10/23/13 Definitions of Religion

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Various Definitions of Religion

Author or
Source
Suggested Definition
Patrick H.
McNamara
"Try to define religion and you invite an argument."
American
Heritage
Dictionary
"Belief in and reverence for a supernatural power
recognized as the creator and governor of the universe; A
particular integrated system of this expression; The spiritual
or emotional attitude of one who recognizes the existence
of a superhuman power or powers."
John Ayto:
Dictionary of
Word Origins
"Latin religio originally meant 'obligation, bond.' It was
probably derived from the verb religare 'tie back, tie tight'
It developed the specialized sense 'bond between
human beings and the gods,' and from the 5th century it
came to be used for 'monastic life' ... 'Religious practices'
emerged from this, but the word's standard modern
meaning did not develop until as recently as the 16th
century."
St. Augustine "If you do not ask me what time is, I know; if you ask me,
I do not know."
Jalalu'l-Din Rumi "The lamps are different, but the light is the same."
Thomas Hobbes "To say that [God] hath spoken to [someone] in a dream,
is no more than to say he dreamed that God spake to him!"
Immanuel Kant "Religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine
commands."
Ludwig
Feuerbach
"Religion is a dream, in which our own conceptions and
emotions appear to us as separate existences, being out of
ourselves."
E. B. Tylor "Belief in spiritual things"
Frederich
Nietzsche
"God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed
him."---"What is it: is man only a blunder of God, or God
only a blunder of man?"
Emile Durkheim "a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden
-- beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral
community called a Church all those who adhere to them."
Emile Durkheim
#2
"Religion is only the sentiment inspired by the group in its
members, but projected outside of the consciousness that
experiences them, and objectified."
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James G. Frazer Religion is "a propitiation or conciliation of powers superior
to man which are believed to direct and control the course
of Nature and of human life."
Alfred North
Whitehead
"Religion is what an individual does with his solitariness."
William James "The very fact that they are so many and so different from
one another is enough to prove that the word 'religion'
cannot stand for any single principle or essence, but is
rather a collective name."
Harriet
Martineau
"Religion is the belief in an ever-living God, that is, in a
Divine Mind and Will ruling the Universe and holding moral
relations with mankind."
Rudolph Otto "Religion is that which grows out of, and gives expression
to, experience of the holy in its various aspects."
George Bernard
Shaw
"There is only one religion, though there are hundreds of
versions of it."
Sigmund Freud "Religion is comparable to childhood neurosis."
John Dewey "The religious is any activity pursued on behalf of an ideal
end against obstacles and in spite of threats of personal
loss because of its general and enduring value."
Karl Marx "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature... a protest
against real suffering... it is the opium of the people... the
illusory sun which revolves around man for as long as he
does not evolve around himself."
Paul Tillich "Religion is the state of being grasped by an ultimate
concern, a concern which qualifies all other concerns as
preliminary and which itself contains the answer to the
question of the meaning of life."
Friedrich
Schleiermacher
"The essence of religion consists in the feeling of absolute
dependence."
Spiro "An institution consisting of culturally patterned interaction
with culturally postulated superhuman beings."
Bradley "Religion usually has to do with man's relationship to the
unseen world, to the world of spirits, demons, and gods. A
second element common to all religions is the term
salvation. All religions seek to help man find meaning in a
universe which all too often appears to be hostile to his
interests. The world salvation means, basically, health. It
means one is saved from disaster, fear, hunger, and a
meaningless life. It means one is saved for hope, love,
security, and the fulfillment of purpose."
J. Miltion Yinger "Religion is a system of beliefs and practices by means of
which a group of people struggle with the ultimate problem
of human life."
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Clifford Geertz "Religion is (1) a system of symbols which acts to (2)
establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and
motivations in [people] by (3) formulating conceptions of a
general order of existence and (4) clothing these
conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods
and motivations seem uniquely realistic."
Hick "Religion constitutes our varied human response to
transcendent Reality."
Livingston "Religion is that system of activities and beliefs directed
toward that which is perceived to be of sacred value and
transforming power."
Swidler "an explanation of the meaning of life and how to live
accordingly."
Wallace Religion is "a set of rituals, rationalized by myth, which
mobilizes supernatural powers for the purpose of achieving
or preventing transformations of state in man or nature."
Cunningham, et
al.
"Religion signifies those ways of viewing the world which
refer to (1) a notion of sacred reality (2) made manifest in
human experience (3) in such a way as to produce long-
lasting ways of thinking, feeling, and acting (4) with respect
to problems of ordering and understanding existence."
Horton "An extension of the field of people's social relationships
beyond the confines of a purely human society... one in
which human beings involved see themselves in a
dependent position vis-a-vis their non-human alters
Otto Rank "All religion springs, in the last analysis, not so much from
fear of natural death as of final destruction."
R. Forrester
Church
Religion is "our human response to being alive and having
to die"
Robert Bellah "...a set of symbolic forms and acts that relate man to the
ultimate conditions of his existence."
Ernest Becker ..."culture itself is sacred, since it is the 'religion' that
assures in some way the perpetuation of its members."
"Culture is in this sense 'supernatural,' and all systems of
culture have in the end the same goal: to raise men above
nature, to assure them that in some ways their lives count in
the universe more than merely physical things count."
H. Smith "Wherever people live, whenever they live, they find
themselves faced with three inescapable problems: how to
win food and shelter from their natural environment (the
problem nature poses), how to get along with one another
(the social problem), and how to relate themselves to the
total scheme of things (the religious problem). If this third
issue seems less important than the other two, we should
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remind ourselves that religious artifacts are the oldest that
archaeologists have discovered."
Schmidt, et al. "Religions, then, are systems of meaning embodied in a
pattern of life, a community of faith, and a worldview that
articulate a view of the sacred and of what ultimately
matters."
Aldous Huxley Religion is the price we pay for being intelligent, but not
as yet intelligent enough.