Ijaegt PP 466 475 Saptarshi Marked

ISSN No: 2309-4893
International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Global Technology

Vol-2, Issue-2, February 2014

Power Swing Protection of Series Compensated Transmission
Line

Saptarshi Roy Dr. Suresh Babu Perli

Student M.Tech-PSE
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Warangal, WARANGAL,INDIA

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Warangal, WARANGAL,INDIA
ABSTRACT- Fault detection during
power swing condition is a challenge for
stable operation of power system due to
several reasons like protection problems,
Voltage/current inversion,sub-harmonic
oscillations and transients especially if it
is series compensated modulation of
voltage and current waveforms with
swing frequency etc. This paper proposes
a negative-sequence currentbased
technique for detecting presence of fault,
classification of fault occurred, estimated
zone and location of the fault occurred
and the fault inception time with respect
to system reference clock during the
power swing condition in a series
compensated line. In proposed work
negative sequence current was analysed
as it keeps the other parameters in the
system in healthy state. The technique is
tested for different series-compensated
power systems including a SMIB system
and a WSCC-9bus-3machine power
system with their different configurations
and contingency combinations. Power
swing caused by various faults are
simulated with PSCAD / EMTDC and
MATLAB/SIMULINK and compared
with available techniques to prove the
effectiveness of the proposed technique
algorithm.

INDEX TERMS : fault detection, power
swing, series compensation, negative
sequence current, fault classification &
location.

INTRODUCTION:
Fast and accurate determination of a fault
in electrical power system is a vital part in
power restoration. Power Swing is caused
by large disturbances in power system,
which if not blocked caused mal-operation
of distance relays and undesired tripping of
breakers,change in load impedance,
unwanted relay operations at different
locations of the network, major power-
outages or even power blackout. If a fault
occurs during the power swing, the relay
must detect the fault and operate quickly.
The detection of faults in a series-
compensated line during power swings is
more challenging due to different
frequency components in the fault signals
which depend on the fault location,
type,level of compensation etc cause the
apparent impedance seen by the relay to
oscillate and imposes difficulty to
distinguish faults from the power swing.
This paper proposes a technique for
detecting faults in a series-compensated
line during the power swing. During
unbalanced faults, the negative-sequence
components become significant and due to
transients in current signals in the initial
period, a negative sequence component is
present even in three-phase faults. To
detect the faults during swing in a series-
compensated line, a cumulative sum
(CUSUM) of change in the magnitude of
the negative-sequence current-based
approach is proposed in this paper[5]. The
performance is tested for numerous cases
for an SMIB system and a 9-bus system
simulated with SIMULINK/PSCAD.
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ISSN No: 2309-4893

Further we detected the classification of
the fault using fine tuning method and
detected the location of the fault.

Fig1:Implementation of a Transmission Line using PSCAD
Software
FAULT DETECTION CHALLENGES
DURING POWER SWING IN SERIES-
COMPENSATED LINES:

Series compensation imposes protection
problems.The use of series capacitors in
transmission lines results voltage/current
inversion,sub-harmonic
oscillations,transients, sub -synchronous
oscillations[10].

Fig2: 400KV SMIB Test System.
A test system shown in Fig. 1 is
considered[2]. Both Line-1 and Line-2 are
40% compensated and the capacitors are
placed [10] . The system details are
provided in Appendix A. The system with
the distributed line model is simulated
using SIMULINK/PSCAD. The
traditional fault detection techniques, like
the sample-to-sample or cycle-to-cycle
comparison of current (or voltage) signals
cannot be reliable during the power
swing[9].
Fig3:Current Waveforms during Power Swing

Fig4: Voltage Waveforms during Power Swing

PROPOSED FAULT DETECTION
TECHNIQUE :

