The Manufacturing Process of

Galvanizing Material
by Dwayne A. Rodgers 11/26/02

Figure1: "The article is immersed in a bath of molten zinc at
between 81585! F "#$5#55 %&'" (merican Galvanizers (ssociation
http://www.galvanizeit.org/process.htm
or !aster access to speci!ic in!ormation" clic# on one o! the heading below.
)ntroduction
The Galvanizing Process'
T*+ical ,te+s in the manufacturing +rocess of Galvanizing'
The t*+ical characteristics of a++earance'
%om+arative Pro+erties of various -inc Metal %oating'
%orrosion
Galvanized Products
,ummar*
.efinitions .ealing with Galvanizing'
)nternet /eferences01ibliogra+h*

)ntroduction:
$n today%s society there are many everyday &ses !or galvanized prod&cts" galvanizing is
a process !or applying a protective zinc coating over iron or steel to red&ce corrosion
'(c)ichols" 2002*" where a long li!e e+pectancy is important. ,o view a chart p&blished
!or -ot Dip .alvanized /oating 0ervice 1i!e c lic# here. /orrosion is a physical and
chemical deterioration o! a material d&e to reaction with its environment and especially
with o+ygen '/R(" 1236*. .alvanized prod&cts are &sed everywhere in many di!!erent
applications where corrosion resistant prod&cts are essential. /orrosion resistance can be
de!ined as the ability o! the material to resist o+idation '4(,5p133*. ,his report will
show how and why galvanizing is important to the li!e d&ration o! a prod&ct that is
s&b6ect to deterioration ca&sed by the s&rro&nding environment.
The Galvanizing Process
,he process o! galvanizing consists o! coating metals" s&ch as iron and steel" with a
thin protective layer o! zinc. ,he layer o! zinc provides protection to the metal !rom
corrosion. ,he res&lt o! galvanizing is a corrosion resistant prod&ct to be &sed !or many
o&tdoor applications" where the weather is a !actor in the li!e e+pectancy o! the material.
,he protective layer o! zinc prevents the !erro&s material !rom coming in contact with the
o+ygen ca&sing o+idation. 7+idation is the combination o! a s&bstance with o+ygen" in
iron and steel the main combination res&lt is r&st. 8itho&t this contact the !erro&s
material does not corrode. An e+ample o! how this wor#s is when iron reacts with
o+ygen it !orms iron o+ide 'the main component in corrosion*" however i! the iron is
galvanized the zinc reacts with o+ygen ca&sing zinc o+ide prior to reaching the iron.
,here are two types o! o+ide ca&sed by iron" !erric o+ide and !erro&s o+ide. erric o+ide
'e279* is a dar# red compo&nd occ&rring nat&rally as a hematite ore and r&st. ,his
material is &sed in pigments" metal polishes and on magnetic strips. erro&s o+ide 'e7*
is a chemically !ormed powder &sed in the man&!act&ring process o! steel" heat absorbing
glass" and enamels. 'A-/52000*. ,he layer o! zinc already has a nat&rally occ&rring zinc
o+ide !ilm which protects the zinc layer against corrosion ma#ing it corrosion resistant. $!
there is a small damaged area or bare spot that e+poses the !erro&s material" the zinc will
sacri!ice itsel! !or o+idation. ,his is a res&lt o! the zinc being more electrochemical"
attracting o+ygen" than the !erro&s material ca&sing the zinc to act as a anode protecting
the !erro&s material. ,his is the method &sed in the protection o! galvanized prod&cts
'.eiger" 2002*.
,here are several ways to galvanize steel prod&cts" s&ch as hot dip galvanize"
electroplating galvanize" mechanical coating" zinc spraying" and zinc d&st painting. $n hot
dip galvanize there are two di!!erent processes that are &sed. 7ne is the process o!
contin&os hot dip galvanizing which consists o! a start point and a !inish point. $n
between these two points the material never stops going !rom a raw material 'iron/steel*
to a !inished good ready to be shipped. ,he other is stationary hot dip galvanizing in
which an individ&al item is dipped into a pot o! molten metal and removed.
