Introduction:

Etymology: Krimea [Greek]: meaning, to charge a wrongdoing

Criminal Procedure
The method prescribed by law for the apprehension and prosecution of persons accused of any criminal offense, and their
punishment, in case of conviction.

It is concerned with the procedural steps through which a criminal case passes, commencing with the initial investigation of a crime
and concluding with the unconditional release of the offender.

It is a generic term used to describe the network of laws and rules which govern the procedural administration of criminal justice.

Criminal Jurisdiction
The authority to hear and decide a particular offense and impose punishment for it. It has three requisites, namely:

Subject matter cases of the general class where the proceedings in question belong as determined by the nature of the offense
and by the penalty imposed by law;
Territory the geographical limits of the territory over which the court presides and where the offense was committed; and
Person of the accused acquired thru: a) arrest [with warrant or warrantless] or b) voluntary surrender.

I. Prosecution of Offenses

How instituted?
By filing the: 1) Complaint, or 2) Information.

Complaint
A sworn written statement charging a person with an offense
Executed and Subscribed by the O.P.A.O. [Offended Party, Any peace officer, or Other public officer charged with the enforcement
of the law violated].
May be filed in the prosecutors office or directly to the court

Information
1.An accusation in writing
2. Subscribed by the Prosecutor
3.Filed with the court

Both are:
1. In writing
2. In the name of the People of the Philippines
3. Directed against all persons who appear to be responsible for the offense involved.

Elements of a complaint or information:
1. Formal elements, and
2. Substantive elements.

It must be:
1. Sufficient in form, and
2. Sufficient in substance

Thus, under Section 14, of Rule 110, a complaint or information may be amended, in form and in substance .

A complaint or information is sufficient in form if it states: [N.D.A.N.A.P.]
1. The Name of the accused
2. The Designation of the offense given by the statute
3. The Acts or omissions complained of as constituting the offense
4.The Name of the offended party
5. The Approximate date of the commission of the offense
6. The Place where the offense was committed.

A complaint or information is sufficient in substance if it doesnt contain any of the defects which is a ground for a motion to quash.
(Section 3, Rule 117)

Note: A motion to quash, once granted, is equivalent to dismissal (but not acquittal).

Remedy if a complaint or information is defective:
I. If defective in form
a) court may dismiss the complaint or information motu propio or upon motion, or
b) accused may move for a BILL OF PARTICULARS
II. If defective in substance No obligation is imposed on the judge to point out the duplicitousness or other defect in the indictment
on which an accused is being arraigned. It is for the accused to move for a motion to quash on the ground that the complaint or
information charges more than one offense, under sanction of waiver and loss of ground of objection (Concurring opinion of CJ
Narvasa, People v. Bartulay, 192 SCRA 632)

Note: For certain classes of Actions, it is the tribunal having jurisdiction which automatically determines whether or not the papers
are in order before giving it due course, meaning, it satisfies itself if the complaint or information is sufficient in form and in
substance.

Examples:
Articles of Impeachment in an impeachment proceedings
Presidential Election Protest

This is not so in criminal proceedings. It is incumbent upon the accused to object on substantive defects (People v. Bartulay, supra).

Query:

JP was charged for indiscriminate firing. He claimed that he has to fire his gun in self-defense because there was an actual threat on
his person and the firing of warning shots was reasonably necessary in order to prevent or repel the unlawful aggression directed
against him. Despite this, the fiscal went on to file the information in court. May JP claim that the information, though sufficient in
form, is defective in substance? Why?

No. JP cannot claim that the information is defective in substance. This is so because self-defense is not a ground for a motion to
quash but a matter of defense. If proven, self-defense is a basis for acquittal, not dismissal.

Any explanation or defense which the defendant may want to invoke can be properly raised during trial (Galvez v. CA, 237 SCRA
685).

Distinction between Acquittal and Dismissal:
1. Acquittal is based on MERITS of the case (substantive) ex: accused A was found innocent of killing B.
2. Dismissal is based on TECHNICALITY (procedural) ex: the crime has already prescribed.

