1:

1.
1.
1.1
1. . m n ,
P
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a a . . . a
2n
A = 21 22
.. . . . . . . . . .

a m1 a m 2 . . . a mn
mxn P.
ij , i , - ij.

Amxn = [aij]mxn , (i=1,...,m;j=1,...,n)

mxn. (A)ij
i- j- A.
:
5
1 1 / 2

A = 0
3 ,
B=1
2
2
5

3x2, B

3 4
1 + i

2 0 ,
C = i
2 i
5 7
3x3, C 3x1.

2: .
, m=n
n, n. B 3.
mxn = [aij]mxn . m =1,
A1xn =[ a12 a12 . . . . a1n] - n=1 ,

a11
a
21
Amx1 = .

.
am1

- .
1

1:

a11 a12 K a1n

a
a 22 K a 2 n
n= 21
i=j , aij
K K
K K

a n1 a n 2 K a nn
i=1,,n, .

, ,
, .
3. . Amxn = [aij]mxn e .
-Amxn = [-aij]mxn .
4. . ,
mxn Omxn.
5. .
Dn = [dij] 0, dij=0 za ij,
.

Dnxn

d11 0 0 . . .
0 d 0 . . .
22
=
. . . . . . . . .

0 . . . . . . 0

0
0
.

d nn

6. .
C , d11=d22=. . . =dnn=c C
c 0 0 . . . 0
0 c 0 . . . 0

n. C n =
. . . . . . . . .

0 . . . . . . c
7. . nxn,
1 n
En In E, I
.
1 0 0
, 3, I 3 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
8. . A = [aij]mxn.
() A
() A
2

1:

AT A'. A'=[a'ij]nxm
A=[aij]mxn a'ij = aji (AT)ij=(A)ji.
:
a11 a12
a11 a21 a31
A = a21 a22 AT =

a12 a22 a32

a31 a32
2 3 4
A=
,
0 1 2

2 0
A = 3 1
4 2
'

9. . A = [aij]mxn B = [bij]pxq
, m=p n=q aij=bij
i=1,2,...,m; j=1,2,...,n.
:

2 x y x + y 1 2
x y x + 3 y = 0 4

2x-y=1
x+y=2
x-y=0

x+3y=4.
1.1
,
(AT)T = A .
: Amxn=[aij]mxn ATnxm =[aij]nxm a'ij = aji.
(AT)T=[aij] mxn, aij=aji=aij.
10. . n, Anxn
aij=aji i,j=1,2,...,n; .
1.2 S n, , ST=S.
11. . = [aij]
n. aij=-aji .
1.3 An T = -A.

1:

1.2

.
, (+)
() :
a,b,c
1.
a+b, ab ();
2.
a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c, a(bc)=(ab)c ( );
3.
a+b=b+a, ab=ba
( );
3.
, 0, (
) a,
a+0=0+a=a;
4.
a3 b
a+b=b+a=0.
(
.) a
a;
5.
, 1, (
), a,
a1=1a=a ;
6.
a, a0, b,
ab=ba=1.
( 0,
.)
a-1.
7.
a,b,c,
a(b+c)=ab+ac
(
).
, (+,),
.
, P
+ () (),
1-7 .
, (+,)
Q(+,), C(+,)
.
Z2={0,1}, 2,
:

1:

+
0
1

0
0
1

1
1
0

0
1

0
0
0

1
0
1

,
.
12. . A=[aij] B=[bij]
mxn, C=[cij] mxn cij
A B
cij = aij + bij (i=1,2, . . . ,m; j=1,2, . . . ,n)

A+B=C

a11 a12 . . . a1n b11 b12 . . . b1n a11 + b11 a12 + b12 . . . a1n + b1n
a a . . . a b b . . . b a + b a + b . . . a + b
2n
2n
22
2n
2n
21 22
+ 21 22
= 21 21 22
...................... ..................... ............................................

am1 am 2 . . . amn bm1 bm 2 . . . bmn am1 + bm1 am 2 + bm 2 . . . amn + bmn

:

2 3 4
A=
,
5 2 0

1 2 3
2 1
B=
, C=

0
0 1
1 3

:
2 + 1 3 2 4 3 3 1 1
A+ B =
=

5 + 0 2 1 0 0 5 1 0
C A B.
13. . A=[aij]
mxn 3 C=[cij] mxn
cij = aij (i=1,2, . . . ,m; j=1,2, . . . ,n)
C = A.
:
2 3 4
4 2 4 3 4 4 8 12 16
, = 4, 4 A =
A=