,he !ollowing steps are ta#en in hot dip galvanizing in both hot dip and contin&o&s
operations: cleaning" pic#ling" pre !l&+ing" galvanizing" cooling" !inishing" inspected" and
thro&gho&t the process the prod&ct is rinsed and air blown. ,he main di!!erence between
the two 'contin&os hot dip and stationary* is that the material on a contin&os operation is
!inished when the cycle is complete vers&s 6&st dipping the material in most cases is hand
!inished to remove e+cess b&rs" r&ns" and b&mps that are res&lt o! no e+ternal wipe 'air
#ni!e" coal" etc.*. To+ of the +age
To view a video on galvanizing clic2 here "3uic2 time must be installed on *our
com+uter&'
T*+ical ,te+s in the manufacturing +rocess of Galvanizing:
According to the American .alvanizers Association '2002*" the p&rpose o! each o! the
typical steps in galvanizing are paraphrased below.
1* %leaning : ,he step in which the ma6ority o! oil" grease" and paints" are removed
with a hot al#aline cleaner. ,his cleaner &s&ally consists o! a lead bath or hot soapy
water.
2* /inse0(ir Flow: A bath o! cooled water to rinse any o! the cleaning resid&e o!! and
air #nives to aid in the removing o! any additional resid&e and water that were &sed on
the material be!ore entering the pic#ling system .
2* Pic2ling: A bath o! dil&ted hydrochloric or s&l!&ric acid sol&tions that serve to
remove s&r!ace r&st and mill scale to provide a chemically clean metallic s&r!ace.
9* /inse0(ir Flow: Another water reservoir to dil&te the acid concentration that may
be le!t on the material be!ore entering the !l&+ stage and also an air #ni!e to aid in
removing &n wanted resid&e.
;* Pre flu4ing: ,he steel is immersed into a li<&id !l&+ to remove o+ides and to
prevent o+idation prior to entering the molten metal. ,he li<&id !l&+ is a concentration
that consists &s&ally o! zinc ammoni&m chloride sol&tion. ,he !l&+ is the #ey ingredient
in aiding in the ability o! the zinc to adhere to the iron or steel.
=* (ir Flow: >etween the pre !l&+ area and the molten metal the material is blown
dry &sing a air #ni!e to remove in moist&re that consists prior to entering the li<&id
metal. To+ of the +age
6* Galvanizing: ,he item is immersed in a bath o! molten zinc" with a temperat&re
range between ?20 and ?=0 degrees ahrenheit. ,he temperat&re needs to be constantly
in this range" i! too cold" the zinc !reezes" i! too hot" the coating consistency is not
symmetrical ca&sing low coating" bare spots" or a b&rnt gray color to e+ist on the
material. 8ith the temperat&re within range the zinc metall&rgic ally bonds to the steel"
creating a highly resistant zinc iron alloy layer. ,he zinc iron alloy is !ormed in the
galvanizing process with p&re zinc and the !erro&s material being galvanized. ,his alloy
layered is a bond between the iron that is di!!&sed !rom the steel prod&ct being
galvanized and the zinc in the molten stage. ,he layer o! coating has several di!!erent
phases o! alloy layers with names s&ch as Alpha" .amma" Delta" @eta" and the !ree @inc
layer. 4ach o! these layers have a di!!erent amo&nts o! iron" zinc ratio%s. ,his alloy layer
is dependent on the type o! steel being &sed !or the galvanizing process. ,hese di!!erent
alloy layers are what ma#e &p the weight o! coating that the material receives"
determining the !inished ga&ge o! the prod&ct. ,he layer ga&ge to be p&t on the material
is determined by the time in which the material is act&ally in the zinc bath.
3* Finishing 5 %ooling: ,hese two steps wor# together beca&se the cooling o! the
material res&lts in the !inishing o! the material. ,he !inishing process consists o!
removing e+cess zinc by draining 'to aid in the drainage coal and a hard wipe pad are
sometimes &sed*" vibrating" and !or small items centri!&ging 's&ch as with a die in place
that is sized according to the desired amo&nt o! coating ga&ge to be applied*. 8hile and
directly a!ter the !inishing process is going on the material is rapidly cooled &sing
di!!erent methods to incl&de cold water" high press&re air #nives that &se nitrogen to !orm
and cool the material. ,he cool water is aided by chillier &nits that decrease the
temperat&re o! the water be!ore sending it to a <&ench tan# where the material is directly
cooled by immersing the completed material directly in the cold water. $n many
applications the prod&ct is also immersed in a wa+ based s&bstance" applying a light coat
to aid in the prod&ct being separated when at the end o! the contin&os r&n or in &se later.