The computation steps for the method are
provided

(1)
I2=negative sequence
current;alpha=exp(j2*pi/3) and Ia,Ib and
Ic are phase currents.
Sk=del(I2k)=I2k-I2k-1. (2)
For Sk >epsilon,
gk =max (gk-1+Sk-epsilon,0) (3)
gk =fault index and epsilon =the drift
parameter in it .
A fault is registered if gk>h (4)
h is a constant and ideally zero. Epsilon
provides the low-pass filtering effect and
influences the performance of the
detector. When Sk >epsilon, the gk value
increases by a factor of difference
between Sk and epsilon.After each fault
detection index g is reset to zero. The
selection of epsilon and h is important for
determining the performance of the
algorithm. Epsilon is a very small quantity
which having a value greater than zero.The
value of h is set such that the algorithm
can maintain the balance between
dependability versus security and speed
versus accuracy requirements of the
relaying scheme.Considering all extreme
fault situations during the power swing we
worked with (h)max=0.48 and
(epsilon)max=0.05 value. The proposed
method is based on the CUSUM approach
and, therefore, a distinctly much higher
index value is obtained during the fault.

CASE-1:SMIB SYSTEM:
TEST AND RESULTS
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ISSN No: 2309-4893

The algorithm is tested for different
conditions including balanced and
unbalanced faults etc. Using
SIMULINK/PSCAD with distributed
parameter line model data was generated.
The data-sampling rate was maintained at
4 kHz for the 50-Hz power system.
Line-to-Ground Fault in the Series-
Compensated Line

Fig5 : Implementation of SMIB Test SystemUsing PSCAD

a)g - t plot b) output-t plot
Fig6 :(a &b):LG fault Analysis

Fig:7 : SIMULINK Implementation of SMIB system

Algorithm is tested for a line to ground
fault of agtype with a fault resistance of
0.1 ohm initiated at 0.34 sec for 0.04 sec
duration at a distance 240KM from bus1.
The fault is detected after 4.75 ms of fault
initiation. At the time of fault inception the
fault index g glows enormously high.
Output shows 1 after inception of the fault
and 0 before inception.

a)healthy Signal g -t plot b)LG Fault :I2 With Low R

c) LG Fault :I2 with fault resistance100 ohm

Fig :8(a,b,c)Performance Analysis of a healthy signal and a
signal containing LG fault

Fault Detection During Single-Pole
Tripping

Initially phase-a of Line-1 is out of service
following an ag- fault occurring during
normal operation. It introduced swing into
the system. A line-to-ground fault of bg-
type with a fault resistance 100 Ohm is
created at 0.2s at a distance of 160 km
from the relay location toward bus N
during swing. For this case, and the fault
detection is possible after 0.6-ms fault
inception.

a) g - t plot during single pole tripping
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ISSN No: 2309-4893

b) I2 - t during Single Pole tripping
Fig:9(a,b):Performance Analysis during Single Pole tripping
condition
Fault Detection During Double-Pole
Tripping

a) g2 vs t plot b)Fig: I2 - t plot
Fig:10(a,b) Here fault detection is possible after 0.55 ms.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE
DETECTED FAULT :

Classification or type of detected fault can
be detected by tracking the absolute
variation of fault index g and the variation
of variation of fault index g (fine tuning
of g).

a) Del g - t for LG fault b) Delg - t plot for LLLG

c) Del g vs t plot for LL

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ISSN No: 2309-4893

d) Delg - t plot: LLG fault e)Delg - t plot : LLL

Fig:11(a,b,c,d,e)Variation of g vs time

CLASSIFICATION OF LG AND NON-
LG FAULTs :

The variation of g in case of a LG fault is
very less with compared to other
case.The maximum variation of fault
index g in case of LG fault 0.16 unit
here,for other fault the value of
(gmax)var goes beyond 0.3 and above
unit.

CLASSIFICATION OF NON-LG
FAULTs :

The trick of the detection is the nature of
the g-variation curve. The variation of g
gradually diminishes to zero towards the
end of fault duration and this tendency of
variation declining towards zero rapidly
increases with respect to if any additional
line or ground involved in the fault. See
the similarities between the plot of g-
variation in case of LL and LLL & LLG
and LLLG.In case of LL and LLL there is
a set of local maxima other than the
global maxima variation (local maxima
approx. 60% of global max.).This is
missing in case of LLG or LLLG.So, by
seeing the local maxima in the plot we can
segregate LL, LLL from LLG, LLLG
fault.