Notes:
1. There are certain classes of offenses that cannot be prosecuted de officio 1private offenses, i.e. adultery, concubinage, etc. and
2private libels, i.e. defamation imputing private offenses.
2. For some offenses, there are conditions precedents before plaintiff can repair to the courts for redress [i.e. those requiring
mediation at the lupong tagapamayapa]. However, non-compliance of this rule is not jurisdictional. The failure of the plaintiff to
comply with the conciliation requirement of Sec. 40 under the Local Government Code of 1991 does not affect the Courts
jurisdiction if no timely objection is made [San Miguel Village School v. Pundogar, 173 SCRA 704, Bejar v. CA, 169 SCRA 566].
3. All criminal actions, whether commenced by filing of complaint or information, are under the direct control of the prosecutor.

Queries:

I. A, B, C, D were charged with homicide. Preliminary investigation was conducted by the fiscal who found sufficient evidence
against all, but, according to his determination, D was the least guilty. So the fiscal filed the information only against A, B, and C
leaving out D whom he would utilize as state witness. Is the fiscal correct?

Under the Rules of Court, the fiscal cannot exclude D without court approval. It would be a grave abuse of discretion on the part of
the court in not including D in the information because of the prosecutors finding that there is sufficient evidence against all. There
was no more necessity to utilize D as a state witness.

Exeption:
Under the Witness Protection Act, the prosecutor has the discretion of discharging an accused as a state witness and no court
approval is necessary.

II. Is designation of the offense an essential element of the complaint or information? Why? Give the exception, if any.

No. Because in case of conflict between the designation of the offense and the allegations, the allegation prevails.

The exception is when the allegation is so ambiguous that it may be interpreted to mean either one or another offense, then the
designation of the offense is controlling (Case of US v. Dixon, where the designation is for trespassing but the allegations indicates
either trespassing or a possible attempted rape).

II. Prosecution of Civil Action

Basis:
Art. 100, RPC - Every person criminally liable is also civilly liable

Generally, when a person commits a crime, he offends two entities, namely:
1) The State [whose laws he violated]; and
2) The individual [whose person, right, honor, chastity, or property was actually or directly injured or damaged by the same acts or
omissions].

Exception:
When the infraction falls under the class of offenses called victimless crimes like gambling, betting on illegal cock fights, drug
addiction, prostitution, etc. etc. under the theory that the offender himself is his own victim.

Sec. 1, Rule 111 - When a criminal action is instituted, the civil action for the recovery of civil liability is deemed instituted with the
criminal action unless the offended party:
Waives the civil action;
Reserves the right to institute it separately; or
Institutes the civil action prior to the criminal action

Principle of proferrence of criminal action over civil action:
After the criminal action has been commenced, the separate civil action arising therefrom cannot be instituted until final judgment
has been entered in the criminal action.

If the criminal action is filed after the said civil action has already been instituted, the latter shall be suspended in whatever stage it
may be found before judgments on the merits xxx.

Reason for the rule:
Criminal action is based on an offense committed against the laws of the State while civil action is based on an injury to individual
rights. Public interest is superior over private one.

Exception to the rule of proferrence of criminal action over civil action
When the independent Civil Action is based on Articles 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of the Civil Code.
When there is a prejudicial question in the civil case that must be decided first before the criminal action can proceed because the
decision in the civil action is vital to the judgment of the criminal case.

Elements of Prejudicial Question:
The previously instituted civil action involves an issue similar or intimately related to the issue raised in the subsequent criminal
action, and
The resolution of such issue determines whether or not the criminal action may proceed.

Queries:

1. Nobern married Armie on 2005. On 2006, Nobern married X. On 2007, Armie filed a criminal case for bigamy against Nobern. On
2008, X filed a civil case for annulment against Nobern on the ground that their marriage was void ab initio for having been
contracted during the subsistence of Noberns prior marriage to Armie without X knowing it.

Is there a prejudicial question? Why?

2. Nobern married Armie on 2005. On 2006, Nobern married X because X threatened to kill him unless he marries X. On 2007,
Nobern filed an annulment against X on the ground of threat and intimidation. On 2008, Armie filed a criminal case for bigamy
against Nobern upon learning of Noberns marriage to X.

Is there a prejudicial question? Why?

Note:
Prejudicial question is subject to the principle that he who comes into court must come with clean hands. The accused cannot be
permitted to use the law in order to frustrate the ends of justice. Good faith or bad faith is important.


