in the
siting of a new sanitary landfill to address this problem. For purposes of this study, sanitary landfill design
guidance and siting criteria are provided in Anne A.
The eisting disposal site is located at [] and has been receiving [] solid waste for [] years. The remaining
capacity of the eisting site is estimated as [] years.
Following an initial screening of at least ! potential sites, the siting study shall identify at least " candidate sites
which are technically, economically, and environmentally suitable, as well as potentially socially and politically
acceptable for development into sanitary landfill. The sites also need to be feasible to acquire within the time
span required for timely implementation of the proposed pro#ect. These " candidate sites shall be further
analy$ed and % site recommended for design.
The siting study shall not be limited to loo&ing only at government'owned lands, as purchase of a privately
owned site might be the most cost'effective solution when considering site mitigation and pollution control
costs and solid waste transportation costs.
To the etent feasible, the siting process is intended to be participatory, so that public opposition to the
recommended site is minimi$ed. To this end, the consultants are advised to encourage the government to form
and convene a steering committee comprised of local authorities as well as representatives of &ey non
government organi$ations and citi$ens groups. The consultants are epected to fully cooperate with the
committee and be available for monthly meetings to discuss progress.
Objective
The study shall adequately address the following ob#ectives(
%. )etermine the service area, waste quantities *including sludge from wastewater treatment plants+ and land
requirements for siting of a sanitary landfill which achieves economies'of'scale and cost'effective transport
of wastes.
,. -dentify and assess at least ! sites with regard to site selection criteria *see Anne A+ and comparatively
evaluate their environmental, safety, economic, engineering and socio'political feasibility for sanitary
landfill.
". -dentify at least " candidate sites that appear to meet most of the site selection criteria, based on available
data, or could be engineered economically to address the intent of most of the criteria.
.. /rovide an environmental audit report and economic analysis comparing the " candidate sites.
0. 1ecommend % site based on all of the comparative assessment conducted.
Sc!"e !# Service
The 2onsultant shall perform the following services(
Tas& % '' Review of Available Information: 1eview relevant feasibility studies and reports concerning solid
waste management, particularly the studies conducted for [] by the []. 1eview environmental studies conducted
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at eisting disposal sites, particularly those conducted by the []. 1eview siting studies already conducted by
the [].
Tas& , '' Develop Baseline for Landfill Planning( )etermine the service area to be covered by the sanitary
landfill facility, develop updated waste quantities based on available information, and determine the volume
capacity requirements for a landfill to provide a minimum of %: years of life. /ro#ect the waste quantities to
be produced by [],[] over the net %: year period starting " years from today *assuming that it would ta&e
about " years to design and implement a new sanitary landfill+. 3stimate the si$e of sanitary landfill site
required for a minimum life of %: years. For determination of the si$e of site required, it shall be assumed
that the final in'situ density of solid waste after several years of consolidation will be ;:: &g<cubic meter
and that the ratio of soil cover volume to solid waste volume will be %(=. )epth determined during final
design of the proposed landfill will depend upon site specific conditions of the soil depth to bedroc& and
topography. >owever, for purposes of this study, an average depth between %: to %0 meters may be
assumed. ?eyond the needs for the landfill@s cell development, the site requirements shall assume to be
increased by about %:A for the waste receiving area, %:A for the leachate treatment and evaporation area,
and %:A for the landscaped buffer $one.
Tas& " '' Develop Site Selection Criteria: )evelop site selection criteria to evaluate environmental, safety,
economic, engineering, and socio'political feasibility. 5ites can be selected even though they do not meet each
of the screening criteria. >owever, the reason for selecting such sites shall be provided and possible
engineering solutions which would bring the site into conformance with the intent of the unmet criteria shall be
outlined. For purposes of this study, criteria which shall be addressed as part of the screening process include,
but are not limited to, those outlined in Anne A.
Tas& . '' Identify Potential Sites: 1eview regional information available from private and public sources
which will allow the identification and evaluation of potential sites, including topographic maps, borings and
well logs, soil surveys, geologic studies, climatic<meteorological data, wind data, drainage and sanitation
infrastructure maps, water resource and water supply development maps, stream water quality data,
transmission and power supply maps, road maps, transportation studies, eisting and proposed land use plans,
possible development plans and programs for the area and its immediate vicinity, proimity to residential
development, land ownership and land value.
-dentify at least ! potential sites with regard to the above selection criteria and the above regional information.
3plain the reasons for any sites identified wherein the selection criteria have not been fully met. 6utline
engineering provisions which would enable selected sites to address the intent of those criteria which can not be
met naturally by the site as is.
Fully collaborate with the local authorities involved in solid waste disposal in the identification process. This
would include preparing from the outset a series of maps which show those areas within the study area which
would not meet selection criteria *eclusion $ones+ and requesting the appropriate local authorities to provide
views. Then, there should be tours with &ey local authorities to those areas which are considered potentially
viable, to further solicit their views.
