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Chapter 4 : The Variety of Resources


on Earth
4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
The various resources on Earth
4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Elements
Metals
Non-metals
Comparison between metals and non-metals
Compounds
Common properties
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Chapter 4 : The Variety of Resources
on Earth
4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Formation of compounds
Mixtures
Common properties
Mixture separation techniques
Difference between compounds and mixtures
4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of Earths
Resources
To appreciate the importance of Earths resources


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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
The various
resources
on earth
Water
Living things
Air
Fossil fuels
Minerals
Soil
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
Importance of water to humans and animals
Carries nutrients to all cells in our body
Removes waste (urea) in the urine and sweat
Dissolves chemicals for metabolic activities in
the cell
Comprises 90% of the cells protoplasm
Importance of water to plants
Makes food during photosynthesis
Transports organic material (glucose)
Supports aquatic plants to stand in water


Water
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
Importance of living
things to humans
Provides food as a source
of energy to carry out
living processes
Provides building
material
Provides clothes to
protect body from cold
and heat
Living things
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
Importance of soil
Habitat for living things
Humus fertilises the soil
and is suitable for
farming
Contains mineral salts
needed for the growth
and development of
plants
Soil
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
Importance of oxygen
For respiration of living cells
Needed in burning (support burning)
Importance of carbon dioxide
Produces food during photosynthesis
Composition in fire extinguishers
Importance of nitrogen
Produces fertilisers
Fills light bulbs to protect the filament from
oxidation

Air
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
Example : Coal, petroleum and natural gas
As important source of energy
Used to generate electricity in power
stations
Burning of fossil fuels provide
energy to vehicles
Fossil fuels
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
Found in the soil