III. Preliminary Investigation

Defined
It is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been
committed and the respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for trial.

When required?
Before the filing of complaint or information for an offense where the penalty prescribed by law is imprisonment of at least 4 years, 2
months and 1 day, without regard to fine.

When NOT REQUIRED:
In cases where the penalty imposed by law is NOT at least 4 years, 2 month, & 1 day
In case of a valid warantless arrest [shall proceed in inquest]

Officers authorized to conduct PI
Provincial or City Prosecutors and their assistants;
National and Regional State Prosecutors; and
Other officers as may be authorized by law [COMELEC during Election Period, Ombudsman, etc.]

Note: Effective 2004, judges of the lower court canno longer conduct Preliminary Investigations.

Rules:
1. The complaint must be sufficient in form [See notes in Prosecution of Offenses, supra]
2. Supported by affidavits of the complainant and his witnesses
3. Numbers of copies are proportionate to the number of respondents plus 2 official copies

1. Within 10 days after the filing, fiscal determines if there is prima facie case. If no dismiss. If yes issue subpoenas.
2. Within 10 days after receipt of subpoena with the complaint and supporting affidavits and documents respondent submits
counter affidavits.
3. In case respondent cannot be subpoenaed or does not submit counter affidavit within 10 days investigating officer resolves the
complaint on the basis of evidence presented by complainant.

Clarificatory hearing if there are facts and issues to be clarified from a party or witness - within 10 days after submission of counter
affidavit. No direct examinations. Questions must be addressed to the fiscal.

Resolution within 10 days after the investigation.
Forwarding of fiscals resolution to superiors within 5 days
Superiors shall act on the resolution within 10 days


IV. Arrest

Defined:
1. [Based on Rules of Court] The taking of a person in custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an
offense (Sec. 1, RRC)

2. [Based on Jurisprudence] A restraint on person, depriving one of his own will and liberty, binding him to become obedient to the
will of the law (Larraaga v. CA, 92 SCAD 605)

How made:

As to the manner of enforcement, by:
1) Actual restraint, or
2) Submission to the custody of the person making arrest

As to the presence or absence of judicial order:
1) By virtue of a warrant, or
2) Warrantless arrest, in cases allowed by the Rules

As to the person arresting:
1) Arrest by peace officer, or
2) Citizens arrest

When warrantless arrests allowed:

1. Inflagrante Delicto arrest when in his presence, the person to be arrested has:

Committed
Is actually committing an offense
Is attempting to commit

Translation: In flagrante delicto [latin] Literally, caught in the act of wrong.

2. Hot Pursuit arrest when an offense has Ajust been committed and Bhe has probable cause to believe based on personal
knowledge of facts or circumstances that the person arrested has committed it.

Tests in determining probable cause based on personal knowledge:

Must be based on the senses, i.e. 1) Sight
2) Hearing
3) Smell

Notes:
A. The arresting officer must have personal knowledge of the commission of the crime through his senses. He cannot fish for
evidence first and afterward make the arrest.
B. The term personal knowledge excludes hearsay as a basis for probable cause.
C. There must first be a lawful arrest before any search may be conducted. The process cannot be reversed (Dissent of Chief
Justice A. Narvasa, People v. Malmstedt). Exception: in case of valid warantless searches (Majority opinion, People v. Malmstedt,
198 SCRA 401).
D. For purposes of arrest Officer may break into any building or enclosure where the person to be arrested is or is reasonably
believed to be, if he is refused admittance thereto, after announcing his authority and purpose (Sec. 11, RRC).
E. For purposes of search and seizure he cannot break into any building or enclosure without violating the right of privacy.
Exceptions: 1) When there is consent (Dissent of Justice I. Cruz, People v. Evaristo, 216 SCRA 431). 2) When there is a warrant.

3. Arrest of fugitives from justice persons who has escaped from a penal establishment, place of confinement etc. while serving
sentence, temporarily confined, or case is still pending may be arrested under the theory that he is engaged in the commission of
a continuing offense (Parulan v. Director of Prisons, 22 SCRA 639).