=
5 2 0
4 5 4 2 4 0 20 8 0
(-1)A -A.
14.
A B = A + (-1) B.
A, B C ,3
3
:
5

1:

1.4 A + B = B + A ()
1.5 (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
()
1.6 A + O = O + A = A ( O A)
1.7 A + (-A) = (-A) + A = O
1.8 (A + B) = A + B
1.9 ( + ) A = A + A
1.10 () A = (A)
1.11 1 A = A
1.12 (A + B)T = AT + BT
1.13 (A)T = AT
15. A B mxn
nxp C mxp,

cij = aik bkj (i = 1,2,...m; j = 1,2,..., p)

k =1

C= AB. ij
i - A j B. ,
.
a11
.
ai1
.
am1

a12
.
ai2
.
am2

n
a1k bk1
k =1
. . . .
n
a b
k =1 ik k1

. . .
n
a mk bk1
k =1

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

a1n
.
ain
.
amn

. . .

b11
b21
.
.
.
bn1

k =1

bkj

k =1

ik

bkj

. .

. . . . . . . . .
n

. . .

a
k =1

.
.
.
.
.
.

b1p
b2p
.
.
.
bnp

bkp
k =1

. . . . .

m
. aik bkp

k =1

. . . . .
n

. . a mk bkp
k =1

. . .

b1j
b2j
.
.
.
bnj

1k

. . . . . . . . .
. . .

.
.
.
.
.
.

mk

bkj

1k

:
a11b11 + a12b21 a11b12 + a12b22 a11b13 + a12b23
a11 a12 b11 b12 b13
=
a b + a b a b + a b a b + a b
a a b b b
22 21
21 12
22 22
21 13
22 23
21 22 21 22 23
21 11

1:

2 3
1 2 3
A=
, B=

,
5 2
0 1 0
:
1.14 (AB)C = A(BC)

2 1 + 3 0 2 2 + 3 1 2 3 + 3 0 2 7 6
A B =
=

5 1 + 2 0 5 2 + 2 1 5 3 + 2 0 5 12 15
()

: A mxn, B nxp C pxq . AB

mxp, (AB)C mxq, BC nxq,
A(BC) mxq.
.
p

k =1

k =1

s =1

s =1

k =1

(( AB)C ) ij = ( AB) ik C kj = ( Ais Bsk )C kj = Ais ( Bsk C kj )

n

= Ais ( BC ) sj = ( A( BC )) ij

s =1

:
1.15(A + B)C = AC + BC
A(B + C) = AB + AC
()
!
AB BA. ,
.
16. . AB = BA A B
. AB BA , C=AB-BA
A B.
1.16 A = [aij] mxn , a D =[dii] nxn
C = AD cij = aij d jj .

.
A = [aij] mxn , a D =[dii] mxm
C = DA cij=diiaij.
,
.
: A = [aij] mxn , a D =[dii] nxn
n

C = AD cij = aik d kj = aij d jj ,

k =1

dkj=0 kj. A = [aij] mxn , a D =[dii] mxm

n

, C = DA cij = d ik a kj = d ii aij ,
k =1

dik=0 ik.
7

1:

1.17 A e mxn , a In Im
,
AIn = ImA = A.

Ap = A A ...A
(p=1,2,. . . ). 0=I.
p

1.18 Ap Aq = Ap+q
1.19 (AB)T = BT AT.

: A mxn, B nxp, AB mxp, (AB)T pxn .

BT pxn, AT nxm, BTAT pxm . ,
n

k =1

k =1

k =1

(( AB) T ) ij = ( AB) ji = ( A) jk ( B) ki = ( AT ) kj ( B T ) ik = ( B T ) ik ( AT ) kj = ( AT B T ) ij
17. . A
()
B
AB=BA=I.

.
:
7 3
5
2 3 2

5
matricite
2

7 1 0 3 7 5
7 1 0
=
=
,
,

5 0 1 2 5 2 3 0 1
7
3 7
i

3
2 5

.
1.20 .

: AB=BA=I AC=CA=I.
B=BI=B(AC)=(BA)C=IC=C.
B=C, A .
,
A-1.
,
8

1:

21 (A-1)-1=A
22 A B , AB
(AB)-1=B-1A-1.