?* )ns+ection: ,he inspection process o! galvanized material is the simplest and most
important means o! assessing the <&ality o! the galvanized zinc coating. ,he inspection
process &ses some standard testing s&ch as tensile strength" yield strength" hardness"
elongation" stress/stain" !orm/condition" thermal cond&ctivity" electrical resistance"
coating weight/ga&ge" and most importantly the appearance o! the !inished prod&ct. ,he
appearance o! the galvanized coat demonstrates the relationship to the coating <&ality.
The t*+ical characteristics of a++earance:
,here are several characteristics to the appearance to incl&de: d&ll gray color" r&st
stains" blisters" te+t&re 'smooth" ro&gh*" l&mps" pimples" bare spots" b&l#y white deposit"
and dar# spots. ,he !ollowing in!ormation will tell more abo&t these di!!erent
appearance iss&es: To view +ictures of different coating and more information on the
(++earance of galvanized +roducts clic2 here' The information used for ins+ection
was obtained from 6ader'com' To+ of the +age
1' .ull gra* coating: ,his type o! coating is normally acceptable and is ca&sed by
growth o! the zinc iron alloy layers thro&gh to the s&r!ace o! the galvanized coating .
7' /ust stains: ,he r&st stains are acceptable when present as a s&r!ace stain" this is
&s&ally ca&sed by contact with or drainage with other corroded steel s&r!aces.
$' 1listers: 0mall intact blisters in the coating are acceptable and are &s&ally d&e to
absorption o! hydrogen by the steel d&ring the pic#ling process being e+pelled as a res&lt
o! the heat p&t o!! by the galvanizing process.
# General roughness and thic2 coatings: .eneral ro&ghness o! the o&ter material is
normally acceptable as long as not otherwise agreed on with the cons&mer. ,he ca&se o!
ro&gh galvanized coatings is &s&ally a res&lt !rom &neven growth o! zinc iron alloys
beca&se o! the composition or s&r!ace condition o! the steel.
5' 8um+iness and runs: 1&mps are normally acceptable &nless otherwise speci!ied and
are ca&sed by &neven drainage. 1&mps and r&ns have no impact on the coating li!e.
9' Pim+les: Aimples are gro&nds !or re6ection depending on size and e+tent. Aimples are
ca&sed by incl&sions o! dross in the coating. Dross" which is a zinc iron alloy particles
has a similar corrosion rate to the galvanized coating and its presence as !inely dispersed
pimples is not ob6ectionable. .ross dross incl&sions may be gro&nds !or re6ection as they
tend to embrittle the coating.
:' 1are s+ots: >are spots are generally acceptable i! small in area and s&itably repaired"
depending on the nat&re o! the prod&ct. 0ome reasons !or bare spots are !a&lty
processing" rolling de!ects" laminations and nonmetallic imp&rities rolled into the s&r!ace.
8' 6et storage stain or bul2* white de+osit: A b&l#y white or gray deposit" #nown as
wet storage stain may !orm on the s&r!ace o! closely stac#ed !reshly galvanized articles
which become damp &nder poorly ventilated conditions d&ring storage or were le!t damp
as a res&lt o! the prod&ct not being dry be!ore storing. 7ne main reason !or wet material
being stored is an ins&!!icient wa+ concentration" either to m&ch was or to little. To+ of
the +age
%om+arative Pro+erties of various -inc Metal %oating '
0ome o! the comparative properties o! vario&s zinc metal coating are shown in ,able 1
obtained !rom 0enast @inc $n!ormation 0ite. @inc coating can be applied to steel by
di!!erent methods which vary !rom a zinc containing paint to hot dip galvanizing. All
these methods can provide s&ccess!&l protection i! yo& choose the right method
corresponding to the environment. $n general terms the li!e o! a zinc coating is more or
less proportional to its thic#ness.
,he table provides comparative properties o! !ive well #nown zinc coating methods
provided by 0enast /orporation.
Table 1: /omparative Aroperties o! vario&s @inc (etal /oating .
%haracteristic
of the coating
;ot .i+
Galvanizing
<lectro
Plating
Mechanical
%oating
-inc ,+ra*ing
-inc .ust
Painting
Adhesion /oating is
integral with
the steel
beca&se the
!or5mation
process
prod&ces
zinc/iron alloy
layers over
coated with
zinc.
.ood"
comparable
with other
electroplated
coat5ings.
.ood"
comparable
with
electroplated
coatings.
.ood
mechanical
interloc#5ing
provided the
abrasive grit
blasting
pretreatment is
carried o&t
correctly.
