1

CHAPTER 18
Problem 18.1


L
I(x) = I 1
x
x
2L
( )
m(x) = m 1
x
2L
( )


The shape functions selected are

1
1
2
( ) cos x
x
L
=

2
1
3
2
( ) cos x
x
L
=
1. Set up
%
k and % m.
For the selected
j
x ( ) , the stiffness coefficients
are computed from Eq. (18.1.4a):
~
cos . k EI
x
L L
x
L
dx
EI
L
L
11
0
2
2
3
1
2 2 2
2 59145 =
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
z


~
cos . k EI
x
L L
x
L
dx
EI
L
L
22
0
2
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
2
187 7 =
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
z


~
cos cos
.
k EI
x
L L
x
L L
x
L
dx
EI
L
L
12
0
2 2
3
1
2 2 2
3
2
3
2
2 7758
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
z


Similarly the mass coefficients are determined from
Eq. (18.1.4b):
~
cos . m m
x
L
x
L
dx mL
L
11
0
2
1
2
1
2
013376 =
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
=
z


~
cos . m m
x
L
x
L
dx mL
L
22
0
2
1
2
1
3
2
12978 =
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
=
z


~
cos cos
.
m m
x
L
x
L
x
L
dx
mL
L
12
0
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
0 363296
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
=
z


Thus
~
. .
. .
k =
L
N
M
O
Q
P
EI
L
3
2 59145 2 7758
2 7758 187 7

~
. .
. .
m =
L
N
M
O
Q
P
mL
013376 0 363296
0 363296 12978

2. Solve eigenvalue problem.
%
% % k z mz =
2

%
.
1 4
4 3178 =
EI
mL

%
.
2 4
24 8415 =
EI
mL

z
1
0 9997
0 0244
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
.
.
z
2
0 9406
0 3396
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
.
.

3. Determine natural modes from Eq. (18.1.8).
~
( ) . cos . cos
. . cos . cos

1
0 9997 1
2
0 0244 1
3
2
10241 0 9997
2
0 0244
3
2
x
x
L
x
L
x
L
x
L
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

~
( ) . cos . cos
. . cos . cos

2
0 9406 1
2
0 3396 1
3
2
0 6010 0 9406
2
0 3396
3
2
x
x
L
x
L
x
L
x
L
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
= +

2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2
Problem 18.2


x
EI
L/2
m(x)=2m
o
L/2
m(x)=2m
o
mass distribution
x
L
( ) 1
x
L


1. Select shape functions.


1
( ) sin x
x
L
=

2
3
( ) sin x
x
L
=
=

1
( ) cos x
L
x
L
=

2
3 3
( ) cos x
L
x
l

=
F
H
G
I
K
J

1
2
( ) sin x
L
x
L
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

2
2
3 3
( ) sin x
L
x
L

2. Set up
%
k .
~
sin
sin cos
.
k
L
EI
x
L
dx
EI
L
x L
x L x L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
L
L
11
4
2
0
3
0
3
4
3 3
2 2
2 2
48 705
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =
z




b g b g


~
sin sin
sin sin
k
L L
EI
x
L
x
L
dx
EI
L L
x L
L
x L
L
L
L
12
2 2
0
2 2
0
3 3
3
2
2 2
4
2 4
0
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
z

b g
b g
b g
b g
% %
k k
21 12
0 = =
~
sin
sin
( )
k
L
EI
x
L
dx
EI
L
x L
x L
EI
L
EI
L
L
L
22
4
2
0
3
0
3
4
3
3 3
3 3
2
6
4
3 3
2
3
2
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
z




b g

= 3945 07
3
.
EI
L

Thus
~
.
.
k =
EI
L
3
48 705 0
0 394507
L
N
M
O
Q
P

3. Set up % m.

~
sin
sin
m m
x
L
x
L
dx
m
x
L
x
L
dx
o
L
o
L
L
11
2
0
2
2
2
2
2 1
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+

