Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MAY 8 TH
KONGUNADU COLLEGE
COMPUTER SCIENCE
C.S.VEERARAGAVAN
TRAINER
07-04-2014 1
If the price of a shirt is increased by 15%
than decreased by 15%. What is the
Percentage percent change?
+15 −15
+ 15 - 15 + = - 2.25 %
100
07-04-2014 20
Cost Price
• Mahesh sold a book at a USUAL METHOD
profit of 12%. Had he sold Profit is 12%
Both S.P and C.P not given.
it for Rs 18 more , 18% Let C.P be x.
would have been gained. Then S.P =
100+𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑥𝐶. 𝑃 =
112𝑥
Find CP. 112𝑥
100 100
NEW S.P = + 18.
• Cost Price(CP) 100
𝑁𝐸𝑊 𝑆.𝑃 −𝐶.𝑃
PROFIT %= 𝑋100 = 18
𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐶.𝑃
• = X 100 112𝑋
+18−𝑋
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 100
𝑋
𝑋100 = 18
• Cost Price =
112𝑋+1800−100𝑋
100𝑋
X100= 18
18
• = 𝑋100=Rs.300. =12X + 1800 = 18X
1800 1800
6 SO X = = =300
18−12 6
07-04-2014 21
Example 2
• A man sold a horse at a loss of 7%. Had he be
able to sell it at a gain of 9%. It would have
fetch 64 more. Find Cost Price.
• Here difference in Percent is 9 - (-7) = 16
64
• Cost Price = 𝑋100=Rs.400
16
From the second shopkeeper he took
$50 and gave back $50 so there was no
Profit & Loss profit no loss. To the customer he gave
$5 + $30 bicycle. Therefore, his total
loss is $35
• There are two shopkeepers having
shops side by side.
• The first shopkeeper sells bicycles.
• He sells a bicycle worth $30 for $45.
• One day a customer comes and buys a
bicycle.
• He gives a $50 note to the shopkeeper.
• The shopkeeper doesn't have change so
he goes to the second shopkeeper, gets
the change for $50, and gives $5 and
the bicycle to the customer.
• The customer goes away.
• The next day the second shopkeeper
comes and tells the first shopkeeper
that the $50 note is counterfeit and
takes his $50 back.
• Now, how much does the first
shopkeeper lose?
Simple Interest – Principal
USUAL METHOD
• A sum was put at SI at a Let the Rate be R%
Let the Principal be P.
certain value for 2 years, 𝑃𝑋2𝑋𝑅
Then S.I = 100
had it been put at 3% higher GIVEN
𝑃𝑥2𝑥(𝑅 + 3) 𝑃𝑥2𝑥𝑅
rate, it would have fetch 300 100
−
100
= 300
2𝑃(𝑅 + 3 − 𝑅)
more , find the sum. 100
= 300
2𝑃𝑥3
𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑋 100 = 300
• Principal = 100
𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑋 𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐸 300𝑥100
𝑃=
300𝑋100 2𝑥3
• Principal =
2𝑋3
• =Rs.5000.
07-04-2014 27
Simple Interest – Time
Let the Principal be P
𝑛2 −1 Let the Rate of Interest be R
• Time = given time X S.I after 4 years =
4𝑃𝑅
=
𝑃𝑅
𝑛1 −1 100 25
Amount after 4 years = 2P
• A sum of money double P + S.I = 2P
That is S.I after 4 years = P
itself in 4 years , in how 𝑃𝑅
= P R = 25.
25
many years will it become S.I after n years = 7P
25𝑃𝑁
8 times of itself ? = 7𝑃
100
8−1 𝑃𝑁
• Time = 4 X =28 years 4
= 7𝑃
2−1 N = 28 YEARS.
07-04-2014 28
Simple interest
• A sum of money becomes n times in t years at simple interest,
then rate of interest will be
𝑛−1
• R= 100∗ %
𝑇
At what rate percent of simple interest will a sum of money double
itself in 12 years?
1 1 1 1
a) 8 % b) 8 % c) 8 % d) 9 %
4 3 2 2
1 1
R= 100* % = 8 %
12 3
07-04-2014 29
• A sum of money becomes n times at R% per annum at
simple interest, then
𝑛−1
• Time= 100 years
𝑅
• A sum of money gets doubled at 12% per annum. Then
find the time?
• solution:
• time= 100(n-1)/R
• =100(2-1)/12
• =100/12
• = 25/3 years
07-04-2014 30
S.I & C.I
• If the difference between Simple Interest and
Compound Interest on a certain sum of money
for 2 years at R% rate is given then
If the difference between simple interest and compound interest on a certain sum
of money at 10% per annum for 2 years is Rs 2 then find the sum.
S.I & C.I
• If the difference between Simple Interest and
Compound Interest on a certain sum of money
for 3 years at R% is given then
If the difference between simple interest and compound interest on a certain sum
of money at 10% per annum for 3 years is Rs 2 then find the sum.
Sol:
COMPOUND INTEREST
• If sum A becomes B in T1 years at compound
interest, then after T2 years
Rs 1000 becomes 1100 after 4 years at
certain compound interest rate. What will
be the sum after 8 years?
Here A = 1000, B = 1100
T1 = 4, T2 = 8
How to divide the number when the
divisor ends in digit 9?
• 87÷129 =?
• The first step is
to round the denominator
to the next digit.
07-04-2014 36
Divide 436÷159.
Reduce 436÷159 as follows :
07-04-2014 37
Divide 3462÷179.