Methods of Arrest:

I. With warrant, by officer:

The officer shall inform the person of: 1) the cause of the arrest
2) fact that warrant exist

Exception: 1) When he flees or forcibly resist before 1 & 2 is completed
2) When the giving of info will imperil the arrest

II. Without warrant, by an officer and by private persons:

Inform the person of 1) authority and cause of arrest [if person arresting is police officer] or 2) intent to arrest and cause [if person
arresting is private person]

Unless when the person to be arrested is either:
1) Engaged in the commission of the offense
2) Is pursued immediately after its commission
3) Has escaped, flees or forcibly resist before the officer or the private person making the arrest has the opportunity to inform
him of 1 & 2, or
4) When the giving of info would imperil the arrest

Tests in determining lawfulness of USE OF LETHAL FORCE by the arresting officer:

1) Test of reasonability conduct of the arresting officer is examined.
Where the precipitate action of the arresting officer resulted in the loss of a human life and there exists no circumstances
whatsoever justifying the shooting of a person who is asleep, even if he is a notorious criminal condemnation, and not condonation
should be the rule (People v. Oanis, 74 Phil. 257).

2) Test of necessity conduct of the person arrested is examined.
Where the arrested person attempts to flee, struck a policeman with his fists, draw a mess knife and attacked another policeman,
the arresting officer is not required to afford him a fair opportunity for equal struggle. A police officer, in the performance of his duty,
must stand his ground and cannot, like private individual, take refuge in flight. His duty requires him to overcome the offender (US v.
Mojica, 42 Phil 784).


V. Bail

Kinds of bail bonds:
1. cash bond
2. property bond
3. surety bond
4. recognizance

Defined:
The security given for the release of a person in custody of the law, furnished by him or a bondsman, to guarantee his appearance
before any court as required under the conditions of law.

Generally:
The right to bail only accrues when a person is under custody. Court must have jurisdiction over the person of the accused either
thru: 1) arrest, with or without warrant, or 2) voluntary surrender.

Exception:
When the person under investigation cannot personally appear because he is hospitalized but applies for bail through his counsel,
he is deemed to be under the constructive custody of the law (Dinapol v. Baldado, 225 SCRA 110, Paderanga v. CA, 247 SCRA
741).

Where to apply?
In the court where the case is pending (if not yet filed, may be filed before any court).

Conditions for bail:
See Sec. 2, Rule 114

Bail, a matter of right:
1. Before or after conviction by MTC, MTCC or MCTC
2. Before conviction by RTC of an offense not punishable by death, reclusion temporal, or life imprisonment

Bail, a matter of discretion:
1. Upon conviction of RTC of an offense not punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or life imprisonment.
2. Before conviction for capital offenses [punishable by death], or an offense punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment,
when evidence of guilt is not strong. (Bail is neither a matter of right nor a matter of discretion only in cases where the evidence of
guilt is strong).

Bail granted in capital offenses despite findings that evidence of guilt is strong (Cited in Cruz, Constitutional Law, 2003 Ed.):
De la Rama v. Peoples Court, 77 Phil. 461 accused was granted bail due to tuberculosis that requires confinement to the hospital.
People v. Sison, GR 398, September 19, 1946 humanitarian reasons considered by SC.

Notes:

1. The right to bail flows from the presumption of innocence. This is so because accusation is not synonymous with guilt.

2. In deportation proceedings, bail is not a matter of right but of discretion on the part of the Commissioner of Immigration and
Deportation (Harvey v. Defensor-Santiago, 162 SCRA 398).

3. Bail is not available to military facing court martial proceedings (Commendador v. De Villa, 200 SCRA 80).

4. I extradition proceedings, bail may be granted provided the accused undertake to submit himself to the jurisdiction of the court
and provided further that he is not a flight risk (Govt. of Hong Kong v. Judge Olalia, 2007)


VI. Rights of the accused

Rights may be waived, unless the waiver is contrary to law, public order, public policy, morals, or good customs or prejudicial to a
third person with a right recognized by law (Art. 6, NCC).