.ood 5
abrasive grit
blasting o! the
steel gives
best res&lts
;ot .i+
Galvanizing
<lectro
Plating
Mechanical
%oating
-inc ,+ra*ing
-inc .ust
Painting
/ontin&ity and
Bni!ormity
.ood 5 any
discontin&ities
are readily
visible as
Cblac# spotsC.
0ome e+cess
zinc at
drainage
points on
prod&cts.
Bni!orm
within limita5
tions o!
Cthrowing
powerC ot
bath. Aores
not a problem"
as e+5posed
steel protected
by ad6acent
zinc
,hin at
corners 5 the
the opposite
o! hot5dip
galvanized
coat5ings.
Depends on
operator s#ill
/oating are
poro&s b&t ,he
pores soon !ill
with zinc
corrosion
prod&cts and
are therea!ter
impermeable.
.ood5 any
pores !ill with
reaction
prod&cts. ,hin
at corners
To+ of the +age
;ot .i+
Galvanizing
<lectro
Plating
Mechanical
%oating
-inc ,+ra*ing
-inc .ust
Painting
,hic#ness )ormally
abo&t =0512=
Dm on t&be
,hic#ness
variable at
will: generally
Eariable at
will" &s&ally
between 10 5
,hic#ness
variable at will
generally 100 5
Bp to ;0 Dm
o! paint 'and
more with
and prod&cts:
thic#5 er
coatings &p to
2=0 Dm
obtained by
silicon #illed
steel or grit
blasting be!ore
galvanizing.
/oatings 10
590 Dm
applied to
contin&o&s
wire and sheet
9 5 1= Dm.
,hic#er layers
are possi5ble
b&t generally
&neco5
nomical.
?0 Dm. 1=0 Dm b&t
coatings o! &p
to =00 Dm can
be applied
special
!orm&lations*
can be applied
in one coat
;ot .i+
Galvanizing
<lectro
Plating
Mechanical
%oating
-inc ,+ra*ing
-inc .ust
Painting
ormability and
(echanical
Aroperties
/onventional
coatings ap5
plied to
!inished
articles" not
!ormidable:
alloy layer is
abrasive
resistant b&t
brittle on
bending.
0pecial
coatings with
little or no
alloy layer
readily !ormed
'e.g. on sheet*
and resistance
welded.
4lectroplated
steel has
e+cellent
!ormability
and can be
spot welded.
0mall
components
are &s&ally
!inished
be!ore plating.
.ood. Does
not ca&se
em5
brittlement
o! high
strength
steels.
8hen applied
to !inished
articles"
!orming not re5
<&ired. /an
weld thro&gh
thin coating i!
necessary b&t
pre!erable to
mas# edges to
be welded and
spray these
a!terwards
Abrasion
resistance
better than
conventional
paints.
Aainted sheet
can be !ormed
and resistance
welded with
minor
damage.
;ot .i+
Galvanizing
<lectro
Plating
Mechanical
%oating
-inc ,+ra*ing
-inc .ust
Painting
4+tra
,reatments
/onversion
coatings
5chromate%s
prevent wet
storage stain:
phosphates
good on new
sheet as a base
/onversion
coatings 'e.g.
chromate%s
&sed to
prevent wet
storage stain*
re<&ently
&sed as a base
/an have
conversion
coatings
applied.
/oating with
sealant that
can provide a
base !or paints
to give long
li!e str&ct&res.
/an be &sed
alone or as
primer &nder
conven5tional
paints.
!or paints.
8eathered
coatings o!ten
painted 'a!ter
10 5 90 years*
!or longer
service.
!or paints.
To+ of the +age
;ot .i+
Galvanizing
<lectro
Plating
Mechanical
%oating
-inc ,+ra*ing
-inc .ust
Painting
7ther
/onsiderations
0ize o! bath
available.
Aarts &p to
abo&t 2=
meters long
can dipped at
some wor#s.
/are re<&ired
at design stage
!or best
res&lts.
/ontin&o&s
wire and sheet
avail5able.
0ize o! bath
available.
Arocess
normally &sed
!or simple"
!airly small
components
s&itable !or
barrel plating
or !or con5
contin&o&s
sheet and
wire. )o
heating e+cept
!or hydrogen
embrittlement
relie! on high
strength
steels.
$deal !or
small parts
incl&ding
washers and
springs 'e.g.
&p to 1= cm
or 2=0 g*.
Access di!!i5
c&lties 'e.g.
inside t&bes*.
)o size or
shape
limitations
very
economical !or
wor# with high
weight to area
ra5tio.
Bneconomical
on open mesh.