: A B .
(AB)(B-1A-1)=A(BB-1)A-1=AA-1=I,
(B-1A-1)(AB)=B-1(A-1A)B=B-1B=I.
2.2
2.2.1
mxn :
1. () .
2. ()
.
3. ()
().
2.2.2 . B
A A B
A~B.
2.2.3 .
In
.
Eij i-
j- .
Ei() i .
Eij() j-
i- .
Eij, Ei() Eij() ,

, ,
:

Eij = Eij,

Ei() = Ei()

Eij() = Eji()

2.2.1 3:

0 1 0
E12 = 1 0 0

0 0 1

E3 ( 2 )

1 0 0
= 0 1 0

0 0 2

E13( 2 )

1 0 2
= 0 1 0

0 0 1

1:

0 1 0

2.2.2. E1 = 1 0 0

0 0 1
. A B

E1A E1B.
:

0 1 0

2.2.3 E '12 = 1 0 0

0 0 1

E3 ( 2 )

1 0 0
= 0 1 0

0 0 2

E13( 2 )

1 0 2
= 0 1 0

0 0 1

2.2.1

Eij, Ei() Eij(),

Eij, Ei() Eij().

: A mxn, Im m.
Eks k- s-
. ,
0 , j s
0 , j k
0 , i j
i esj=
.
ik,s eij=
ekj=
1
,
j
=
s
1
,
j
=
k
1
,
i
=
j

B=EksA, B, j{1,,n} :
m

ik,s bij= eil alj = eii aij = aij ,

l =1

l =1

l =1

bkj = ekl alj = eks a sj = a sj , bsj = e sl a lj = e sk a kj = a kj

B k- s-
A.
Ek() k-
. ,
10

1:

0 , j k
0 , i j
ik, eij=
.
ekj=

,
j
=
k
1
,
i
=
j

B=Ek() A, B j{1,,n} :
m

l =1

l =1

ik, bij= eil alj = eii aij = aij , bkj = ekl alj = ekk a kj = a kj ,
B k- A
.
Eks() s-
k- . ,
,
0 , j k , s

0 , i j
ik eij=
ekj= 1 , j = k .
, j = s
1 , i = j

B=Eks() A, B j{1,,n} :
m

ik, bij= eil alj = eii aij = aij ,

l =1

bkj = ekl alj = ekk a kj + eks a sj = a kj + a sj ,

l =1

B s-
k- A.
A
nxn
.

2.2.2 A B mxn , A ( )
B
1, 2, . . . , k B = EkEk-1E2E1A, ( B = A E1E2Ek).

: A B, B
A k
.
.
B = EkEk-1E2E1A
1, 2, . . . , k
B = EkEk-1E2E1A
B A

.
2.2.3 ()
,
11

1:

(Eij)-1 = Eij,

(Ei())-1 = Ei(1/)

(Eij())-1= Eij(-).

2.2.4 A=[aij] mxn

()
mxn
b11 b12 b13 . . . b1r . . . b1n
0 b b . . . b . . . b
22 23
2r
2n

. . . . . . . . .

B = 0 0 0 . . . brr . . . brn bii0 i=1,. . . , r.

0 0 0 . . . 0 . . 0

. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 . . . 0 . . 0

2.2.5 A=[aij] mxn

mxn
Orx ( n r )
I r

., Ir r.
O( m r ) xr O( m r ) x ( n r )
2.2.6
,

.
2.2.7
.
2.2.8 .
,

,
-1.

: A () .
,

Ek . . . E2 E1 A = I,
Ei i{1, 2, . . . ,k} , -1

Ek . . . E2 E1 AA-1 = I A-1
Ek . . . E2 E1 I = A-1

A. ,

, , A.
12

1:

1 2 1

2.2.4: = 1 1 1 .

1 1 0
: , [A|I]

:

1 1 1
1 1 0 . -1=I
-1=

0 1 1

13

1:

2.3

2.3.1 .
A=[aij] n,
tr A,
n

tr A = aii
i =1

,

:
2.3.1 tr A = trA

,

2.3.2 tr AT = tr A.

A .
a11 a12
A=

a21 a22
a11a22-a12a21

det A = A =

a11

a12

a21

a22

= a11a22 a12 a21

2.3.1
1 2
1 2
, det A = A =
= 1 4 (2) 3 = 10
A=

3
4
3
4

.
A 3.
a11 a12 a13
A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

14

1:

a11

a12

a13

det A = a21

a22

a23 = a11a22 a33 a11a23 a32 + a12 a23 a31

a31

a32

a33
a12 a21a33 + a13 a21a32 a13 a22 a31.