F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
z
z

=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
z
2
2
0
2
m L x
L
x
L
d
x
L
o
L


sin

2
2
2
m
L
x
L
d
x
L
o
L
L

sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J

z

2
1
2
2
m
L x
L
x
L
d
x
L
o
L
L


sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
z


=
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
+

L
N
M
O
Q
P

2
4
2
4
2
8
2
2
2
4
2
2
0
2
2
m L x L x L x L
x L
m
L
x L x L
o
L
o
L
L

( ) ( ) sin ( )
cos ( )
sin ( )


2
4
2
4
2
8
2
2
2
m L x L x L x L
x L
o
L
L

( ) ( ) sin ( )
cos ( )

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P


= + +
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
+
L
N
M
O
Q
P


L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
2 2
4
1
8
1
8
2
2 4
2
4
1
8
2
4
1
8
2
2
2
2 2
m L m L
m L
o o
o

( )
( )

2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
3

= + + +
L
N
M
M
+
O
Q
P
P
= +
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
2 2
4
1
4 4 4
1
4
2
4
2
8
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
m L
m L
o
o

( )
( )

= 0 3513 . m L
o


~
sin sin
sin sin
m m
x
L
x
L
x
L
dx
m
x
L
x
L
x
L
dx
o
L
o
L
L
12
0
2
2
2
3
2 1
3
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
+

F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
z
z




=
L
N
M
O
Q
P

R
S
|
T
|
+
U
V
|
W
|
+

L
N
M
O
Q
P

z z
2 2
2 2
4
2 4
2
2 2
4
2 4
2
2
2 2
4
2 4
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
m
L
x
x L
L
x L
L
x L
L
dx
x L
L
dx
m
x L
L
x L
L
o
L
L L
o
L
L
sin ( )
( )
sin ( )
( )
sin ( )
( )
sin ( )
( )
sin ( )
( )
sin ( )
( )

2 2
2 2
4
2 4
2 2
m
L
x L
L
dx
x L
L
dx
o
L
L
L
L
+
R
S
|
T
|
U
V
|
W
|
z z
sin ( )
( )
sin ( )
( )

=
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
R
S
|
T
|
U
V
|
W
|
+

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
R
S
|
T
|
U
V
|
W
|
=


L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
2 2
2 2
4
2 4
2 0
2 2
2 2
4
2 4
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
m
L
x L
L
x L
L
m
m
L
x L
L
x L
L
m
L L L
o
L L
o
o
L
L
L
L
o
cos ( )
( )
cos ( )
( )
cos ( )
( )
cos ( )
( )
( ) ( )

l q
b g

= 0 1013 . m L
o


% % . m m m L
o 21 12
0 1013 = =

~
sin
sin
m m
x
L
x
L
dx
m
x
L
x
L
dx
o
L
o
L
L
22
2
0
2
2
2
2
3
2 1
3
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+

F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
z
z

=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
z
2
3 3
3 3 3
2
0
2
m L x
L
x
L
d
x
L
o
L


sin

2
3
3 3
2
2
m
L
x
L
d
x
L
o
L
L

sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J

z


2
3 3
3 3 3
2
2
m L x
L
x
L
d
x
L
o
L
L


sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
z


=
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
+

L
N
M
O
Q
P

2
3
3
4
3 6
4
6
8
2
3
3
2
6
4
2
2
0
2
2
m L x L x L x L
x L
m
L
x L x L
o
L
o
L
L
( )
( ) ( ) sin ( )
cos ( )
sin ( )

2
3
3
4
3 6
4
6
8
2
2
2
m L x L x L x L
x L
o
L
L
( )
( ) ( ) sin( )
cos( )

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P


= + +
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
+

L
N
M
O
Q
P


L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
2
3
3 2
4
1
8
1
8
2
3
3
2
3
4
2
3
3
4
1
8
3 2
4
1
8
2
2
2
2 2
m L
m L
m L
o
o
o
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

= + + +
L
N
M
M
+
O
Q
P
P
= +
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
2
3
3 2
4
1
4
3
4
3
4
1
4
3 2
4
2
3
9
8
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
m L
m L
o
o
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

= 0 2613 . m L
o



2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
4
Thus
~
. .
. .
m = m L
o
0 3513 01013
01013 0 2613

L
N
M
O
Q
P

4. Solve reduced eigenvalue problem.
%
% % k z mz =
2

%
.