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be entitled to the following rights:

Key: [PIPTEC CoSpA]

P resumed innocent
I nformed of the nature of the cause and accusation
P resent in person and by counsel
T estify in his own behalf
E xempt from being compelled to be a witness against himself
C onfront witnesses
C ompulsory process to secure attendance of witnesses and production of other evidence
S peedy, impartial and public trial
A ppeal


1) To be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Hierarchy of proof [according to degree of persuasiveness]:
Absolute certainty ultimate truth [not required in any legal proceeding]
Moral certainty passed the test of human experience [i.e., guilt beyond reasonable doubt, conclusive presumptions]
Relative certainty so called because a higher degree of proof exists [i.e., preponderance of evidence, probable cause, substantial
evidence, disputable or prima facie presumptions]

Notes:
The starting point is the presumption of innocence (See: Section 3, Par. (a), Rule 131, RRC)
It is incumbent upon the prosecution to demonstrate culpability. The burden of proof lies in the prosecution. Unless guilt beyond
reasonable doubt is established, the accused need not prove his innocence.
Burden of proof the duty of the affirmative to prove what it alleges. (Africa, The Art of Argumentation and Debate).
Absolute certainty is not demanded by the law to convict but only moral certainty.

2) To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.

Essential to avoid surprise and to afford him the opportunity to prepare his defense accordingly.
Arraignment serves this purpose by informing him why the prosecuting arm of the state is mobilized against him.
An accused cannot be convicted of an offense unless it is clearly charged in the compliant or information. Basic rule you cannot
prove what you did not allege.

3) To be present and defend in person and by counsel at every stage of the proceedings, from arraignment to promulgation of
judgment.

Express or Implied waiver is renunciation to be present on that particular date only.
Escape of the accused is waiver by implication to be present on said date and all subsequent trial dates. [Fact of escape made his
failure unjustified because he has, by escaping, placed himself beyond the pale and protection of the law (People v. Salas 143
SCRA 163, cited in Cruz, Constitutional Law, 2003 Ed.)].
Right to counsel is right to effective counsel. It is not enough to simply appoint a counsel de officio. Counsel must have no conflict of
interest. Thus, a fiscal cannot be appointed as counsel de officio.
When an accused is represented by a fake lawyer who pretended to be a member of the bar, his right to counsel is violated, unless
the accused voluntarily chose him knowing him to be a non-lawyer.

4) To testify as a witness in his own behalf but subject to cross-examination on matters covered by direct examination. His silence
shall not in any manner prejudice him.

5) To be exempt from being compelled to be a witness against himself.

Right to testify in his own behalf:
Once exercised, the accused is subject to limited cross-examination.
If not exercised, no inference of guilt can be derived from his silence alone.

Right against self incrimination:
Intended to shield the guilty & imprudent as well as the innocent & farsighted.
Based on public policy and humanity, otherwise, the accused will be placed on the strongest temptation to commit perjury.

Notes:
A. Prohibition covers 1testimonial compulsion and 2the production of the accused of incriminating documents and articles
demanded from him.
B. Does not include compulsion to 1submit fingerprints, 2photograph, 3blood or urine samples, and 4others requiring a mere
mechanical act on the part of the accused [Villaflor v. Summers, 41 Phil. 64, US v. Tan Teng, 23 Phil. 145, Schemerber v. California,
US L.Ed. 2d 908, 89 S CT No. 658].

6) To confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him at the trial.

Reasons:
To meet the witness face to face (Bill of Rights, 1987 Constitution)
To enable the court to judge the truthfulness, deportment, and the appearance of the witness while testifying (US v, Javier, 37 Phil
449).

Effect of absence of right to cross examine:
When there is express or implied waiver no effect
In the absence of waiver testimony of the witness cannot be considered as complete and therefore cannot form part of the
evidence against the accused.

Effect when witness dies:
Before he could take witness stand inadmissible
After giving his direct testimony but before cross examination Gen. rule: inadmissible. Exception: where the adverse party was
given adequate opportunity but failed to cross examine due to his own fault
After the defense conducted cross examination admissible

7) To have compulsory process issued to secure the attendance of witnesses and production of other evidence in his behalf.

Compulsory process refers to the issuance of the court of:
Sub-poena for the attendance of witnesses
Sub-poena duces tecum for the production of documents

Notes:
A. If a sub-poena or sub-poena duces tecum is issued and the person named in the sub-poena refuses to appear or refuses to
produce the required documents without justifiable reasons court has the power to declare that person in contempt and may order
his arrest. [People v. Montejo, 21 SCRA 722].

