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Magnetic flux
Induced emf
Faradays Law
Lenzs Law
Motional emf
Magnetic energy
Inductance
Generators and transformers
Electromagnetic Induction
3 Things Required to
Generate Voltage
Magnetic field
Conductor
Relative motion
Electromagnetic Induction
RELATIVE MOTION
MAGNET
COIL (CONDUCTOR)
VOLTMETER
INDUCED CURRENT
INDUCED CURRENT
Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic flux leads to a
voltage in a wire loop
Induced voltage (emf) causes a current to flow !!
Symmetry: electricity magnetism
electric current magnetic field
magnetic field electric current
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Experimental Observation of Induction
The next part of the story is that a changing magnetic field produces
an electric current in a loop surrounding the field
called electromagnetic induction, or Faradays Law
Bar magnet moves through coil
Current induced in coil
v
S N
Reverse pole
Induced current changes sign v
N S
Coil moves past fixed bar magnet
Current induced in coil
S N
Bar magnet stationary inside coil
No current induced in coil
N S
Direction of Induced Current
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Consider the B field lines that pass
through a surface
define magnetic flux u
B
u is angle between B and the normal
to the plane
Flux units are T-m
2
= webers
Magnetic Flux
B A cos
How to change the flux?
Changing B or A or will change the flux.
Direction of Induced emf
B
MOTION OF
CONDUCTOR
INDUCED
CURRENT
N S
LEFT HAND
GENERATOR RULE
(electron flow)
= 0 = 0.707 B A = B A
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Faradays Law of Induction : Magnetic flux through a
wire loop changing in time produces an EMF in a wire loop:
t
N
B

induced
emf
number
of loops
rate of change
of flux with time
The faster the change, the larger the induced emf
The induced emf is a voltage
Minus sign from Lenzs Law: Induced current produces a magnetic
field which opposes the original change in flux :
Jika dlm kumparan flux bertambah, arus yang timbul krn adanya ggl induksi
tsb akan menghasilkan suatu flux yang mencoba meniadakan penambahan
flux dalam kumparan tadi.
Motional Emf
Consider a conducting rod moving on metal rails in a uniform
magnetic field:
( ) ( )

u
= = = =
B
d d BA d BLx dx
BL
dt dt dt dt
BLv
Current will flow counter-clockwise in this circuit
We have treated this situation by using Faradays Law for the
closed loop shown in the figure.
Flux through the loop changes because the area changes.
There is still an induced emf in the moving rod even without
the presence of the metal rails
This is why it is called motional emf
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Consider two neighboring coils:
if current changes in coil #1, an emf is induced in coil #2
u B
B I
1
rewrite as:
Mutual Inductance (induktansi bersama)
1
2

u
=
d
N
dt
1
2
=
dI
M
dt
M is the mutual inductance
units = Henry (H)
Self-inductance
(a) A current in the coil produces a magnetic field directed
to the left.
(b) If the current increases, the coil acts as a source of emf
directed as shown by the dashed battery.
(c) The induced emf in the coil changes its polarity if the
current decreases.
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Self Inductance
A coil of wire with a
changing current can
produce an EMF within
itself.
This EMF will oppose
whatever is causing the
changing current
So a coil of wire takes on a
special name called the
inductor (L)

u
= =
d dI
N L
dt dt
L is the self-inductance
(induktansi diri)
units = Henry (H)
Inductors Inductors
Inductor are used in electrical circuits
because they store energy in their
magnetic fields.
What is an Inductor?
A coil of wire that can
carry current
Energy is stored in the inductor
Current produces a magnetic field
Flux
i
Current
Definition of voltage:
d|
dt
v =
di
dt
v = L
+
v

i
|
The stored energy in inductor
:
= LI
2
Joule
L = Henries (physical property of inductor)
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From the Construction
Inductance

A N
L
2

=
N= number of turns on the coil
= permeability of the core (henrys/m)
A= cross sectional area (m
2
)
l = length of core (m)
L= inductance in henrys
Material of permeability

0
= 4t 10
7
henries/meter
can vary between
0
and 10,000
0
Transformers
A device that transfers energy by
electromagnetic induction
Used to raise voltage (step-up
transformer) or lower voltage (step-
down transformer)
Voltage is raised when the primary
winding has fewer turns than the
secondary winding, and voltage is
lowered when the primary winding has
more turns than the secondary winding
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Transformers
Purpose: to change alternating (AC) voltage to a bigger (or
smaller) value
t
N V
B
p p