Importance of mineral
Steel is used for
construction
Copper is used to make
electric cables
Minerals
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures
Elements
Substances which cannot be broken into
simpler substances by chemical or
physical methods
Atom; elements consist of individual
particles example copper
Molecule; elements consist of combined
atoms of the same type example oxygen
gas
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures
Metals
Copper : Used to make water pipes and
electrical cables
Gold : As jewellery
Aluminium : Construct aircraft bodies
Tin : As coating of food cans
Iron : Make cooking utensils
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4.2 Elements, Compounds
and Mixtures
Non-metals
Oxygen : For respiration, combustion and
produces oxy-acetylane flames for
welding
Hydrogen : As rocket fuel, fills weather
balloons and is used to make
margarine
Carbon : As pencil leads
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures
Comparison between metals and non-metals
Dull and
cannot be
polished
Shiny and can
be polished
Appearance
Soft Hard Hardness
Poor
conductor of
electricity
Good
conductor of
electricity
Conduction
electricity
Non-metals Metals Properties
Continue
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures
Comparison between metals and non-metals
Poor conductor
of heat
Good conductor
of heat
Conduction of
heat
No
Yes can be
pulled into
wires
Is the material
ductile?
No because non-
metals are
brittle
Yes can be
beaten into any
shape
Is the substance
malleable?
Non-metals Metals Properties
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Compounds
Compounds are substances made up of
two or more elements which are
chemically combined
Example : A water molecule is made up
of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom
Two hydrogen
atoms
One oxygen atom
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures
Common properties
Formed by chemical reaction which involve
exchange of energy
Properties of a compound differ from the
properties of its constituent elements
The compounds can only be broken down
into its constituent elements by chemical
methods such as electrolysis
The elements in a compound are joined
together in a definite ratio
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures
Formation of compounds
Combination of different elements
Magnesium strip
Oxygen
Gas
released
Heat
Formation of magnesium oxide
Continue
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Formation of compounds
Combination of elements and compounds
Formation of nitrogen dioxide
Colourless
oxygen
Colourless
nitrogen
oxide
Brown
fumes of
nitrogen
dioxide
Cover
removed
Nitrogen
oxide
+ Oxygen
Nitrogen dioxide
Continue
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Formation of compounds
Combination of different compounds
Formation of ammonium chloride
Colourless
hydrogen
chloride
Colourless
ammonia
Dense white
fumes
ammonium
chloride
Cover
removed
Ammonia
(compound)
+
Hydrogen
chloride
(compound)
Ammonium chloride
(compound)
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Mixtures
A mixture consists of two or more substances
that have been physically combined
Mixture model
Element y
Compound q
Mixture of an elements
and a compounds
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Element y
Compound q
Mixture of
elements
Compound p
Compound q
Mixture of
compounds
4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Common pr oper t i es
Formed by physical methods which does not
involve chemical reactions
Properties of constituents in a mixture is
preserved
Can be separated easily through physical
methods
The substances in a mixture can be mixed in
indefinite ratio
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Mixture separation techniques
Separating
funnel
Oil
Water
Beaker
Separating funnel
(water and oil)
Evaporating
dish
Tripod
stand
Bunsen
burner
Evaporation
(water and salt)
Continue
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Mixture separation techniques
Filtration
(water and sand)
Magnet
Iron filings
+
Sulphur
powder
Magnetic separation
(iron and sulphur)
Water
+
sand
Residue
Filtrate
Continue
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Mixture separation techniques
Distillation (petroleum)
Heat
Distillate
Cooling
water
inlet
Cooling
water outlet Solvent
evaporates
and changes
into vapour
The solution
is heated
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Differences between compunds and mixtures
Mixtures Aspects Compounds
Continue
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Formed through
chemical methods
Formation
method
Formed through
physical methods
Formed new
substances
New substances Does not form
new substances
Absorbs or
releasas heat
energy
Energy changes Does not absorb
or release heat
energy
BM Version
4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Differences between compunds and mixtures
Can use physical
method
Separation
techiques of
constituents
Can only use
chemical
method
Combines in any
ratio
Combination ratio
of substances
Combines in a
fixed ratio
Preserved
Properties of
constituents
Differ from the
compounds
Easily identified
Identification of
constituents
Cannot be
identified
Mixtures Aspects Compounds
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4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of
Earths Resources
Preservation means maintaining certain
areas of the Earth in their natural
condition
Examples, setting up of forest
reserves, state parks, national
parks and marine parks
To ensure that the flora and fauna in
these protected areas would still be
around for future generation to see
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4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of
Earths Resources
Conservation means the sustainable use
and management of the Earths
resources
Also means using Earths resources
wisely and not in wasteful ways
The practise of reusing and recycling of
materials is a way to ensure that
resources on Earth will be there for our
use as well as for the use of future
generations
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4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of
Earths Resources
Reusing : To use discarded or unwanted
materials to save on natures resources
Recycling : The processing of waste
materials to become useful things in
order to save Earths resources
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The end
Keluar Versi BI
Bab 4 : Kepelbagaian Sumber di
Bumi
4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Pelbagai sumber di Bumi
4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Unsur
Logam
Bukan logam
Perbandingan di antara logam dengan bukan
logam
Sebatian
Sifat-sifat biasa
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Bab 4 : Kepelbagaian Sumber di
Bumi
4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Pembentukan sebatian
Campuran
Sifat-sifat biasa
Teknik pemisahan campuran
Perbezaan di antara sebatian dengan campuran
4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan Sumber Bumi
Menghargai kepentingan sumber bumi

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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Pelbagai sumber
di Bumi
Air
Benda hidup
Udara
Bahan api
fosil
Mineral
Tanih
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Kepentingan air kepada manusia dan haiwan
Membawa nutrien ke seluruh sel dalam badan
Menyingkirkan bahan buangan seperti air
kencing dan peluh
Melarutkan bahan kimia untuk aktiviti
metabolisme dalam sel
Mengandungi 90% sel protoplasma
Kepentingan air kepada tumbuhan
Membuat makanan semasa fotosintesis
Mengangkut bahan organik (glukosa)
Menyokong tumbuhan air untuk kekal di
dalam air