1 2
11 765
=
L
EI
m
o

%
.

2 2
130 467
=
L
EI
m
o

z
1
10
0 0036
=

R
S
T
U
V
W
.
.
z
2
0 2790
0 9603
=
R
S
T
U
V
W
.
.

5. Determine natural vibration modes from Eq.
(18.1.8).
~
( ) . sin . sin

1
10 0 0036
3
x
x
L
x
L
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J

~
( ) . sin . sin

2
0 2790 0 9603
3
x
x
L
x
L
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J

Note that the first mode of this beam with nonuniform
mass is only slightly different from that for a uniform
beam; the second mode differs more between the two
beams.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
5
Problem 18.3
1. Stiffness and mass matrices.


1 2 5
3 4 6
L/2 L/2

Fig. P18.3a

1
2 3 4

Fig. P18.3b
The 6 6 stiffness and mass matrices with
reference to the DOFs in Fig. P18.3a are given in
Example 18.2. Impose boundary conditions u
1
=
u
5
0 = by eliminating the corresponding rows and
columns to obtain k and m with reference to the DOFs
in Fig. P18.3b:
k
k k
k k
=

L
N
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
8
24 3 0 3
3 2 0
0 2 2 2
3 0 2
3
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
0
0 00
EI
L
L L
L L L
L L L
L L L
tt t
t


m =

L
N
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
mL
L L
L L L
L L L
L L L
840
312 65 0 65
65 0 75 0
0 0 75 2 0 75
65 0 0 75
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
. .
. .
. .
. .


2. Solve eigenvalue problem.
( ) k m =
2
0

1 4
9 9086 = .
EI
mL

2 4
43 818 = .
EI
mL

3 4
110 14 = .
EI
mL

4 4
200 80 = .
EI
mL

=

L
N
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
0 2196 0 0 0386 0
0 6898 05774 0 7066 05774
0 05774 0 05774
0 6898 05774 0 7066 05774
. .
. . . .
. .
. . . .
L L L L
L L L L
L L L L

3. Solution using lumped mass matrix
m =
L
N
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
mL
05
0
0
0
.

Eliminate the three rotational DOFs by static
condensation to obtain
$
k
EI
L
lat tt t t
= =

k k k k
0 00
1
0 3
48

Natural frequency:

1 4
0 5
9 798 = =
$
.
.
k
mL
EI
mL
lat

Natural mode after using static condensation
equations:

1
0 2196 0 6588 0 0 6588
T
L L L = . . .
4. Compare with exact frequencies.
For a simply-supported beam, the exact values of
the first four natural frequencies are

1 4
9 8696 = .
EI
mL

2 4
39 478 = .
EI
mL

3 4
88 826 = .
EI
mL

4 4
157 914 = .
EI
mL

The finite element method using consistent mass
provides an excellent result for the fundamental
frequency, but the accuracy deteriorates for higher
modes. The lumped mass approximation provides only
the fundamental frequency and the result is less
accurate. Note that the finite element method
overestimates the fundamental frequency whereas the
lumped mass approximation provides an under
estimate.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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6
Problem 18.4
1. Stiffness and mass matrices.