B. The coercive powers of the court must be employed in order to give meaning to this right.

8) To have speedy, impartial and public trial.

Speed:
Justice delayed is justice as denied

Impartiality:
Every party litigant is entitled to nothing less than the cold neutrality of an impartial court (Macalintal v. Judge Teh, 280 SCRA 623).

Public trial:
So that the public may see that he is fairly dealt with and not unjustly condemned in case of conviction.
So the public may know of the fact or the basis of his innocence in case of acquittal.

Note: Public trial and Trial by publicity are two different things. They are not the same. There should be a public trial, not trial by
publicity.

9) To appeal in all cases allowed and in the manner prescribed by law.

The right to appeal is a statutory right but withdrawal of this right, in the absence of a valid waiver, constitutes a denial of due
process guaranteed by the Constitution (Cruz, Constitutional Law, 2003 Ed.).
It is not a natural right or inherent one. The party who seeks to avail of the said right must comply with the requirements of the
Rules. Otherwise, the right to appeal is lost (People v. Sabellano, 198 SCRA 196)

VII. Arraignment and Plea
Arraignment: The initial step in a criminal prosecution whereby the defendant is brought before the court to hear the charges and
to enter a plea (Blacks Law Dictionary).

Venue for Arraignment and Plea:
Before the court where the complaint or information was filed or is assigned for trial.

Purpose of arraignment [Key: FIG] (14 Am. Jur., p. 939, GV Jacinto, Crim. Proc.)

1) To fix the identity of the accused
2) To inform him of the charge
3) To give the accused an opportunity to plead

Note:
In order for the Court to acquire complete jurisdiction over the person of the accused, arraignment is essential. Unless this
procedure is completed, the court cannot commence trial in absentia.

Procedure:
Arraignment must be made in open court by the judge or the clerk
Accused must be furnished with a copy of the complaint or information
Complaint or Information must be read in a language or dialect known to him
Accused must be present
Accused must personally enter his plea

I. If under preventive detention
Raffle of case and transmittal of records within 3 days
Arraignment within 10 days from the date of raffle
Pre trial conference within 10 days after arraignment

II. If not under preventive detention
General rule within 30 days from the date the court acquires jurisdiction
Exception a shorter period is provided by special law or SC Circular

Rules in entering a plea:
If accused refuses to plead or makes a conditional plea a plea of not guilty shall be entered
If accused enters a plea but presents exculpatory evidence plea of guilty is withdrawn and a plea of not guilty shall be entered for
him. Burden of proof shifts.
If accused enters a plea to a capital offense court shall conduct a searching inquiry into the voluntariness and full comprehension
of the consequences of his plea and shall require the prosecution to prove his guilt and the precise degree of culpability.

Pre-trial Conference:
Private offended party shall be required to appear for purposes of:
1) Plea-bargaining
2) Determination of civil liability
3) Other matters requiring his presence

In case of failure of the offended party to appear despite due notice conformity of prosecutor is sufficient for purposes of pleading
guilty to a lesser offense which is necessarily included in the offense charged.

Bill of particulars:
The accused may, before arraignment, move for a bill of particulars to enable him properly to plead and prepare for trial. The motion
shall specify the alleged defects of the complaint or information and the details desired.

Scope of the Bill of Particular:
Bill of Particulars is a remedy for formal defects and not substantive defects.

The remedy against an indictment that fails to allege the time of the commission of the offense with sufficient definition is a Motion
for Bill of Particulars and not a Motion to Quash (Rocaberte v. People, 192 SCRA 152).

[See discussion in: Elements of Complaint and Information, remedy in case complaint or information is defective, supra]

Modes of discovery:
Accused has a right against the suppression of evidence favorable to an accused which is material as to 1) guilt, or 2) as to
punishment (Webb v. De Leon, 247 SCRA 653).

Suppressed evidence must be of such nature as to affect the outcome of the trial (US v. Agurs, US v. Bagley)

Notes:

1) Arraignment is important for notifying the accused of the cause he is required to meet. The accused has the right to be informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation against him (Borja v. Mendoza, 77 SCRA 422).

2) The existence of a plea is an essential requisite to double jeopardy (People v. Balicas)