REPORT

EXCERCISE 1
ELECTRO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LIGHT SOURCES

AUTOMOTIVE
LIGHTING
Israel Baigorri Garcia and Pedro Gil Corrn


WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE EXCERCISE?

The purpose of this excercise is familiarize with the proper way to supply
various types of light sources, and to show the effect of power supply to the
work of individual types of lamps.
We have to measure differents kinds of bulbs such as: fluorescent lamps,
sodium lamps, metal halide lamps
After the measures we have to compare the results of each bulb and write
about the conclusions.

First of all i will explain differents kinds of bulbs which are used in this
exercise:

HALOGEN BULBS

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz halogen or quartz
iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that has a small amount of
a halogen such as iodine or bromine added. The combination of the halogen
gas and the tungsten filament produces ahalogen cycle chemical reaction which
redeposits evaporated tungsten back onto the filament, increasing its life and
maintaining the clarity of the envelope. Because of this, a halogen lamp can be
operated at a higher temperature than a standard gas-filled lamp of similar
power and operating life, producing light of a higher luminous efficacy and color
temperature. The small size of halogen lamps permits their use in compact
optical systems for projectors and illumination.
Halogen lamps are available in two voltage versions:
Low voltage: 6 to 24 Volts
High Voltage: 220 to 240 Volts
Low Voltage has better parameters than the bulbs of main line, this parameters
can be:
Luminous efficacy: 18 lm/w to 33 lm/w
Higher durability: 2000 hours
Almost constant
Small dimensions


FLUORESCENT LAMPS

A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas-
discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric
current in the gas excites mercury vapor which produces short-
wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the
bulb to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light
much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The luminous efficacy of a
fluorescent light bulb can exceed 100 lumens per watt, several times the
efficacy of an incandescent bulb with comparable light output.
This kind of bulb is the most common light sources used in general interior
lighting.
Characteristics:
High luminous efficency
Long durability
Produce light with a high general color rendering index and color
temperatura

Inside the tube of the lamps there is a noble gas such as: Argon.
Fluorescents lamps can not work without ballast.

Sodium Lamps

A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to
produce light.
There are two varieties of such lamps:
low pressure
high pressure
Low-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient electrical light sources, but their yellow light
restricts applications to outdoor lighting such as street lamps. Low-pressure sodium lamps
only give monochromatic yellow light and so inhibit color vision at night.
High-pressure sodium lamps have a broader spectrum of light than the low pressure, but
still poorer color rendering than other types of lamps.
This kind of lamps are the most efficient electric light sources. Their luminous efficiency
reaches 150 lm/W and this average life comes to 32000 hours.


Metal Halide lamps

A metal-halide lamp is an electric lamp that produces light by an electric
arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal
halides (compounds of metals with bromine or iodine). It is a type of high-
intensity discharge (HID) gas discharge lamp. They are similar to mercury vapor
lamps, but contain additional metal halide compounds in the arc tube, which
improve the efficacy and color rendition of the light.
Characteristics:
RA= 80 to 95
Luminous efficacy: 80 to 120 lm/W.
Long life 12000 hours.


In this Exercise we need to measure the luminous flux with integrating sphere.
For do this, we have done this steps:

1. We have placed the reference bulb in the hold which was put in the
sphere and after that we have supplied with the nominal voltage.

2. When the measure was stabilized we have read this measure w.

3. Later we have turned off the reference bulb and we have supplied the
auxiliary source which was located in the sphere.

4. After the stabilization of the meter readings we have obtained the w.

5. Now We have the reference parameters w and w.

6. After that we have changed the reference Bulb to other kinds of bulbs
and we have supplied with the nominal voltage.

7. After the stabilization of the meter readings We have obtained x.

8. After that we have turned off the powe supply and we have switched
on the auxiliary source.

9. After That when the stabilization of the meter readings was done, we
have obtained x.

10. After that we need use this formula to calculate the luminous flux:


=
x
w

w
x


In this equation:
= luminous flux of the examined light source
= luminous flux of the standard light source

Fort he standard light source we have chosen this bulb:
Reference bulb:
25 watts
210 Volts
139.4 lm

With this reference bulb we have obtained this parameters:

w= 0.45
w= 1,02

After all, we have calculated the flux of differents kinds of bulbs, these are the
results:

PHILLIPS (low Consume)

Characteristics:
20 wats
210-230
x =3.98
x

= 1
= 139,4
3.98
0.45

1.02
1


As a result the flux is = 1257.57 lm
This flux is like a 100 watts incandescent lamp but this lamp only consumes 20
watts, is very appropiate for reduce your electrical bill.

Incandescent lamp

Characteristics:
100 watts
220-230v
x= 3.75
x= 1

= 139,4
3.75
0.45

1.02
1


The flux is: 1184.9 lm, this flux is similar to Phillips low consume but this lamp
consumes 100 watts, 80 watts more than the Phillips.


E14 BULB PHILLIPS

Characteristics:
11 wats
220-240 v
x= 2.35
x= 1.01

= 139,4
2.35
0.45

1.02
1.01

The flux is = 735.1 lm
In the box of this bulb was written 600 lm, but after the test we have obtained
735.1 lm, this flux is smaller than the others lamps.

HALOGEN

Characteristics:
220 v
35 watts
x= 0,9
x= 1.04


= 139,4
0.9
0.45

1.02
1.04


The flux is = 273.43 lm is smaller than the others kinds of lamps.

Conclusions:
We have done an aproximate table for compare the consumes and the Lm of
each lamp:



Leds have the smallest consume, and they give more lm per watt