. ,


, -.

a11

a12

a13 a11 a12

a21

a22

a23 a21

a22 = a11a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21a32

a31

a32

a33 a31

a32

a13 a22 a31 a11a23 a32 a12 a21a33 .

,
,
,
. ,
.
.
123,
,
.
123, 132, 231, 213, 312 321. ,
,
123, 231 312 ,
, 132, 231 321,
.
. ,
.
2.3.2 . S n .
S S .
, S={a,b,c}

a b c
a b c
, g =

f =
b c a
c b a
S.
S n
1,2,...,n,
15

1:

S, S
1,2,...,n. ,
1 2 3 . . . n

i1 i2 i3 . . . in

, I= (i1,
i2, i3, . . . , in), ik {1,2,3,...,n}.
1 n.
2.3.3 n
123n=n!
2.3.3 . i, j
, i j,
i>j.

, 2413 2, 1 ,
4 , 1 4, 3 .
, ?

. .
2 2,
2. ..
.
, 35142 2 ,
3 ( ), 0 ,
1 , 2+3+0+1=6.
2.3.4. .
,
.
I= (i1, i2, i3, . . . , in) Ip .

, 35142 , 6 ,
12345 0 , , 21345
.
2.3.4 ,
,
, ,
.
16

1:

,

n.
2.3.5 .

A=

a11 a12 . . . a1n

a a . . . a
2n
21 22
. . . . . . . . . . .

am1 am 2 . . . amn

n, A
n ,

(
). ,

a1i1 a2i2 ...anin

+, (i1, i2, ..., in) -,
.

det A =

a11

a12

. . . a1n

a21

a22

. . . a2 n

. . . . . . . . .
an1

an 2

(1)

I =( i1 ,i2 ,...,in )

Ip

a1i a2i ...ani

1

. . . ann

I=(i1, i2, . . . ,in) {1,2,...,n}, a

Ip .
det A.

,
, n!,
n!/2 n!/2 .
, ,
, .

17

1:

2.3.5 det AT = det A.

:
.

,
.
2.3.6 ( ) ,
.

: , 1
( ) .

. .

a1i1 a2i2 ...akik ...a ji j ...anin

A.
(i1, i2, ..., ik, ..., ij, ..., in),
.
1 (i1, i2,
..., ik, ..., ij, ..., in), ik ij,
- - .
,
1
. det A1 = -det A.
2.3.2:
1 5 0

1 5 0

2 6 3 = 1 4 1
1 4 1
2 6 3

2.3.7 ( )
.

: , ,
, .
, det A = -detA, ,
det A=0.
2.3.8 - n- ,
, .. akj=bkj+ckj, (j=1,2,...,n),
1
18

1:

2 , - , 1
bk1, bk2, ..., bkn, 2 ck1, ck2, ..., ckn.
: ,

a1i1 a2i2 ...akik ...anin = a1i1 a2i2 ...(bkik + ckik )...anin =

a1i1 a2i2 ...bkik ...anin + a1i1 a2i2 ...ckik ...anin
A1 A2.
2.3.9 ( )
,

.
: A=[aij] 1
- .

I
I
det A1 = (1) p a1i1 a 2i2 ...a kik ...a nin = (1) p a1i1 a 2i2 ...a kik ...a kin = det A
I

2.3.10 ( )
.

:
,
.
2.3.11 D , det D = a11a22...ann.
2.3.12
,
.

: 2.3.8,

19

1:

a11

a12

. . . . . . . a1n

a11

a12

. . . a1n

a11

a12

. . . a1n

a 21

a 22

. . .

a 21

a 22

. . . a2n

a 21

a 22

. . . a2n

. .a 2 n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a k 1 + a j1 a k 2 + a j 2 . . . a kn + a jn
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a j1

a j2

. . .

. . . a jn

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . a nn
a n1
an 2 . . .

. . . . . . . . .
a k1 a k 2 . . . a kn
. . .. . . . . . .
a j1

a12

. . . a1n

a11

a12

. . . a1n

a 21

a 22

. . . a2n

a 21

a 22

. . . a2n

. . . a kn

. . .. . . . . . .
a j1

a j2

. . . a jn

. .. . . . . .
a n1

an 2

. . . a nn

. . .. . . . . . .
a j1

a j2

a j1

a j2

. . .a jn

. . .. . . . . . .
a j1

a j2

= det A

. . . a jn

. .. . . . . .
a n1

an2

. . . a nn

, .
2.4
2.4.1 , . aij,
i- j- n, Aij
n-1 i-
j- .
( n-1) aij
Aij Mij=detAij.
( ) aij