Tas& 0 '' Select Candidate Sites: 2onduct site reconnaissance of each of the potential sites identified above
and review site'specific data which is available. -dentify candidate sites which best meet the established set of
criteria and appear to be the most politically<publicly acceptable and, preferably, are closest to the collection
service area so that refuse hauling times and refuse collection costs are minimi$ed. -f there are not at least "
candidate sites which substantively meet the site selection criteria, propose additional siting studies which
would supplement those already conducted, including casting of a wider net to loo& at sites located further from
[].
Tas& = '' Recommend 1 Site for !rt"er St!dy: ?ased on best professional #udgment and upon the efforts
conducted above, evaluate the " candidate sites and recommend which one appears to be the best from
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environmental, economic, and public acceptance perspectives.
Re"!rt an$ %lan
/rovide ten copies of the First -nterim 1eport which evaluates alternative sites, with corresponding site'specific
information for each of the sites evaluated, including rationale for recommending the " candidate sites. Bithin
, wee&s of submittal of the First -nterim 1eport, the consultants will provide a full briefing to local authorities
and encourage a discussion of comments and opinions.
/rovide ten copies of the 5econd -nterim 1eport which further evaluates the " candidate sites, including
comparative cost analysis and environmental audit review. Bithin , wee&s of submittal of the First -nterim
1eport, the consultants will provide a full briefing to local authorities and encourage a discussion of comments
and opinions.
/rovide ten copies of the Final )raft 1eport which recommends % site for further study which addresses
comments and concerns from local authorities regarding the -nterim 1eport. The consultants shall be available
to participate in an open forum conducted by local authorities and their consultants and representatives to
discuss the rationale for recommending this site. Cisual aids for the open forum shall be provided by the
consultants to facilitate the discussion.
/rovide ten copies of the Final 1eport which addresses comments and concerns from local authorities and open
forum regarding the Final )raft 1eport.
All reports shall be in the [] language.
Sc&e$'le
The initial phase to identify ! potential sites shall be completed within a period of " months from the date of the
contract, or notice to proceed.
The second phase to complete more detailed economic and environmental analysis of the " candidate sites shall
be completed within 0 months from the date of the contract, or notice to proceed.
The final phase to recommend % site shall be completed within D months from the date of the contract, or notice
to proceed.
This schedule assumes there shall be no delay due to local authorities being unable to agree to the " candidate
sites at the end of the initial phase of wor& or to the % recommended site at the end of the second phase of wor&.
The overall study is epected to be completed and all reports submitted within D months from the date of the
contract.
Tea(
The team shall include at least one eperienced and qualified geologist with a minimum of a bachelor of
science degree in geology and %: years of related wor& eperience in geologic and hydrogeologic field
investigationsE at least one civil'sanitary engineer with a bachelor of science degree in civil engineering and
%0 years of related wor& eperience in sanitary landfill designE and at least one biologist with a bachelor of
science degree in biology and ! years of related wor& eperience in terrestrial biology field survey.
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Anne) A
SANITARY LANDFILL SITING CRITERIA
Adequate land area and volume to provide sanitary landfill capacity to meet pro#ected needs for at least %:
years, so that costly investments in access roads, drainage, fencing, and weighing stations are #ustifiable.
For siting purposes, land area requirements shall be estimated based on the landfill cell area required
*typically for a depth of %:',0 metersE a final solid waste density of !::'%,::: &g<cubic, and a minimum
soil to refuse ratio of %( =+, as well as about ,'. hectares for the receiving area, ,'. hectares for the
leachate treatment and<or evaporation ponds, and additional %:A land for a landscaped buffer $one.
/referably, a site accessible within ": minutes travel time *a function of road and traffic conditions+ is to
be sought, even if it means buying land, because of the need to avoid adversely affecting the productivity of
collection vehicles. At distances greater than ": minutes travel, for collection operations to be economic,
investment in either large capacity collection vehicles *0 tonnes per load or greater+ or transfer stations
with large capacity vehicles *,: tonnes or greater+ would be necessary.
-f transfer stations are required, the landfill should be accessible within , hours of travel time *one'way+ by
transfer truc&s from the transfer station. 6therwise, for longer distances, transfer by rail or barge directly
to the landfill site needs to be considered. 5iting of rail or barge transfer sites within the refuse collection
area may be difficult. )ouble handling by truc& transfer and by rail or barge transfer units should be
avoided because of costs.
Accessible from a competent paved public road which has an adequate width, slope, visibility and
construction to accommodate the pro#ected truc& traffic. To minimi$e landfill development costs, the
requirement for new access road construction generally should be less than %: &m for large landfills
serving metropolitan areas and less than " &m for small landfills serving secondary cities.