Air
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Kepentingan benda hidup
kepada manusia
Membekalkan makanan
sebagai sumber tenaga untuk
meneruskan proses
kehidupan
Membekalkan bahan
bangunan
Membekalkan pakaian untuk
melindungi badan daripada
kesejukan dan kepanasan
Benda hidup
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Kepentingan tanih
Tempat tinggal bagi benda
hidup
Menyuburkan tanih dan
sesuai ubtuk pertanian
Mengandungi garam
mineral yang diperlukan
untuk pertumbuhan dan
pembangunan tumbuhan
Tanih
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Kepentingan oksigen
Untuk pernafasan sel hidup
Diperlukan untuk pembakaran
Kepentingan karbon dioksida
Menghasilkan makanan semasa fotosintesis
Komposisi dalam alat pemadam api
Kepentingan nitrogen
Menghasilkan baja
Diisi dalam mentol lampu bagi mencegah filamen
daripada pengoksidaan

Udara
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Contoh : Arang batu, petroleum dan gas asli
Penting sebagai sumber tenaga
Digunakan untuk menjana kuasa elektrik
Pembakaran bahan api fosil membekalkan
tenaga kepada kenderaan
Bahan api fosil
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi
Dijumpai di dalam
tanih

Kepentingan mineral
Keluli digunakan dalam
pembinaan
Tembaga digunakan
dalam kabel elektrik
Mineral
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Unsur
Bahan yang tidak boleh diuraikan ke
dalam bentuk ringkas dengan kaedah
fizikal atau kimia
Atom; unsur-unsur yang mengandungi
zarahnya sahaja contoh kuprum
Molekul; Unsur-unsur yang
mengandungi gabungan atom yang
sama jenis contoh gas oksigen
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Logam
Tembaga: Membuat paip air dan kabel
elektrik
Emas : Sebagai barang kemas
Aluminium : Membuat badan pesawat
terbang
Timah : Sebagai penyadur tin makanan
Besi : Membuat perkakas masakan
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Bukan logam
Oksigen : Pernafasan, pembakaran dan
menghasilkan api oksi-acetilan untuk
pengimpalan
Hidrogen : Sebagai bahan api roket,
mengisi belon cuaca dan membuat
marjerin
Karbon : Sebagai grafit pensel
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Perbandingan di antara logam dan bukan
logam
Pudar dan
tidak boleh
digilap
Berkilat dan
boleh digilap
Rupa bentuk
Lembut Keras Kekerasan
Konduktor
elektrik yang
lemah
Konduktor
elektrik yang
baik
Pengaliran
elektrik
Bukan logam Logam Sifat-sifat
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Perbandingan di antara logam dan bukan logam
Konduktor haba
yang lemah
Konduktor haba
yang baik
Pengaliran haba
Tidak
Ya boleh ditarik
menjadi wayar
Adakah bahan
ini mulur?
Tidak kerana
bukan logam
adalah rapuh
Ya boleh
dibentuk dalam
pelbagai bentuk
Adakah bahan
ini mudah
ditempa?
Bukan logam Logam Sifat-sifat
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Sebatian
Sebatian adalah bahan yang terdiri
daripada dua atau lebih unsur yang
terikat secara kimia
Contoh: Molekul air terdiri daripada
dua aotm hidrogen dan satu atom
oksigen
Dua atom hidrogen
Satu atom oksigen
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Sifat-sifat biasa
Dibentuk oleh tindak balas kimia yang
melibatkan pertukaran tenaga
Sifat-sifat sebatian berbeza daripada sifat-
sifat unsur bahagiannya
Sebatian hanya boleh diuraikan ke dalam
unsur bahagiannya melalui kaedah kimia
seperti elektrolisis
Unsur-unsur dalam sebatian bergabung
bersama dalam nisbah tertentu
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Pembentukan sebatian
Gabungan unsir-unsur yang berlainan
Pita magnesium
Oksigen
Gas
dibebaskan
Haba
Pembentukan magnesium oksida
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Pembentukan sebatian