a*ij = (-1)i+j det Aij= (-1)i+j Mij

2.4.1:
a11 a12 a13
a21 a23
a21 a23
a21 a23
A = a21 a22 a23 , A12 =
, a12 = (1)1+ 2
=

a31 a33
a31 a33
a31 a33
a31 a32 a33

2.4.1 A ,
aij, , det A = aij aij .
20

. . . a jn

. .. . . . . .
a n1 a n 2 . . . a nn

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .
ak 2

. . . a jn

. .. . . . . .
a n1 a n 2 . . . a nn

a11

a k1

a j2

. . . . . . . . .
a j1 a j 2 . . .a jn

1:

: i=j=1.

det A =

(1)

( i1i2 ...in )

Ip

a1i1 a 2i2 ...a nin =

(1)

( i2 ...in )

Ip

a11 a 2i2 ...a nin = a11 M 11

11 .
i- ,
j- , aij ,
i-1 .
. , j-
j-1 .
. 1 ,
det A1 = (1) i 1+ j 1 det A = (1) i + j det A . 1 aij
(1,1) ,

det A = (1) i + j det A1 = (1) i + j aij M ij = aij aij .

2.4.2
( )
. ,
n

det A = aij a = (1) i + j aij M ij

i =1

ij

ili

i =1

j =1

j =1

det A = aij aij = (1) i + j aij M ij

: 2.3.8, i-
n-1 , aij=0+. . . +0
+aij+0. . . +0,

a11 a12 . . . a1 j . . . a1n

. . . . . . . .
0 0 . . 0 aij 0 . . . 0

= aij aij

. . . . . . . .
a n1 a n 2 . . . a nj . . . a nn
i{1,2,. . . n}. det A = a i1 a i1 + .... + a in a in
.
:
aij A
Aij n-1,
( i-)
( j-) .
21

1:

i- ( j- ) ,
.
,
.
!

.
aij aij*
:
2.4.3

det A ako i = k

=
ai1ak1 + ai 2 ak2 + ... + ain akn
ako i k
0
i
det A ako j = s
aij a1s + a2 j a2s + ... + anj ans =
ako j s
0
: ' i-
k- ,
2.3.12, '
. ',
i-
n

j =1

j =1

j =1

j =1

det A' = (aij + a kj )aij = aij aij + a kj aij = det A + a kj aij = det A
n

a kj aij =0 ako k i.
j =1

2.4.4 A B ,

det (AB) = det A det B.

2.4.2 . A*
(i,j) aij* aij
A. (A*)T
A.
2.4.5 A=[aij] n,

A(A*)T=(A*)TA=AIn
22

1:

: (*).
a11 a12 . . . a1n a . . . a . . . a b11 . . .b1 j . . . b1n
j1
n1

. . . . . 11
. . . . . .

a . . . a . . . a

j2
n2

A( A*) T = ai1 ai 2 . . . ain 12

= bi1 . . . bij . . . bin
. . . . . .

. . . . . .
. . . . .

a n1 a n 2 . . . a nn a1n . . . a jn . . . a nn b . . . b . . . b
n2
nn
n1
bij=ai1aj1*+ai2aj2*+ . . . +ainajn* , 36 bii=A,
bij=0 ij. A(A*)T
A A(A*)T=AI,
I A.
(A*)TA=AI.
2.4.2:
4 0 4

Ako
A = 4, ( A*) = 2 2 2
5 1 3
1 1 2 4 0 4 4 0 0
A( A*)T = ( A*)T A = 1 2 0 2 2 2 = 0 4 0 = 4 I
2 1 2 5 1 3 0 0 4
1 1 2
A = 1 2 0,
2 1 2

,
.
2.4.5 A A0.
: A0,
. 2.4.5,
A(A*)T=(A*)TA=AIn

1
1
A( ( A*)T ) = ( ( A*)T ) A = I
A
A
, A
1
( A*)T
A
A ,
A_1
AA-1=A-1A=I.
A1 =

23

1:

2.4.4
AA-1=I AA-1=1

A0.
.
k
mxn.
2.4.3 k mxn
k- k-
, kmin{n,m}.
2.4.4
r(A).

2.4.6 A n, A n.
2.4.7 mxn, r(A) min{n,m}.

:
2.4.8 r(A-1)=r(A)=n.
2.4.9 r(AB) min{r(A),r(B)}.
2.4.10 r(ATA)=r(AAT)=r(A).

24