t
N V
B
s s

p
p
B
N
V
t

input AC voltage
in the primary
produces a flux
changing flux
in secondary
induces emf
p
s
p s
N
N
V V
s s p p
V I V I =
s
p
s
p
p
s
N
N
V
V
I
I
= =
Transformers: Sample Problem 1
A transformer has 330 primary turns and 1240
secondary turns. The input voltage is 120 V and
the output current is 15.0 A. What is the output
voltage and input current?
p
s
p s
N
N
V V
V V 451
330
1240
120 = =
step-up
transformer
s s p p
V I V I
p
s
s p
V
V
I I A
V
V
A 4 56
120
451
15 .
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Transformers: Sample Problem 2
If 120 V of ac are put across a 50-turn primary, what will be the voltage and
current output if the secondary has 200 turns, and is connected to a lamp of
resistance 80 ?
(120 V)/50 = (?V)/(200), so ? = 480 V
Current = voltage/resistance = 480/80 = 6 A
What is the power in the secondary coil?
Power = voltage x current = 480 V x 6A = 2880 W
Can you determine the current drawn by the primary coil? If so, what is it?
Current = power/voltage, and power input = power out = 2880W
so, current = 2880/120 = 24 A
p
s
p s
N
N
V V
More Applications of Magnetic Induction
Tape / Hard Drive / ZIP Readout
Tiny coil responds to change in flux as the magnetic
domains (encoding 0s or 1s) go by.
Credit Card Reader
Must swipe card generates changing flux
Faster swipe bigger signal
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Microphone
Tape recorder
Dynamic Microphones
(E.g., some telephones)
Sound
oscillating pressure waves
oscillating [diaphragm +
coil]
oscillating magnetic flux
oscillating induced emf
oscillating current in wire
More Applications of Magnetic Induction
Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains
Induced surface (eddy) currents produce field in opposite direction
Repels magnet
Levitates train
Maglev trains today can travel up to 310 mph
Twice the speed of Amtraks fastest conventional train!
May eventually use superconducting loops to produce B-
field
No power dissipation in resistance of wires!
N
S
rails
eddy current
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Sample Problem: Induced currents 1
A circular loop in the plane of the paper lies in a 3.0 T magnetic field
pointing into the paper. The loops diameter changes from 100 cm to
60 cm in 0.5 s
What is the magnitude of the induced emf?
What is the direction of the induced current?
If the coil resistance is 0.05O , what is the induced current?
Direction = clockwise (Lenzs law)
Current = 3.016 / 0.05 = 60.3 A
,
2 2
0.3 0.5
3.0 3.016Volts
0.5
B
d
V
dt

u
= = =
t
N
B

Sample Problem: Induced currents 2
A circular loop (kumparan) terdiri dari 50 lilitan mula-mula berada
dalam medan magnet hingga luas permukaannya merangkap flux
sebesar 3.1x10
-4
Wb, jika kumparan bergerak dalam waktu 0.02 s
maka fluxnya berubah menjadi 0.1 x 10
-4
Wb. Tentukan ggl (emf)
yang terinduksi dalam kumparan.
V 0.75
s 0.02
Wb 10 x 0.1) (3.1
50
4
=

=

Batang tembaga panjang 30 cm terletak tegak lurus terhadap medan
magnet yang fluxnya 0.8 Wb/m
2
. Batang digerakkan dengan laju 0.5 m/s
tegaklurus medan. Hitung ggl (emf) yang terinduksi di dalam batang
tembaga tsb.
BLv
= 0.12 V
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Sample Problem: Induced currents 3
A solenoid is made from besi mempunyai
diameter 15 cm dan panjang 50 cm yang
dililit 3000 lilitan. Jika nilai permeability besi
adalah 7500, a). berapa induktansi diri
solenoid tersebut dan b). Berapa nilai rata2
ggl (emf) yang terimbas (terinduksi) didalam
solenoid kalau arus didalamnya dalam
waktu 0.05 s, diturunkan dari 0.8 A menjadi
0.1 A?.
A coil of wire has 400 turns and flowed by a constant current of 2
A, maka akan menimbulkan flux sebesar 10
-4
Wb menembus
lilitan kumparan tersebut. Calculate: a). Emf yang timbul dalam
coil jika arus mengalir dalam waktu 0.08 s, b). Induktansi L dari
coil, dan c). Energi yang tersimpan dalam coil.

A N
L
2

=
di
dt
v = L
Motors Generators
Electrical mechanical energy
Mechanical electrical energy
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Electric Generators
Rotate a loop of wire in a uniform magnetic field:
changing u changing flux induced emf
u
B
= B A cos u = B A cos(et)
Rotation: u = et
cos( )
sin( )
B
d d t
N NBA NBA t
dt dt

u
= = =
This is how electricity is
generated
Water or steam (mechanical
power) turns the blades of a
turbine which rotates a loop
Mechanical power converted
to electrical power
Current is supplied from an external
source of emf (battery or power supply)
Forces act to rotate the wire loop
A motor is essentially a generator
operated in reverse!
Electric Motors
Forces act to rotate the loop towards the
vertical.
Once the loop is vertical, the current switches
sign and the forces reverse, in order to keep the
loop inrotation.
This is why alternating current is necessary for
a motor to operate.
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JAPAN 's SHINKANZEN
CHINA 's CRH2
FRANCE ' TGV
SPAIN 's AVE
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INDIAN 's ALL ABOARD
And
Pakistan !!!!!