Gabungan unsur dan sebatian
Oksigen tidak
berwarna
Nitrogen
oksida tidak
berwarna
Wasap
perang
nitrogen
dioksida
Penutup
disingkirkan
Nitrogen
oksida
+ Oksigen
Nitrogen dioksida
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Pembentukan sebatian
Gabungan sebatian yang berlainan
Pembentukan ammonium klorida
Hidrogen
klorida tidak
berwarna
Ammonia tidak
berwarna
Wasap putih
yang tebal
ammonium
klorida
Penutup
disingkirkan
Ammonia
(sebatian)
+
Hidrogen
klorida
(sebatian)
Ammonium klorida
(sebatian)
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Campuran
Campuran terdiri daripada dua atau lebih
bahan yang bergabung secara fizik
Model campuran
Unsur y
Unsur x
Campuran unsur
Sebatian p
Sebatian q
Campuran
sebatian
Unsur y
Sebatian q
Campuran unsur dan
sebatian
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Sifat-sifat biasa
Dibentuk dengan kaedah fizik yang tidak
melibatkan tindak balas kimia
Sifat-sifat bahagian dalam campuran
dikekalkan
Boleh dipisahkan dengan senang melalui
fizikal
Bahan dalam campuran boleh dicampur
dalam nisbah yang tidak tetap
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Teknik pemisahan campuran
Corong
pemisah
Minyak
Air
Bikar
Corong pemisahan
(air dan minyak)
Mangkuk
penyejatan
Kaki
retort
Penunu
Bunsen
Penyejatan
(air dan garam)
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Teknik pemisahan campuran
Penurasan
(air dan pasir)
Magnet
Besi
+
Serbuk sulfur
Pemisahan magnetik
(besi dan sulfur)
Air
+
Pasir
Sisa
Hasil turasan
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Teknik pemisahan campuran
Penyulingan (petroleum)
Haba
Sulingan
Air sejuk
masuk
Air sejuk
keluar Pelarut
menyejat
dan berubah
kepada wap
Larutan
dipanaskan
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Perbezaan di antara sebatian dan campuran
Sebatian Aspek Campuran
Dibentuk melalui
kaedah kimia
Kaedah
pembentukan
Dibentuk melalui
kaedah fizik
Membentuk
bahan baru
New substances Tidak membentuk
bahan baru
Menyerap atau
membebaskan
tenaga haba
Perubahan
tenaga
Tidak menyerap
atau membebas-
kan tenaga haba
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran
Perbezaan di antara sebatian dan campuran
Boleh
menggunakan
kaedah fizikal
Teknik pemisahan
bahagian
Hanya boleh
menggunakan
kaedah kimia
Bergabung dalam
apa-apa nisbah
Nisbah gabungan
bahan
Bergabung dalam
nisbah yang tetap
Dikekalkan
Sifat-sifat
bahagian
Berbeza daripada
sebatian
Mudah dikenal
pasti
Pengenalpastian
bahagian
Tidak dapat
dikenal pasti
Campuran Aspek Sebatian
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4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan
Sumber Bumi
Pemeliharaan bermaksud memelihara
kawasan tertentu dalam keadaan
asalnya
Contohnya menetapkan hutan simpan,
taman negeri, taman negara dan taman
marin
Memastikan flora dan fauna di kawasan
tersebut dilindungi untuk generasi yang
akan datang
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4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan
Sumber Bumi
Pemuliharaan bermaksud mengekalkan
dan menguruskan sumber Bumi
Mengguna semula sumber Bumi dengan
bijak dan tidak mealkukan pembaziran
Amalan guna semula dan kitar semula
bahan merupakan salah satu cara untuk
memastikan sumber Bumi mencukupi
untuk kita gunakan dan untuk generasi
akan datang
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4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan
Sumber Bumi
Guna semula: Menggunakan bahan
terbuang untuk menyelamatkan sumber
semula jadi
Kitar semula : Proses bahan buangan
menjadi bahan berguna bagi
menyelamatkan sumber bumi
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tamat

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