1
2

Fig. P18.4

The 6 6 stiffness and mass matrices are given in
Example 18.2. Impose boundary conditions
u u
1 2
= = u u
5 6
0 = = by eliminating the
corresponding rows and columns to obtain k and m
with reference to the two DOFs in Fig. P18.4:
k =
8
24 0
0 2
3
2
EI
L
L
L
N
M
O
Q
P
m =
mL
L 840
312 0
0 2
2
L
N
M
O
Q
P

2. Solve eigenvalue problem.
( ) k m =
2
0

1 4
22 74 = .
EI
mL

2 4
81 98 = .
EI
mL

1
1
0
=
R
S
T
U
V
W

2
0
1
=
R
S
T
U
V
W
L

3. Solution using lumped mass matrix.
m =
L
N
M
O
Q
P
mL
05
0
.

Eliminate the DOF 2 by static condensation to
obtain
$
( ) k
EI
L
EI
L
lat
= =
8
24
192
3 3

Natural frequency:

1 4
0 5
19 60 = =
$
.
.
k
mL
EI
mL
lat

Natural mode after calculating rotations using static
condensation equations:

1
1 0
T
=




4. Compare with exact frequencies.
For a beam clamped at both ends, the exact values
of the first two natural frequencies are

1 4
22 37 = .
EI
mL

2 4
61 67 = .
EI
mL

The finite element method using consistent mass
provides an excellent result for the fundamental
frequency, but the accuracy deteriorates for the second
mode. The lumped mass approximation provides only
the fundamental frequency, but the result is less
accurate and lower than the exact value.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
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7
Problem 18.5
1. Stiffness and mass matrices.

1
2 3

Fig. P18.5

The 6 6 stiffness and mass matrices are given in
Example 18.2. Impose boundary conditions u u
1 5
= =
u
6
0 = by eliminating the corresponding rows and
columns to obtain k and m with reference to the three
DOFs in Fig. 18.5:
k
k k
k k
=
8
24 3 0
3 2
0 2 2
3
2 2
2 2
0
0 00
EI
L
L
L L L
L L
tt t
t
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P

m =
mL
L
L L L
L L
840
312 65 0
65 0 75
0 0 75 2
2 2
2 2

L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
.
. .
.

2. Solve eigenvalue problem.
( ) k m =
2
0

1 4
15 56 = .
EI
mL

2 4
58 41 = .
EI
mL

3 4
155 64 = .
EI
mL

=

L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
0 2375 0 0349 0 0205
0 9370 0 7449 08516
0 2561 0 6662 05237
. . .
. . .
. . .
L L L
L L L

3. Solution using lumped mass matrix.
m =
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
mL
05
0
0
.

Eliminate the two rotational DOFs by static
condensation to obtain
$
.
k
EI
L
lat tt t t
= =

k k k k
0 00
1
0 3
109 71

Natural frequency:

1 4
0 5
14 81 = =
$
.
.
k
mL
EI
mL
lat

Natural mode after calculating rotation using static
condensation equations:

1
0 2375 0 8143 0 2036
T
L L = . . .
4. Compare with exact frequencies.
For a beam clamped at one end and simply
supported at the other, the exact values of the first
three natural frequencies are

1 4
15 42 = .
EI
mL

2 4
49 97 = .
EI
mL

3 4
104 2 = .
EI
mL

The finite element method using consistent mass
provides an excellent result for the fundamental
frequency, but the accuracy deteriorates increasingly
for the second and third modes. The lumped mass
approximation provides only the fundamental
frequency; the result is less accurate and lower than
the exact value.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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8
Problem 18.6


h
2h
2m, I/2
m, I m, I
1
3 2


1. Stiffness matrix.


2
h
6EI
2
h
6EI
3
h
24EI
u =1
1


2
h
6EI
h
4EI
+
2h
4E(I/2)
2h
2E(I/2)
u = 1
2



2
h
6EI
h
4EI
+
2h
4E(I/2)
2h
2E(I/2)
u =1
3


Thus
k =
EI
h
h h
h h
sym h
3
2 2
2
24 6 6
5 2
5 ( )
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P






2. Mass matrix.


22mh /420
2
2m(2h) +
2(156 mh /420)
u = 1
1
& &



22mh /420
2
u =1
2
& &
4mh /420 +
4(2 m)(2 h) /420
3
3
3(2 m)(2 h) /420
3



3(2 m)(2 h) /420
3
22 mh /420
2
4mh /420 +
4(2 m)(2 h) /420
3
3
u =1
3
& &

Thus
m =
mh
h h
h h
sym h
420
1992 22 22
68 48
68
2 2
2

L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P ( )

3. Solve eigenvalue problem.
( ) k m =
2
0

1 4
1 5354 = .
EI
mh

2 4
4 0365 = .
EI
mh

3 4
10 7471 = .
EI
mh

=

L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
05440 0 0 0001
05933 1 2 1 2
05933 1 2 1 2
. .
.
.
h h h
h h h





2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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9
4. Plot modes.