CLASSIFICATION OF PHASE
FAULTs :

The variation of (Variation of) g gradually
diminishes to zero towards the end of fault
duration and this tendency of variation
declining towards zero rapidly increases
w.r.t if any additional Line or ground
involved in the fault.

a) Del(Del g) vs t plot for LL fault

b) Del (Del g) - t plot in case of LLL fault
Fig : 12(a,b): LLL fault the local maxima is missing.

CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND
FAULTs :

The variation of (Variation of) g gradually
diminishes to zero towards the end of fault
duration and this tendency of variation
declining towards zero rapidly increases ,
if any additional Line or ground involved
in the fault..

a) LLG Del (Del g) - t
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ISSN No: 2309-4893

b) LLLG Del (Del g) - t plot
Fig: 13(a,b) :Del(Delg)-t plot for ground involved faults

PREDICTION OF ZONE AND
LOCATION OF THE DETECTED
FAULT :

Zone is a function of fault distance. By
analying the time delay to sense the fault
after actual time of inception of the
fault,we can predict the Zone of the fault.

Fig: 14: LLG fault detection:time delay vs percentage length
Plot for the SMIB System
Line Length=320 KM
Trick to find location is to find fault
impedance .
Zf=( Vf/If) Ohm
Fault Location=(Zf/ Z 1ohm/Km) KM
As it is a 3-Zone Protection scheme
,impedances and time Constants of the
relays varies zone to zone ,so, sometimes it
becomes problematic to detect the exact
location of the fault but of course zone of
the fault we can predict. More the length
increases the algorithm for fault location
identification gives more accurate value.In
case of fault impedance, during healthy
state positive sequence impedance (Z1)
present in the system and the value is
given in the paper. Vf and If can be
obtained from the sampling of the
waveforms we got.

CASE-II-WSCC-9BUS SYSTEM:
TEST AND RESULTS

Fig: 15: WSCC-9 bus SystemImplementation Using PSCAD

A WSCC-3-machine-9-bus configuration
is considered for the study where a
modification has been incorporated by
providing 40% compensation at the
beginning of line 78.The system details
are given in Appendix B.A three-phase
fault is created in line 57 at 0.1 s. The
fault is cleared at 0.3 s by opening breaker
B3 and B4.The removal of line caused
swing condition.Different faults are
simulated on line
7-8 to test the algorithm.

Fig16:Current and Voltage Waveforms of relay bus during the
power swing

a) I2 vs t Plot During Single Pole Tripping Condition
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ISSN No: 2309-4893

b) g - t plot during Single Pole Tripping

Fig:17. Single pole tripping

Fig18: Single-Line Diagramof the Modified WSCC 9-bus
System

Case-1: Line-to-Ground Fault:

An ag- fault with a fault resistance of
0.1ohm is created during the power swing
on line78 at a distance of 160 km from
the relay location at
0.3 s. The index increases to a higher value
at the inception of the fault. The technique
is able to detect the fault within half-a-
cycle of its inception.

a) g - t plot b) I2 - t plot
Fig19(a,b):LG fault analysis

Case-2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault:

The performance of the algorithm for a
double-line-to-ground fault of abg-type
with a ground fault resistance of 0.1 is
created at 0.3 s on line
78 during the power swing at a distance
of 160 km from the relay location.

a) g2 vs t b) I2 vs t
Fig 20(a,b): Fault detection.