Notice that numerator is greater
than the denominator.
There is a slight variation
compared to the previous example
Notice the carry-forward in step 2
of the division. So, therefore,
07-04-2014 38
Rule of Alligation
• If two ingredients are mixed, then
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶.𝑃 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 −𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
=
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 −𝐶.𝑃.𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟
Mean
Price (m)
D–M M–C
MIXTURES
• 2.In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties
of pulses costing `.15 and `.20 per kg
respectively so as to get a mixture worth
`.16.50 kg?
First type Mean Price Second type
15 16.50 20
3.50 1.50
3.50 35 7
= =
1.50 15 3
MIXTURES
• 4. A jar full of whisky contains 40% alcohol. A
part of this whisky is replaced by another
containing 19% alcohol and now the
percentage of alcohol was found to be 26%.
The quantity of whisky replaced is:
First Mean Price Second type
40% 26% 19%
7 14
488
4 4 222
2 244
07-04-2014 4 6 466 57
Ratio / Proportion 2
• If A is x% of C and B is y% of C then A is
𝑥
x100% of B
𝑦
• Two numbers are respectively 20% and 25% of
a third number, what percentage is the first of
the second.
20
• 𝑥100=80%
25
Partnership – 1
If two partners are investing their money C1 and C2 for
equal period of time and their total profit is P then
their shares of profit are
For every digit unit place digits of increasing powers repeat after 4th power.
This means unit place digit for power=5 is same as unit place digit for power=1 for
every number.
2) For digits 2, 4 & 8 any power will have either 2 or 4 or 6 or 8 at unit place.
3) For digits 3 & 7 any power will have either 1 or 3 or 7 or 9 at unit place.
4) For digit 9 any power will have either 1 or 9 at unit place.
5) And for digits 5 & 6 every power will have 5 & 6 at unit place respectively.
LARGEST POWER OF A NUMBER IN N!
• Find the largest power of 5 216 Number given
5 that can divide 216! 5 43 Quotient 1
without leaving any 5 8 Quotient 2
remainder. (or) 1 Quotient 3
• Find the largest power of
Please note that this method is
5 contained in 216! applicable only when the number
• Add all the quotients to whose largest power is to be found out
is a prime number.
get 43 + 8 + 1 = 52. If it is not a prime number, then split
• Therefore 552 is the the number as product of primes and
find the largest power of each factor.
highest power of 5 Then the smallest amoung the largest
contained in 216! poser of these relative factors of the
given number will the largest power
required.
an – bn
• It is always divisible by a – b.
• When n is even it is also divisible by a + b.
• When n is odd it is not divisible by a + b.
an + bn
• It is never divisible by a – b.
• When n is odd it is also divisible by a + b.
• When n is even it is not divisible by a + b.
• There are three departments having students
64,58,24 .In an exam they have to be seated in
rooms such that each room has equal number
of students and each room has students of
one type only (No mixing of departments. Find
the minimum number rooms required ?
• The HCF is 2. Hence 32 + 29 + 12= 73.
Calendar
Odd Days
• We are supposed to find the day of the week
on a given date.
• For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'.
• In a given period, the number of days more
than the complete weeks are called odd days.
Leap Year
• (i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.
• (ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap
year.
• Note: A leap year has 366 days.
• Examples:
• Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.
• Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.
• None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap
year.
• Ordinary Year:
• The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An
ordinary year has 365 days.
Counting of odd days
• 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)
• 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.
• 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)
• 1 leap year has 2 odd days.
• 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years
• = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days
• = 124 odd days.
• = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.
• Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.
• Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) 3 odd days.
• Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 1 odd day.
• Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 0 odd day.
• Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc.
has 0 odd days.
Day of the Week Related to Odd Days
No. of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
days:
Day: Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.
• If 6th March 2005 is Monday, what was the day of the
week on 6th March, 2004?
• The year 2004 is a leap year. So, it has 2 odd days.
• But Feb 2004 not included because we are calculating
from March 2004 to March 2005.
• So it has 1 odd day only.
• The day on 6th March, 2005 will be 1 day beyond the
day on 6th March, 2004.
• Given that, 6th March, 2005 is Monday, 6th March, 2004
is Sunday
• (1 day before to 6th March, 2005.)
• On what dates of April, 2001 did Wednesday fall?
• We shall find the day on 1st April,2001.
• 1st April 2001 = (2000 years + Period from 1.1.2001 to
1.4.2001)
• Odd days in 2000 years = 0
• Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr
• (31+28+31+1) = 91 days = o odd days.
• Total number of odd days = 0.
• On 1st April 2001 it was Sunday.
• In April 2001, Wednesday falls on 4th,11th,18th and 25th.
• The last day of a century cannot be?
• 100 years contain 5 odd days.
• Last day of 1st century is Friday.
• 200 years contain (5x2) 3 odd days.
• Last day of 2nd century is Wednesday.
• 300 years contain (5x3) 1 odd day.
• Last day of 3rd century is Monday.
• 400 years contain 0 odd day
• Last day of 4th century is Sunday.
• This cycle is repeated.
• Hence Last day of a century cannot be Tuesday or Thursday
or Saturday.
• On 8th Feb, 2005 it was Tuesday.
• What was the day of the week on 8th Feb
2004?
• The year 2004 is a leap year. It has 2 odd days.
• The day on 8th Feb 2004 is 2 days before the
day on 8th Feb.2005.
• Hence this day is Sunday.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0 3 3 6 1 4 6 2 5 0 3 5