0.5933/ h
0.5933/ h
0.5440



1/ 2 h 1/ 2 h



0.001
1/ 2 h
1/ 2 h


2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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10
Problem 18.7
1. Determine lateral stiffness.
Statically condense joint rotations in the stiffness
matrix of Problem 18.6:

$
.
k
EI
h
EI
h
lat tt t t
=
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
L
N
M
O
Q
P
F
H
G
G
I
K
J
J
=

k k k k
0 00
1
0
3
1
3
24 6 6
5 1 2
1 2 5
6
6
10 9091

2. Calculate lumped mass.
m m h mh mh mh
lat
= + + = 2 2 1 2 5 ( ) ( ) ( )
beam columns
12 4 3 4 1 2 444 3 444

3. Calculate natural frequency.

1 4
1 477 = =
$
.
k
m
EI
mh
lat
lat

The exact value is

1 4
1 5354 = .
EI
mh

=

L
N
M
O
Q
P
=

L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P

0544
0544
0544
0594
0594
00
1
0
.
( . )
.
.
.
k k
t
h
h

4. Comment on accuracy.
The accuracy of the lumped mass procedure is
satisfactory; the fundamental frequency is estimated
with approximately 4% error and the first mode is very
accurate (less than 0.03% error). Using the lumped
mass procedure we have reduced the order of the
system to obtain only the fundamental frequency and
mode.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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11
Problem 18.8

h
2h
2m, I/2
m, I m, I
2
1 2
3
1
u
3
u
2
u
4
u
1
3
L


1. Identify DOFs.
The frame (assemblage) DOFs that correspond to
the element DOFs are identified for each element in
Table P18.8.
Table P18.8
Element
1

2

3

1 0 1
2 2 3
0 0 0
0 3 0

2. Element stiffness matrix
k
e
EI
L
L L
L L L L
L L
L L L L
=

L
N
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
3
2 2
2 2
12 6 12 6
6 4 6 2
12 6 12 6
6 2 6 4
1 0 1
2 2 3
0 0 0
0 3 0

1 2 0 0
0 2 0 3
1 3 0 0

For elements
1
and
2
, L h = ; for element
3
,
L h = 2 .
3. Assemble element stiffness matrices.
k =
+
+
+
L
N
M
M
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
P
P
=
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
12 12 6 6
6 4 4 2 2 2
2
6 2 2
2
4 2 4
24 6 6
6 5 2
6 2 5
3 3 2 2
2
2
3
2 2
2 2
EI
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
h
E I
h
E I
h
EI
h
E I
h
E I
h
EI
h
EI
h
h h
h h h
h h h
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

This is the same as determined in Problem 18.6.

4. Element mass matrix
m
e
mL
L L
L L L
L
sym L
=

L
N
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
420
156 22 54 13
4 6 3
156 22
4
1 0 1
2 2 3
0 0 0
0 3 0
2 2
2
( )

1 2 0 0
0 2 0 3
1 3 0 0



2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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12
5. Assemble element mass matrices.

m =
+ +
+
+
L
N
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
=
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
156
420
156
420
2 2
22
420
22
420
4
420
4 2 2
420
3 2 2
420
4 2 2
420
4
420
420
1992 22 22
68 48
68
2 2
3 3 3
3 3
2 2
2
mh mh
m h
mh mh
mh m h m h
sym
m h mh
mh
h h
h h
sym h
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

where 2 2 m h ( ) in m
11
is due to rigid translation of the beam. This mass matrix is the same as determined in Problem
18.6.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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