Access
di!!ic&lties
may limit
application
'e.g. inside
t&bes*. >est
method o!
applying very
thic# coatings.
1ittle heating
on the steel.
0&itable !or
anything that
can be painted
tho&gh there
may be
di!!ic&lties o!
access in
narrow
t&b&lar str&c5
t&res. /an be
br&sh" spray
or dip applied.
)o heating
involved.
Aer!ormance
varies with
media &sed
and
percentage o!
zinc d&st
6hat is %orrosion=
/orrosion 'r&st* is the deterioration o! a material that alters its mechanical properties.
,his is ca&sed by a chemical reaction between the material and o+ygen or some other
type o! type o! chemical. /orrosion is one o! the most important !actors in the
brea#down o! materials ca&sing a shorter li!e e+pectancy than what the prod&ct was set
o&t to achieve. ,his chemical brea#down o! the material ca&ses many &n!ort&nate
accidents that might have been prevented with the &se o! a corrosion resistant prod&ct
'-0/51222*. To+ of the +age.
Galvanized Products:
,he !ollowing list is some practical &ses !or galvanized steel prod&cts:

(musement rides
1eams
1ic*cle rac2s
1oat trailers
1o4 rail
1ridge rail
1ridge
substructure
1ridge
su+erstructure
%at wal2s
%olumns
%onve*or
s*stems
%ooling tower
+arts
.oc2
hardware
.oc2 levelers
Fence +osts
Flag +oles
Garbage cans
Gas turbine
s2ids
Grating
;andrails
;ighwa*
guardrail0+osts 8adders
8attice towers
Metal scul+tures
>verhead cranes
>verhead sign su++orts
Pedestrian bridges
Picnic table frames
Pi+e
Plates
Platforms
/ebar
,ignal light +oles
,tair treads
,ound barriers
,tructural steel
Transmission +oles
?tilit* trailers
6ater0waste treatment
structures
6heelbarrows
6ire mesh
,hese are a !ew pict&res o! di!!erent prod&cts o!!ered by the $nd&strial .alvanizers
/orporation '/opyright 2002*.


,ummar*:
.alvanizing 'to coat iron or steel with zinc* is today%s best way o! preserving materials
!or tomorrow witho&t m&ch environmental impact" d&e to the recyclable ability o! zinc.
$n today%s society the environmental implications o! the &se o! ind&strial prod&cts and
processes are essential to the li!e o! all living organisms. 8ith no space le!t !or
radioactive waste or other non5biogradeable prod&cts something needs to be done to
preserve li!e !or tomorrow. .alvanizing is a process that not only wor#s to prevent
present day !ail&re b&t it also loo#s to the !&t&re. @inc the main ingredient &sed in the
galvanizing process has been !o&nd to be essential to h&mans as well as to the li!e o!
many other living organisms. To+ of the +age
(++endi4:
.efinitions dealing with the galvanizing +rocess'
Manufacturing:
1* CA series o! interrelated activities and operations that involve prod&ct design" and
the planning"
prod&cing" materials control" <&ality ass&rance" management" and mar#eting o! that
prod&ctC '>ie#ert" p9;?*.
2* C>&ilding and services prod&cts that are not attached to a siteC 'lowers" p=*.
9* C0ystems that trans!orm materials into prod&cts in a central location '!actory*C
'8right" p2=* .
;* C,o ma#e or process 'a raw material* into a !inished prod&ct" especially by a large
scale ind&strial operationC
'A-/" p?26*
Galvanizing&:
1* C,o coat 'iron or steel* with r&st resistant zincC 'A-/" p==?*.
2* C,he process o! coating a metal" &s&ally iron or steel" with a protective covering o!
zinc '/ol&mbia" 2000*.
9* C$s a process !or applying a protective zinc coating over iron or steel to red&ce
corrosion '(c)ichols" 2002*.
;* C,he process o! coating s&ch metals as iron and steel with a thin protective layer o!
zinc or zinc alloyC
'.eiger" 2002*.
%orrosion:
1* C,he act or process o! corroding ',o destroy a metal or alloy grad&ally*" the
condition ca&sed by corrodingC 'A-/" p912*.
2* C/orrosion is a nat&rally occ&rring physical and chemical deterioration o! a
material d&e to reaction with its environment and especially with o+ygen.C '/R(" 1236*
9* Cchemical damageC '.eiger" 2002*
%orrosion /esistant:
1* Cis the ability to resist o+idationC '4(," p133*.