ANALYSIS USING POSITIVE
SEQUENCE COMPONENTS OF
CURRENTS

If we replace Ib with Ic and Ic with Ib in
the negative sequence Current
expression,we will get positive sequence
current.We can achieve the same feet
here,if we use positive sequence
components of currents instead of negative
sequence components of currents in our
algorithm.But the use of positive sequence
component of current incurs fault
detection(protection) sensitivity problems,
specially incase of detection of High
Impedance faults (HIFS),low fault current
levels and ground fault detection in case of
involvement of non-linearity in the ground
path[13]-[4]-[14].It may imposes
insulation problem also during practical
implementation.

a)g vs t b)I2 vs t
Fig 21(a,b):LG Fault Analysis using positive sequence
components of currents

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ISSN No: 2309-4893

a)g vs t b)I2 vs t
Fig 22(a,b):LLL Fault Analysis using positive sequence
components of currents

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper we have developed a novel
fault detection technique for detecting the
classification and location of the fault.
LLG fault is created at 240 KM distance
during power swing condition. After
analysing it we got below waveform.

a) Voltage and Current Waveforms

b) Del g - t plot

c) Del (Del g) - t plot
Fig 23(a,b,c):LLG fault Analysis

By analysing the Delg & Del (Delg) - t
plot we got this is a non-LG ground fault
and less inclined to zero . i.e from Delg vs
t plot it is clear that it is either LLG or
LLLG fault and from Del(Delg) vs t, it is
coming as LLG fault.By sampling the
fault voltages and performing
calculations,the fault location was obtained
at 241.07 km with actual fault location of
240 Km.
Accuracy:
Error in measurement of fault distance
from the proposed algorithm is computed
as follows.

Accuracy=(100%-((241.07-
240)x100%)/240)= 99.554%

Proposed novel fault detection technique
for the series compensated line during the
power swing is presented in this paper to
detect the location and classification of the
fault. It uses fine tuning or the nature of
variation of fault index to detect the
classification of the fault and the fault
impedance calculation for the location of
the fault. The performance of the proposed
algorithm is tested for balanced and
unbalanced faults for different series
compensated systems.

APPENDIX A
System data for SMIB
Geneator:
600MVA,22KV,50HZ,H=4.4MW/MVA
Xd=1.81p.u, Xd=0.3p.u, Xd=0.23p.u,
Td0=8s,Td0=0.03s,X0=1.76p.u.
,Xq=0.25p.u,Tq0=0.03s,Ra=0.003p.u,
Xp(Potier reactance)=0.15p.u.
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ISSN No: 2309-4893

Transformer:
600MVA,22/400KV,50HZ,D/Y,X=0.163p
.u,
Xcore=0.33p.u,Rcore=0.0p.u,Pcopper=0.0
0177p.u
Transmission lines:
Length=320Km
Positive-sequence impedance=0.12+j0.88
Ohm/Km
Zero-Sequence Impedance=0.309+j1.297
Ohm/Km
Positive-sequence capacitive
reactance=487.723x1000 Ohm-Km
Zero-sequence capacitive
reactance=419.34x1000 Ohm-Km.
APPENDIX B
System data for 3-machine 9-bus
configuration:
Gererators
Gen-1: 600 MVA,22KV,50HZ

Transformers
T1: 600 MVA,22/400KV,50HZ,D/Y;
T2: 465 MVA,22/400KV,50HZ,D/Y;
T3: 310 MVA,22/400KV,50HZ,D/Y;
Transmission line:
Length of line 7-8=320Km.,line 8-
9=400Km,line 7-5=310Km.,line 5-
4=350Km,line 6-4=350Km,line 6-
9=300km.
Loads
Load A=300MW+j100MVAr.
Load B=200MW+j75MVAr.
Load C=150MW+j75MVAr.
Other parameter used are same as
APPENDIX A

REFERENCES
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modeling and relay testing, in Proc. 4th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Saptarshi Roy: Received
the B.E degree in
Electrical Engineering
from J adavpur University,
West Bengal,India in
2009. He was an Engineer

in Crompton Greaves Limited from 2009
to 2010 and associated with Tata
Consultancy Services Limited from 2011
to 2012. Currently he is pursuing second
year of M.Tech in Power Sysem
Engineering in the department of Electrical
Engineering, National Institute of
Technology,Warangal,India. His area of
interest is power system protection.

Dr. Suresh Babu Perli:
Currently he is working as
an Assistant Professor,in
Department Of Electrical
Engineering, National
Institut of Technology,Warangal. His area
of interest is Power System Protection.

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ISSN No: 2309-4893

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Global Technology

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