A gently sloped topography amenable to development of sanitary landfill by the 2ell *?und+, with slopes
which minimi$e the need for earthmoving to obtain the correct leachate drainage slope of about ,A.
Groundwater@s seasonally high table level *i.e., %: year high+ is at least %.0 meters below the proposed base
of any ecavation or site preparation to enable landfill cell development. A minimum depth of % meter of
relatively impermeable soils above the groundwater@s seasonable high level eists *preferably, less than %:
';
meters<second permeability when undisturbed+. -f these criteria are not met, use of impermeable clay
and<or plastic liners may be required to protect groundwater quality.
Availability on'site of suitable soil cover material to meet the needs for intermediate *minimum of ": cm
depth+ and final cover *minimum of =: cm depth+, as well as bund construction *for the 2ell method of
landfill+. /referably, the site would have adequate soil to also meet daily cover needs *usually a minimum
of %0 cm depth of soil+. >owever, daily cover needs can be alternatively met by using removable tarps,
other relatively inert materials *i.e., compost residuals+, or by removing the previously laid daily soil cover
at the start of each day for reuse at the end of the same day. For purposes of siting, assume that at least %
cubic meter of daily, intermediate, and final compacted soil cover is needed for every = cubic meters of
compacted refuse. -n most developing countries with highly organic wastes and warm climates, compacted
refuse *after one year of natural consolidation and decomposition within warm and wet climates+ achieves
a density of !::'%::: &g<c.m.
7one of the areas within the landfill boundaries are part of the %:'year groundwater recharge area for
eisting or pending water supply development.
7o private or public drin&ing, irrigation, or livestoc& water supply wells within 0:: meters downgradient
of the landfill boundaries, unless alternative water supply sources are readily and economically available
and the owner*s+ gives written consent to the potential ris& of well abandonment.
7o environmentally significant wetlands of important biodiversity or reproductive value are present within
the potential area of the landfill cell development.
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7o &nown environmentally rare or endangered species breeding areas or protected living areas are present
within the site boundaries. -f this criterion is not met, alternative habitats of comparable quality for
relocation of the species would need to be available.
7o significant protected forests are within 0:: meters of the landfill cell development area.
7o open areas of high winds, otherwise windblown litter will not be readily manageable.
7o ma#or lines of electrical transmission or other infrastructure *i.e., gas, sewer, water lines+ are crossing
the landfill cell development area, unless the landfill operation would clearly cause no concern or rerouting
is economically feasible.
7o underlying limestone, carbonate, fissured or other porous roc& formations which would be incompetent
as barriers to leachate and gas migration, where the formations are more than %.0 meter in thic&ness and
present as the uppermost geologic unit above sensitive groundwaters.
7o underlying underground mines which could be adversely affected by surface activities of landfilling, or
minable resources which could be rendered less accessible by landfilling, unless the owner*s+ gives eplicit
consent.
7o residential development within ,0: meters from the perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development,
for reasons of particulates and bioaerosols, in cases where there is landfill gas collection and flaring. -f
there is no gas collection and flaring, at least 0:: meters are recommended, due to volatili$ed organics,
heavy metals and other potential toic constitutents in landfill gas.
Avoid visibility of the proposed landfill cell development area from residential neighborhoods within % &m.
-f residents live within % &m of the site, landscaping and protective berms would need to be incorporated
into the design to minimi$e visibility of operations. 2urving of the access road is recommended to avoid
visibility of the active portions of the landfill from the main road.
7o perennial stream within ":: meters downgradient of the proposed landfill cell development, unless
diversion, culverting or channeling is economically and environmentally feasible to protect the stream from
potential contamination.
Avoid siting within areas of significant seismic ris& which could cause destruction of berms, drains or
other civil wor&s, or require unnecessarily costly engineering measures, otherwise side slopes may need to
be ad#usted to be gentler than the maimum of ,.0(%.
7o fault lines or significantly fractured geologic structure within 0:: meters of the perimeter of the
proposed landfill cell development which would allow unpredictable movement of gas or leachate.
7o siting within " &m of a turbo#et airport and %.= &m of a piston'type airport. For sites located more than
" &m and less than ! &m from the nearest turbo#et airport *or more than %.= &m and less than ! &m from
the nearest piston'type airport+, no consideration is to be given unless the aviation authority has provided
written permission stating that it considers the location as not threatening to air safety.
7o siting within a floodplain sub#ect to %:'year floods and, if within areas sub#ect to a %::'year flood,
must be amenable to an economic design which would eliminate the potential for washout.
Avoid siting within % &m of socio'politically sensitive sites where public acceptance might be unli&ely *i.e.,
memorial sites, churches, schools+ and avoid access roads which would pass by such culturally sensitive
sites.
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