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where
o is the degree
o
or
The domain of any polynomial is all real and the curve is always continuous
A monic polynomial is one where the coefficient of the term with the highest
degree (AKA, the leading coefficient) is 1. ie,
A zero of a polynomial means that it satisfies it and hence is a root of the
polynomial. eg,
()
Now let
() ()
()
Hence, we can say that is a root of () or ( ) is a factor of ()
Examples of Polynomials
Examples of NOT Polynomials
()
Mathematics Extension 1
4
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Graphing:
If a polynomial is of even degree, the
ends of the head and the tail of the
graph will point in the same direction
Furthermore, if the polynomial is of odd
degree; the head and the tail of the
graph will point in opposite directions
Now, if the leading coefficient of the
graph is positive, on an even degree
polynomial, the head and tail of the
graph will be in the 1
st
and 2
nd
quadrants
But if the leading coefficient of the graph
is negative, on an even degree
polynomial, the head and tail of the
graph will be in the 3
st
and 4
nd
quadrants
Moreover, if the leading coefficient of the
graph is positive, on an odd degree
polynomial, the head and tail of the
graph will be in the 1
st
and 3
nd
quadrants
Now, if the if the leading coefficient of
the graph is negative, on an odd degree
polynomial, the head and tail of the
graph will be in the 2
st
and 4
nd
quadrants
5
Mathematics Extension 1
5
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Types of roots:
Degree 1 factor Cuts
Degree 2 factor Turns on
Degree 3 factor Horizontal Point of inflection
Example, graph: () ( 1)
( )( )
We can say that the zeros of () are: -4, -1 and 3 (think of it like this: what makes the
polynomial zero? well just put the negative of the number in the bracket) (this can be
checked with a simple substitution into the function)
What would the degree be? If we were to expand this out we would get:
5
1
( even degree ends point in the same direction) and that it is also positive so
the head and tail of the graph are in the 1
st
and 2
nd
quadrants
To quickly expand it out and get the degree multiply the powers together, ie
2x1x3=6 it is a degree 6 polynomial (ends in the same direction) and positive (1
st
and 2
nd
quadrants) as above
Now we have to classify these roots. On inspection we can see that:
Cut
1 Turn
Inflection
Now we can graph it:
Mathematics Extension 1
6
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()
Polynomial division:
Polynomials can be written in the form of:
() () ()
Where:
() is the dividend
() is the divisor
() is the quotient
() is the remainder
Its basically long division
This is best explained through an example: Divide (
) by ( )
Step 1: Set it up like this,
( )
Step 2: Now, look at the first term of () in this case it is
Step 3: So write this where the quotient is
( )
Step 4: Multiply the quotient out by the divisor
( )
Step 5: Now subtract this part from the dividend, so we get
( )
Step 6: Now the new dividend is
( )(
Carry the 2
Mathematics Extension 1
7
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Renainder theorm:
Remainder theorm states that if a polynomial is divided by ( ), then the
remainder will be ()
Example; find the remainder when
is divided by ( )
()
() ()
()
()
Typical question: ()
() 1
1
Factor theorm:
Factor theorm states that if a polynomial is divided by ( ), and the remainder
is zero, then ( ) is a root of the polynomial
Factors are usually multiples of the constant term
Roots:
A degree 2 polynomial can be written as
( ) so,
Similarily for higher degrees,
Note the alternating signs
The product of roots is always
and work from there
For suming any number of roots; eg 3 at a time on a degree 4 look at the coefficent
of degree ( ) 1 so look at the coefficent of
Dont make a mistake by looking at the wrong coefficent, sometimes it is zero
Algebraic manipulation is usually required
Mathematics Extension 1
8
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Inequalities
Inequalities with variables on the numerator and denominator:
General steps to solve a problem:
1. Move the entire inequality to one side (so that the RHS is zero)
2. Decompose into one expression (using algebra)
3. Multiply both sides of the inequality by the denominator of the fraction squared
4. Draw graph (even if the questions doesnt say to, do it anyway)
5. Exclude restrictions
Lets apply this to a problem: Solve
5
Step 1:
1
Step 2:
1
Step 3:
1
( 1)
( 1)
( )( 1)
Step 4:
On inspection we can see that there is a cut at 1 and
5
Now; when are the y values greater than zero? When:
5
OR 1
Step 5: But in this case; 1 so solutions are
5
OR 1
Polynomial inequalities:
Solve: ( 1)( )( )
Just like any other inequality from now on, we draw a graph and
solve from there
From the graph we can see that it satisfies when
1
Mathematics Extension 1
9
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Trigonometry
3D Trigonometry:
There really is no way to teach this and nothing new to learn here. This area just
requires sophisticated use of trigonometry. Some of the problems require the
following formulae.
Compound angles:
These need to be memorised Easy way to remember expansions:
( )
( )
( )
1
() () () ()
() () () ()
() () 1
() ()
Double Angle:
1
1
Derive for triple roots
You can do anything to the angle, ie,
General solution:
If then (1)
If then
If then
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Mathematics Extension 1
10
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Tangent
Tangent
Circle Geometry
Theorems:
The perpendicular line from the centre of a circle,
bisects the chord
The line from the centre of a circle to the
midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord
A perpendicular line through the midpoint of a
chord passes through the centre
Key words: Centre, chord and perpendicular. If 2 of
the words come up, then the 3
rd
is also true
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Sector
Mathematics Extension 1
11
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Applications of Calculus to the Physical world
Simple Harmonic Motion
A particle in simple harmonic motion looks like: ( ) or
( ). This is assuming that the COM is the origin (x=0) but there may be a
constant which shifts the COM
To prove a particle is undergoing SHM, show that
, ie
( )
( )
( )
To find which points the particle is oscillating between, solve
Some formulae to memorise:
If the COM is the origin:
)
( ) OR ( )
If the COM is not the origin
( )
( )
Miscellaneous formulae
(
1
+ MORE
Endpoint Centre of
motion (COM)
Endpoint
Mathematics Extension 1
12
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Projectile Motion
Deriving the equations of motion
Consider Acceleration:
There is no acceleration that acts in the
horizontal direction
There is only gravity acting in the vertical
direction (air resistance is ignored)
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