2* Cbarrier applications &sed to protect carbon steel" concrete" or other s&bstrates !rom
corrosion by harsh chemicalsC '0chweitzer" p1*.
(node:
1* CA positively charged electrode" as o! a storage batteryC 'A-/" pg. ==*.
<lectrochemistr*
1* Cinteraction or inter conversion o! electric and chemicalC 'A-/" pg. ;;1*.
)nternet /eferences:
1. 0enast '2000* C@inc in the environmentC )orden A>
http://www.zincin!o.se/english/article.htm
2. 0enast '2000* C,-4 /7(AARA,$E4 AR7A4R,$40 7 EAR$7B0 @$)/ (4,A1
/7A,$).C )orden A>.
http://www.zincin!o.se/english/comp.htm
9. 0enast '2000* C10 .77D R4A07)0 7R -7, D$A .A1EA)$@$).C )orden A>.
http://www.zincin!o.se/english/10good.htm
;. 0enast '2000* C/ase 0t&dy A&blic $n!rastr&ct&re: .alvanizing 0aves ,a+payer FFC
)orden A>.
http://www.zincin!o.se/english/news.htm
=. -ighway 0a!ety /orp. '1222* C8hy .alvanizeC American .alvinizers Association
'A.A* and 0tr&ct&ral 0teel abricators o! )ew 4ngland '00)4*
http://www.galvanizeit.org.htm
6. -ighway 0a!ety /orp. '1222* C0ervice 1i!e /hart !or -ot Dip .alvanized /oatingC
American .alvinizers Association 'A.A* and 0tr&ct&ral 0teel abricators o! )ew
4ngland '00)4*
http://www.galvanizeit.org/serviceli!e/charts.pd!
3. -ighway 0a!ety /orp. '1222* C,he A!ter abrication -ot5Dip .alvanizing ArocessC
American .alvinizers Association 'A.A* and 0tr&ct&ral 0teel abricators o! )ew
4ngland '00)4*
http://www.galvanizeit.org/process.htm
?. ,rew" Delbert C,he (a#ing o! 8ireC >arb 8ire (&se&m.
http://www.barbwirem&se&m.com/ma#ingwire.htm
2. ,he /ol&mbia 4ncyclopedia" 0i+th 4dition. /opyright 2002 /ol&mbia Bniversity
Aress. CgalvanizingC
http://aol.bartleby.com/6=/ga/galvaniz.html
10. Reliable .alvanizing C,he .alvanizing ArocessC
http://www.reliablegalvanizing.com/steelgalvanizing.htm
11. ,he /ol&mbia 4lectronic 4ncyclopedia /opyright 122; /ol&mbia Bniversity Aress
CgalvanizingC
200152002 amily 4d&cation )etwor# $nc.
http://print.!actmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0?20023.html
12. .eiger" .ordon -. '2002* C.alvanizingC 8orld >oo# 7nline America%s 4dition
http://www.aol.svc.worldboo#.aol.com/wbol/wbA&th/6sp/wbArticle.6sp
19. (c)ichols '2002* C.alvanized/Are .alvanizedC
http://www.mcnichols.com/ecommerce/english/pages/prod&cts/prod&cts/prod&cts&pport!i
les/mater..
1;. /oating /ontrol" $nc. '2001* CArod&ctsC 0pecialized (achinery !or the /oating
Arocess $nd&stry
http://www.coatingcontrol.com/page2.html
1=. 8ader 4ngineering C$nspectionC
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1ibliogra+h*:
1. Gacob%s" Games A. H Iild&!!" ,homas . '2001*. J4ngineering (aterials ,echnology
;th 4ditionK. Arentice5-all" $nc.
2. (ellan" $bert. '1236* C/orrosion Resistant -andboo#C. )oyes Data /orporation.
9. De Renzo" D.G. '12?6* C-andboo# o! /orrosion Resistant /oatingC. )oyes Data
/orporation.
;. >er&be" (argery 0. '2000* C,he American -eritage /ollege Dictionary ,hird
4ditionC. -o&ghton (i!!lin /ompany.
=. American 0ociety !or (etals. '1232* C/oating or /orrosion AreventionC
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6. 0chweitzer" Ahilip A. '2001* C/orrosion Resistant 1ining and /oatingC (arcel
De##er.
3. lic#" 4rnest 8. '12?3* C/orrosion $nhibitors An $nd&strial .&ideC. )oyes
A&blications.
,his web site is being man&!act&red to !&l!ill part o! the co&rse o&tline ob6ectives in $,DA, 909"
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